Chapter 1 - The Physical Properties of Fluids

Summary

Solidss liquids and gases

The defining property of fluids, embracing both liquids and gases, lies in the ease with which they may be deformed. A piece of solid material has a definite shape, and that shape changes only when there is a change in the external conditions. A portion of fluid, on the other hand, does not have a preferred shape, and different elements of a homogeneous fluid may be rearranged freely without affecting the macroscopic properties of the portion of fluid. The fact that relative motion of different elements of a portion of fluid can, and in general does, occur when forces act on the fluid gives rise to the science of fluid dynamics.

The distinction between solids and fluids is not a sharp one, since there are many materials which in some respects behave like a solid and in other respects like a fluid. A ‘simple’ solid might be regarded as a material of which the shape, and the relative positions of the constituent elements, change by a small amount only, when there is a small change in the forces acting on it. Correspondingly, a ‘simple’ fluid (there is no one term in general use) might be defined as a material such that the relative positions of the elements of the material change by an amount which is not small when suitably chosen forces, however small in magnitude, are applied to the material.