Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-g7gxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T08:53:37.718Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

6 - Optimizing Defibrillator Deployment

from Part II - Optimizing Healthcare Systems

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 April 2022

Sze-chuan Suen
Affiliation:
University of Southern California
David Scheinker
Affiliation:
Stanford University, California
Eva Enns
Affiliation:
University of Minnesota
Get access

Summary

In this chapter, we explore how data-driven modeling can improve the understanding of OHCA risk, help identify the limitations of current AED placement strategies, and guide the development of optimal AED networks to increase the chance of AED use and OHCA survival. More specifically, we frame AED network design and related response efforts as a facility location problem, focusing on the maximum coverage location and p-median problems. We also highlight how novel tools that combine techniques from areas including information theory and machine learning with optimization models can shape the future of OHCA response efforts and AED placement strategies.

Type
Chapter
Information
Artificial Intelligence for Healthcare
Interdisciplinary Partnerships for Analytics-driven Improvements in a Post-COVID World
, pp. 110 - 140
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aufderheide, T., Hazinski, M. F., Nichol, G., et al. (2006). Community lay rescuer automated external defibrillation programs: key state legislative components and implementation strategies: a summary of a decade of experience for healthcare providers, policymakers, legislators, employers, and community leaders from the American Heart Association Emergency Cardiovascular Care Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology, and Office of State Advocacy. Circulation 113(9): 12601270.Google Scholar
Baldi, E., Sechi, G. M., Mare, C., et al. (2020). Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest during the Covid-19 outbreak in Italy. New England Journal of Medicine 383(5): 496498.Google Scholar
Becker, L. B., Han, B. H., Meyer, P. M., et al. (1993). Racial differences in the incidence of cardiac arrest and subsequent survival. The CPR Chicago Project. New England Journal of Medicine 329(9): 600606.Google Scholar
Benjamin, E. J., Virani, S. S., Callaway, C. W., et al. (2018). Heart disease and stroke statistics – 2018 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 137(12): e67e492.Google Scholar
Berdowski, J., Blom, M. T., Bardai, A., et al. (2011). Impact of onsite or dispatched automated external defibrillator use on survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 124(20): 22252232.Google Scholar
Boutilier, J. J., Brooks, S. C., Janmohamed, A., et al. (2017). Optimizing a drone network to deliver automated external defibrillators. Circulation 135(25): 24542465.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brooks, S. C., Hsu, J. H., Tang, S. K., Jeyakumar, R. and Chan, T. C. (2013). Determining risk for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest by location type in a Canadian urban setting to guide future public access defibrillator placement. Annals of Emergency Medicine 61(5): 530538e532.Google Scholar
Brooks, S. C., Simmons, G., Worthington, H., Bobrow, B. J. and Morrison, L. J. (2016). The PulsePoint Respond mobile device application to crowdsource basic life support for patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: challenges for optimal implementation. Resuscitation 98: 2026.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caffrey, S. L., Willoughby, P. J., Pepe, P. E. and Becker, L. B. (2002). Public use of automated external defibrillators. New England Journal of Medicine 347(16): 12421247.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chan, T. C., Li, H., Lebovic, G., et al. (2013). Identifying locations for public access defibrillators using mathematical optimization. Circulation 127(17): 18011809.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chan, T. C. Y. (2017). Rise and shock: optimal defibrillator placement in a high-rise building. Prehospital Emergency Care 21(3): 309314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chan, T. C. Y., Demirtas, D. and Kwon, R. H. (2016). Optimizing the deployment of public access defibrillators. Management Science 62(12): 36173635.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chan, T. C. Y., Shen, Z.-J. M. and Siddiq, A. (2018). Robust defibrillator deployment under cardiac arrest location uncertainty via row-and-column generation. Operations Research 66(2): 358379.Google Scholar
Cheskes, S., Snobelen, P., McLeod, S., et al. (2019). AED on the fly: a drone delivery feasibility study for rural and remote out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 140(Suppl_2): A147A147.Google Scholar
Church, R. and Revelle, C. (1974). The maximal covering location problem. Papers of the Regional Science Association 32: 101120.Google Scholar
Claesson, A., Backman, A., Ringh, M., et al. (2017). Time to delivery of an automated external defibrillator using a drone for simulated out-of-hospital cardiac arrests vs emergency medical services. JAMA 317(22): 23322334.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cummins, R. O., Ornato, J. P., Thies, W. H. and Pepe, P. E. (1991). Improving survival from sudden cardiac arrest: the “chain of survival” concept. A statement for health professionals from the Advanced Cardiac Life Support Subcommittee and the Emergency Cardiac Care Committee, American Heart Association. Circulation 83(5): 18321847.Google Scholar
Davies, C. S., Colquhoun, M. C., Boyle, R. and Chamberlain, D. A. (2005). A national programme for on-site defibrillation by lay people in selected high risk areas: initial results. Heart 91(10): 12991302.Google Scholar
Daya, M. R., Schmicker, R. H., Zive, D. M., et al. (2015). Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survival improving over time: results from the Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium (ROC). Resuscitation 91: 108115.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Delage, E. and Ye, Y. (2010). Distributionally robust optimization under moment uncertainty with application to data-driven problems. Operations Research 58(3): 595612.Google Scholar
Drennan, I. R., Strum, R. P., Byers, A., et al. (2016). Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in high-rise buildings: delays to patient care and effect on survival. CMAJ 188(6): 413419.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Edelson, D. P., Sasson, C., Chan, P. S., et al. (2020). Interim guidance for basic and advanced life support in adults, children, and neonates with suspected or confirmed COVID-19: from the emergency cardiovascular care committee and get with the guidelines-resuscitation adult and pediatric task forces of the American Heart Association. Circulation 141(25): e933e943.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fedoruk, J. C., Currie, W. L., Gobet, M., Currie, W. L. and Gobet, M. (2002). Locations of cardiac arrest: affirmation for community Public Access Defibrillation (PAD) Program. Prehospital & Disaster Medicine 17(4): 202205.Google Scholar
Folke, F., Lippert, F. K., Nielsen, S. L., et al. (2009). Location of cardiac arrest in a city center: Strategic placement of automated external defibrillators in public locations. Circulation 120(6): 510517.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grasner, J. T., Lefering, R., Koster, R. W., et al. (2016). Corrigendum to “EuReCa ONE-27 Nations, ONE Europe, ONE Registry: a prospective one month analysis of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest outcomes in 27 countries in Europe” [Resuscitation 105 (2016) 188-195]. Resuscitation 109: 145146.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gratton, M., Lindholm, D. J. and Campbell, J. P. (1999). Public-access defibrillation: where do we place the AEDs? Prehospital Emergency Care 3(4): 303305.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gundry, J. W., Comess, K. A., DeRook, F. A., Jorgenson, D. and Bardy, G. H. (1999). Comparison of naive sixth-grade children with trained professionals in the use of an automated external defibrillator. Circulation 100(16): 17031707.Google Scholar
Hakimi, S. L. (1964). Optimum locations of switching centers and the absolute centers and medians of a graph. Operations Research 12(3): 450459.Google Scholar
Hallstrom, A. P., Ornato, J. P., Weisfeldt, M., et al. (2004). Public-access defibrillation and survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. New England Journal of Medicine 351(7): 637646.Google Scholar
Hansen, C. M., Wissenberg, M., Weeke, P., et al. (2013). Automated external defibrillators inaccessible to more than half of nearby cardiac arrests in public locations during evening, nighttime, and weekends. Circulation 128(20): 22242231.Google Scholar
Hansen, C. M., Lippert, F. K., Wissenberg, M., et al. (2014). Temporal trends in coverage of historical cardiac arrests using a volunteer-based network of automated external defibrillators accessible to laypersons and emergency dispatch centers. Circulation 130(21): 18591867.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hansen, S. M., Hansen, C. M., Folke, F., et al. (2017). Bystander defibrillation for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in public vs residential locations.” JAMA Cardiology 2(5): 507514.Google Scholar
Holmberg, M. J., Vognsen, M., Andersen, M. S., Donnino, M. W. and Andersen, L. W. (2017). Bystander automated external defibrillator use and clinical outcomes after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Resuscitation 120: 7787.Google Scholar
Homier, V., de Champlain, F., Nolan, M. and Fleet, R. (2019). Identification of swimmers in distress using unmanned aerial vehicles: experience at the Mont-Tremblant IRONMAN triathlon. Prehospital Emergency Care 24(3): 18.Google Scholar
Huang, C. Y. and Wen, T. H. (2014). Optimal installation locations for automated external defibrillators in Taipei 7-Eleven Stores: using GIS and a genetic algorithm with a new stirring operator. Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2014: 241435.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iwami, T., Hiraide, A., Nakanishi, N., et al. (2006). Outcome and characteristics of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest according to location of arrest: a report from a large-scale, population-based study in Osaka, Japan. Resuscitation 69(2): 221228.Google Scholar
Karlsson, L., Sondergaard, K., Malta Hansen, C., et al. (2017). Straight line versus route distance to nearest automated external defibrillator-implications for cardiac arrest coverage. European Heart Journal 38(Suppl 1).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karlsson, L., Hansen, C. M., Vourakis, C., et al. (2020). Improving bystander defibrillation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrests at home. European Heart Journal: Acute Cardiovascular Care 9(Suppl 4): S74S81. 2048872619891675.Google ScholarPubMed
Kitamura, T., Iwami, T., Kawamura, T., et al. (2010). Nationwide public-access defibrillation in Japan. New England Journal of Medicine 362(11): 9941004.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kronick, S. L., Kurz, M. C., Lin, S., et al. (2015). Part 4: systems of care and continuous quality improvement: 2015 American Heart Association guidelines update for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation 132(18 Suppl. 2): S397–413.Google Scholar
Lai, P. H., Lancet, E. A., Weiden, M. D., et al. (2020). Characteristics associated with out-of-hospital cardiac arrests and resuscitations during the novel coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic in New York City. JAMA Cardiology 5(10): 11541163.Google Scholar
Larsen, M., Eisenberg, M., Cummins, R. O. and Hallstrom, A. P. (1993). Predicting survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a graphic model. Annals of Emergency Medicine 22: 16521658.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lateef, F. and Anantharaman, V. (2000). Delays in the EMS response to and the evacuation of patients in high-rise buildings in Singapore. Prehospital Emergency Care 4(4): 327332.Google Scholar
Lee, M., Demirtas, D., Buick, J. E., et al. (2017). Increased cardiac arrest survival and bystander intervention in enclosed pedestrian walkway systems. Resuscitation 118: 17.Google Scholar
Lee, C.-T., Lee, Y.-C. and Chen, A. Y. (2019). In-building automated external defibrillator location planning and assessment through building information models. Automation in Construction 106: 102883.Google Scholar
Leung, K. B., Sun, C. L., Yang, M., et al. (2020). Optimal in-hospital defibrillator placement. Resuscitation 151: 9198.Google Scholar
Leung, K. H. B., Alam, R., Brooks, S. C. and Chan, T. C. Y. (2021). Public defibrillator accessibility and mobility trends during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada. Resuscitation 162: 329333.Google Scholar
Marenco, J. P., Wang, P. J., Link, M. S., Homoud, M. K. and Estes, N. A., 3rd (2001). Improving survival from sudden cardiac arrest: the role of the automated external defibrillator. JAMA 285(9): 11931200.Google Scholar
Mateen, F. J., Leung, K. B., Vogel, A. C., Cissé, A. F. and Chan, T. C. (2020). A drone delivery network for antiepileptic drugs: a framework and modelling case study in a low-income country. Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 114(4): 308314.Google Scholar
Morrison, L. J., Angelini, M. P., Vermeulen, M. J. and Schwartz, B. (2005). Measuring the EMS patient access time interval and the impact of responding to high-rise buildings. Prehospital Emergency Care 9(1): 1418.Google Scholar
Murakami, Y., Iwami, T., Kitamura, T., et al. (2014). Outcomes of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest by public location in the public-access defibrillation era. Journal of the American Heart Association 3(2): e000533.Google Scholar
Nichol, G., Thomas, E. and Callaway, C. W. (2008). Regional variation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest incidence and outcome. JAMA 300(12): 14231431.Google Scholar
Page, R. L., Joglar, J. A., Kowal, R. C., et al. (2000). Use of automated external defibrillators by a U.S. airline. New England Journal of Medicine 343(17): 12101216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perkins, G. D., Handley, A. J., Koster, R. W., et al. (2015). European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015: Section 2. Adult basic life support and automated external defibrillation. Resuscitation 95: 8199.Google Scholar
Pollack, R. A., Brown, S. P., Rea, T., et al. (2018). Impact of bystander automated external defibrillator use on survival and functional outcomes in shockable observed public cardiac arrests. Circulation 137(20): 21042113.Google Scholar
Pulver, A., Wei, R. and Mann, C. (2016). Locating AED enabled medical drones to enhance cardiac arrest response times. Prehospital Emergency Care 20(3): 378389.Google Scholar
Reed, D. B., Birnbaum, A., Brown, L. H., et al. (2006). Location of cardiac arrests in the Public Access Defibrillation Trial. Prehospital Emergency Care 10(1): 6167.Google Scholar
Reinier, K., Thomas, E., Andrusiek, D. L., et al. (2011). Socioeconomic status and incidence of sudden cardiac arrest. CMAJ 183(15): 17051712.Google Scholar
Ringh, M., Rosenqvist, M., Hollenberg, J., et al. (2015). Mobile-phone dispatch of laypersons for CPR in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. New England Journal of Medicine 372(24): 23162325.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robertson, R. M. (2000). Sudden death from cardiac arrest – improving the odds. New England Journal of Medicine 343(17): 12591260.Google Scholar
Sasson, C., Keirns, C. C., Smith, D., et al. (2010). Small area variations in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: does the neighborhood matter? Annals of Internal Medicine 153(1): 1922.Google Scholar
Sasson, C., Rogers, M. A., Dahl, J. and Kellermann, A. L. (2010). Predictors of survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes 3(1): 6381.Google ScholarPubMed
Siddiq, A. A., Brooks, S. C. and Chan, T. C. (2013). Modeling the impact of public access defibrillator range on public location cardiac arrest coverage. Resuscitation 84(7): 904909.Google Scholar
Silverman, R. A., Galea, S., Blaney, S., et al. (2007). The “vertical response time”: barriers to ambulance response in an urban area. Academic Emergency Medicine 14(9): 772778.Google Scholar
Smith, C. M., Wilson, M. H., Ghorbangholi, A., et al. (2017). The use of trained volunteers in the response to out-of-hospital cardiac arrest – the GoodSAM experience. Resuscitation 121: 123126.Google Scholar
Stoesser, C., Boutilier, J., Sun, C. L., et al. (2018). The effect of response time on out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survival varies by patient subpopulation. Circulation 138(Suppl. 2): A249A249.Google Scholar
Sun, C. L. F., Demirtas, D., Brooks, S. C., Morrison, L. J. and Chan, T. C. Y. (2016).Overcoming spatial and temporal barriers to public access defibrillators via optimization. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 68(8): 836845.Google Scholar
Sun, C. L., Brooks, S. C., Morrison, L. J. and Chan, T. C. (2017). Ranking businesses and municipal locations by spatiotemporal cardiac arrest risk to guide public defibrillator placement. Circulation 135(12): 11041119.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sun, C. L. F., Karlsson, L., Torp-Pedersen, C., et al. (2018). Spatiotemporal AED optimization is generalizable. Resuscitation 131: 101107.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sun, C. L., Karlsson, L., Torp-Pedersen, C., et al. (2019). In silico trial of optimized versus actual public defibrillator locations. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 74(12): 15571567.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sun, C. L., Karlsson, L., Morrison, L. J., et al. (2020). Effect of optimized versus guidelines‐based automated external defibrillator placement on out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest coverage: an in silico trial. Journal of the American Heart Association 9: e016701.Google Scholar
Sun, C., Dyer, S., Salvia, J., Segal, L. and Levi, R. (2021). Worse cardiac arrest outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic in Boston can be attributed to patient reluctance to seek care. Health Affairs (Millwood) 40(6): 101377hlthaff202100250.Google Scholar
Tierney, N. J., Reinhold, H. J., Mira, A., et al. (2018). Novel relocation methods for automatic external defibrillator improve out-of-hospital cardiac arrest coverage under limited resources. Resuscitation 125: 8389.Google Scholar
Tsai, Y. S., Ko, P. C. I., Huang, C. Y. and Wen, T. H. (2012). Optimizing locations for the installation of automated external defibrillators (AEDs) in urban public streets through the use of spatial and temporal weighting schemes. Applied Geography 35(1-2): 394404.Google Scholar
Valenzuela, T. D., Roe, D. J., Cretin, S., Spaite, D. W. and Larsen, M. P. (1997). Estimating effectiveness of cardiac arrest interventions – a logistic regression survival model. Circulation 96(10): 33083313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Valenzuela, T. D., Roe, D. J., Nichol, G., et al. (2000). Outcomes of rapid defibrillation by security officers after cardiac arrest in casinos. New England Journal of Medicine 343(17): 12061209.Google Scholar
Weisfeldt, M. L., Sitlani, C. M., Ornato, J. P., et al. (2010). Survival after application of automatic external defibrillators before arrival of the emergency medical system: evaluation in the Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium population of 21 million. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 55(16): 17131720.Google Scholar
Wissenberg, M., Lippert, F. K., Folke, F., et al (2013). Association of national initiatives to improve cardiac arrest management with rates of bystander intervention and patient survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA 310(13): 13771384.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×