Subject Index

Noah Kaye

doi:10.1017/9781009279567.012

Subject Index

Page numbers in italics indicate figures; “n” indicates notes; “g” indicates graphs.

Achaeans, 248–249

Achaios, 19, 192n15, 222–223

Achilles, tomb of, 297–298

acropolis, 306–313, 307, 309

actors’ guilds (technitai), 57, 171, 366

Adada, 113–114, 336, 339, 344

Adaios of Amphipolis, 253

Adobogiona, 321

Adramyttion, 106

Aegina, 289–290

Aelius Herodianus, 125

Aemilius Lepidus Paullus, L., 154

Aeschylus, on Mysians, 212

Afyonkarahisar hoard, 167–168

Agesilaus, 216

agio. See exchange

agoras

Athens, 295, 308–309

Pergamon, 240, 247, 273n206, 281

Pisidian, 27, 338–340

Sikyon, 272–273

Xanthos, 309

agriculture, and the katoikiai, 195–198

Ahmetbeyli hoard, 167, 186

Aigai, 112–113, 233

Aigiale, and Critilaos, 276–277

Aigosages, 223, 319, 321

Aioiorix, 330

Aizanoi, sanctuary of Zeus, 325, 331–336, 341, 359

Alabanda, coinage, 141, 159–160

Alassos, 118

Alexander

burial, 299

and the Pisidians, 119

and snakes, 138

and the tomb of Achilles, 297

Alexander Balas, 28

Alexanders (coins), 131–133, 145, 184–185n213

earmarked for Delphi’s teachers, 58

Allen, R. E., 22, 346, 354

Amlada

letter (D12), 79, 103, 105–106, 367–368

taxation of, 104–106

Ammianus Marcellinus, 327–328

Amphipolis, 257n121, 257n122, 261

Amyzon, sanctuary of Artemis, 313

Anaitis-Artemis, sanctuary, 204

anarchy, monetary, 163

Anatolia, 3–4, 359–360

Andros, decree (D9), 252, 257, 277, 279, 367

Antalya (Attaleia), 123, 190, 233

Antigonos Gonatas, 313

Antigonos Monophthalmos, 42–43, 77n9, 115n141, 226n148, 328

Antikythera hoard, 168

Antioch, 340–341, 344–345

Antiochis, 19

Antiochos Hierax, 19, 319n145

Antiochos I (Soter), 18, 234–235n4, 299, 316

Antiochos II, 18

Antiochos III Megas, 19–22, 62n81

decree of Teos, 78

and Jewish settlers, 218

letter to Telmessos, 85

and Sardis, 235, 251

Antiochos IV, 25, 218, 265

and Naukratis, 291

and Sardis gymnasium, 235

sends Geron to Jerusalem, 226–227

Antony, Mark, 74–76, 104

Apameia

coinage, 147, 151

as emporion, 122–123

and Kephisodoros, 54–56

and the sanctuary of Cybele Agdistis, 206

Treaty of, 78

Apatourios of Alabanda, 157n103

Aperghis, G. G., 97, 102–103

Apollo, sanctuary at Didyma, 68–69

Apollo Chresterios, 113, 188n4

Apollo Tarsenos, letter from Attalos II (D14), 83, 87–88, 204, 368

Apollodoros of Athens, 125

Apollonia (“in Pisidia”/in Phrygia Paroreios), 231–232

Apollonia-on-the-Rhyndakos, 35n2, 150–151n79, 200, 219

Apollonia Salbake, and Pamphilos, 65–67

Apollonidas of Sikyon, 248–249, 280

Apollonios, 97–101

earmark for Metropolis (D5), 52–53, 262, 365

Apollonioucharax, 193

D2, 44–51, 81, 84, 201, 317

tax collection, 103

Appian, speech of Mark Antony, 74

Arafat Tepesi, 304

Argos, coup, 261

Ariarathes IV of Cappadocia, 24, 280

Ariarathes V, 27–28

Aribazos, letter from Attalos II (D15), 206–207, 368–369

Aristo, 287–288

Aristokles of Tralles, 154–155, 154–155

Aristomachos (boxer), 291–292

Aristonikos, 4, 30, 197

Aristophanes, Acharnians, 216

Aristophanes of Byzantium, 26

Aristotle

on the acropolis, 309n110

on associations, 271

on coinage, 40

on the gymnasium, 243

Arkesilaos of Pitane, 288

army, and the gymnasia, 245, 247

Arsinoe II, 184

Artemidoros, 105

letter from Eumenes II, 141–142, 365

Artemidoros of Ephesus, 157

Artemis

Brauronia (Athens), 295

coinage, 147

Ephesia, 94–95

sanctuary in Amyzon, 313

sanctuary of Anaitis-, 204

in Tauris, 342

temple at Sardis, 192

temples at Termessos, 341

Arykanda, 311, 312–313

Ashton, Richard, 141–142

Asia, 285–286, 293

“Asia Minor” hoards, 167

Asklepides, 238, 247n65, 276

Asklepios, 70–71, 138, 241n27

associations, 362

the Artists of Dionysus, 57, 142, 171, 366

gymnasia as, 268–274

maritime traders, 271

presbyteroi, 281

Astyoche, 294

Ata (god), 333, 335

Athena, sanctuary at Pergamon, 314

Athena Magarsia, coin, 347–348, 348

Athena Nikephoros, 29, 346, 350

tetradrachms, 142, 143–144, 347, 348

Athena Parthenos, coin, 347

Athena Polias, 308, 349

Athenaios (Attalid prince), 28, 237, 250, 260

decree of Colophon D10, 269–270

Athens, Acropolis, 308, 308–309

Gymnasium of Ptolemy, 276, 281–282n232

harbor tax, 115

Little Barbarians sculptures, 21, 286, 296

Parthenon, 295–297

sanctuary of Artemis Brauronia, 295

Attaleia (Antalya), 123, 190, 233

Attaleia (festival), 58

Attalos I, 19–21

and Aizanoi, 333–334

appointment of judge in Aeolis, 190–192n14

and cult of Idaean Cybele, 296

and Epictetus, 330–331

and the Galatians, 314–315

on his kingdom, 188

Lakydeion, 290

as land-distributor, 196

and Magna Mater, 360

and the Nikephorion, 348–349n263

and Pessinous, 330–332

and the Pisidians, 337

purchase of land in Sikyon, 47

and sanctuary of Zeus at Aizanoi, 325

and the stoa in Delos, 345

Teuthrania Monument, 211–212

War with Achaios, 222–223

Attalos II Philadelphos, 25–29

altar, 52

and Attaleia, 123

dossier D14, 83, 87–88, 204, 368

education of Attalos III, 242

and funds for Delphi, 70

letter to Aribazos (D15), 206–207, 368–369

letter to Amlada (D12), 367–368

Attalos III Philometer Euergetes, 5, 29–30, 204, 242

letter to Hiera Kome, 83–84n26

procession for, 280

ruler cult, 70–71

taxation, 91

and temple villages, 204

Attic-weight silver coinage, 131, 142–147, 143–144, 143–145, 143, 144–145

Attis (priest of Cybele), 28, 330–331

Auge, 1, 138–139

Augustus, 119, 207–208n72

Ballıhisar, 206–207

banquets, 275–280

Barsine, 15–17, 307, 349

basileia (monarchy), 355, 361–363

Bauslaugh, Robert, 111–112, 139n32, 177n184, 179–180

Beroia Law, gymnasium, 252, 254–257, 260–261, 274, 274n209

Biçerova tumulus, 306

Bisanthe, 124–125

Bithynia, 125

coins, 161

Blaundos, 150, 325n169, 350

Blossius of Cumae, 288n24

Boscoreale Frescoes, 317

boundaries

boundary guards (orophylakes), 116–117

and civic fiscality, 112

Brélaz, Cédric, 116–118

Bremen, Riet van, 250, 261, 270

Brennos of Toriaion, 64, 67, 225, 313

Bringmann, Klaus, 236–237

bronze coinage, 172–173

bulls, and Tralles, 147, 162, 171

burials, 297–306, 298–299, 303–304. See also gravestones

Gördes chamber tomb, 222

Seleukos I Nikator, 299–300

tomb of Achilles, 297–298

Tomb of the Erotes, 305

Yığma Tepe tomb, 298–299, 298–299, 301, 306

Büyükçekmece hoard, 178n190

Byzantium, 125, 169–170n157, 170, 177–178

Cahill, Nicholas, 310–311

calendars, Kos festival (D11), 270, 367

Callataÿ, François de, 153, 185

Çan Sarcophagus, 216–217, 217–218

Cato the Elder, 183

Cavafy, C. P., “In a Large Greek Colony” (poem), 4–6

Celts. See Galatians

centralization, 122–127

of coinage, 134–135, 149–152, 152

Chalcedon, 170, 177–178

chamber tomb, Gördes, 222

“chameleon kings,” 285

Chandezon, Christophe, 87–88

Chankowski, Andrzej, 116, 245–246, 257

Chankowski, Véronique, 76–77, 111

Chersonese, 126

Chiliomodi hoard, 184–185n213

Chios, gymnasium, 282

Chremonides, decree, 243, 296n59

Chromis/Chromios, 214

Chrysippus, 288

cista mystica, 134–135, 134

cistophori, 129–131, 134–140, 134–135, 135–136, 135, 147–149

Attic-weight, 142–147, 143–144, 143–145, 143, 144–145

dating, 140–142

Tralles, 152–163, 154–155

cistophoric system, 40–41n17, 130–131, 169–177, 356, 358

and centralization, 134–135, 149–152, 152

as closed, 163–169

coins, 188–133, 131–140

coordinated coinage, 173–177

citizenship

granting, 267

and the gymnasium, 249–250, 260–261, 274–279

and the polis, 227–228, 230

and taxation, 11, 127

and towns, 193–203

civic fiscality, 111–113

Claros, inscription, 275

Classics, 7–8

Claudius Pulcher, C., 154, 154–155

cleruchs, letter to (D13), 81–82, 86n39, 368

closure/closed currency systems, Ptolemaic, 163–169

Cohen, Getzel, 202

Coinage Decree, 168, 172

Colophon

honorific decree D10, 237, 258, 260, 269–270, 367

and Menippos, 277–279

cooperative coinage, 175–177

Corcyra, 184–185

countermarks, 132–133, 133–134, 171–172, 177–180

and Toriaion, 62n80

coup, Argos, 261

Crates of Mallos, 26, 287–288

Critilaos, 276–277

Curty, Olivier, 253, 281–282

customs (taxes), 87–92

customs houses, 2, 92, 115–116

Kyme, 60

of Philetairos, 88

Customs Law of Asia (CLA), 88, 127

Cybele

Agdistis (sanctuary) at Pessinous, 20, 205–209, 327, 359

cult at Aizanoi, 331

Cyzicus, 88, 177–178, 352n278

Daphitas, 351

Daubner, Frank, 196

decentralization, 12, 131, 163

decrees

Andros (D9), 252, 257, 277, 279, 367

of Apameia for Kephisodoros (D6), 54–56, 270–271, 365–366

Chremonides, 243, 296n59

Colophon (D10), 237, 258, 260, 269–270, 367

for Eirenias, 263

Korragos (D1), 34–35, 38–40, 43, 56, 101, 112, 250, 355, 364

sanctuary of Apollo at Didyma, 67–69

of Sestos, 279

of Telmessos, 24, 305

Deiotarus the Younger, 304

Delos

Base of Philetairos, 320

embassy from Pisidia, 345

gymnasium, 251, 271

Teuthrania Monument, 211–212

Delphi

and Attalos I, 20

endowments, 57–59

sacred earmarking, 70

wages for teachers, 258–259

Demeter, 142–144, 290

Demetrios I, 28

Demetrios Poliorketes, 184

Demetrios of Skepsis, 190–192n14, 292–295

Trojan Catalogue, 293–294

Demosthenes, on Mysia, 216

denarii, 136

Didyma, sanctuary of Apollo, 236

Dignas, Beate, 70

Diodorus Siculus

on Attalos III, 29

on Eumenes II and the Galatians, 323

on the Galatians, 25–26

on Pessinous, 327–328

on the wealth of Eumenes II, 357

Diogenes the Cynic, 287

Diogenes Laertes, 292–293

Dionysoupolis, 150, 204–205, 325

Dionysus, 205

Kathegemon, 136–137, 205

Doidalses, son of Apollonios, 208–209, 209–211

dokimasia, 267–268

Dreyer, Boris, 98, 112, 242

Droysen, Johann, 7

Duyrat, Frédérique, 111

Düzen Tepe, 336, 338

Dyme, 267

earmarking, 36–40, 37–38g, 179–180, 356, 358. See also Toriaion, Dossier (D8)

brokering, 51–59

and institutions, 59–69

meanings, 69–73

Philetairos and Thespiai, 236–237

private property sale, 44–51

Sardis oil fund, 235

as social process, 40–43

earthquakes, 265n165

Strabo on, 232

Eirenias of Miletus, 67, 69, 262–268

Elaia, 18–19, 88, 306

Elephant Battle, 316n133

Elpinikos, 276

embassies

and brokering earmarks, 51–53

Pisidian to Delos, 345

and Toriaion, 64

embezzlement, 9

empires, 5–6

Neo-Assyrian Empire, 6

Roman, 6

endowments, Delphi, 57–59

Engelmann, Helmut, 98, 112

Ephebic Law, 261

epheboi, 202, 246–247

D6, 55

Ephesus, 124, 306–307

coinage, 133–134, 144–145, 144–145, 151, 152, 170, 184

coinage imagery, 147

Customs Law of Asia (CLA), 88

gymnasium, 241–242

Epictetus, 20, 323–327, 324–325, 330–331

Aizanoi, 331–336

Epigenes, 345

Eposognatus, 325

Eratosthenes of Cyrene, 323–325

Eretria, Tomb of the Erote, 305

Eriza, 274

Erythrai, 184

ethnogenesis, Mysian, 123, 212, 220, 222

Eudemos of Miletus, 70

Eumeneia (festival), 58

Eumenes (brother of Philetairos), 15

Eumenes I, 14, 17–19

Eumenes II, 21–27, 187, 189, 223, 360–361

and the Apameia earmark, 55–56

coinage, 132, 142, 143, 165n134

and Crates of Mallos, 286–287

decree of Telmessos, 285–286

Eirenias and Miletus, 262–268

endowment for Eumeneia, 58

and the Galatians, 323

gift of grain to Rhodians, 248–249

gymnasium, 237, 245, 250–251

and Kardakon Kome (D3), 49, 84–85, 103, 105, 197–198, 365

and the Korragos decree (D1), 35–36, 43

letter to Artemidoros, 141–142, 365

letter to the Tabênoi (?), 244

letter to Telmessos, 85

letter to Temnos (D4), 50, 103, 365

letter to Toriaion (D8), 28n92, 62–64, 79–80, 109, 224–228, 254, 366

and the Milesians, 67–69

and the Nikephoria, 229–230, 348–350

and the Peace of Apameia, 223

and the Pergamon gymnasium, 236n10, 238–241, 281

Polybius on, 21, 25, 189

and Sulpicius, 234

Taşkuyucak letter (D2), 44–51, 56, 201, 317, 364

wealth of, 357–358

Euripides, and Telephos, 216

Eurypylos, 294

exchange, currency, 165–166, 168–170, 174

exedrae, 257

Fannius, C., 154

feasts. See banquets

festivals

Attaleia, 58

coins used at, 170–171

Eumeneia, 58

Hermaia kai Herakleia, 279

Kos calendar (D11), 270, 367

Little Panathenaia, 70

Nikephoria, 24–25, 229–231, 346–347

Panathenaia, 17, 308

Panionia, 67–68

Philetaireia, 47

First Macedonian War, 20

fiscal constitutions, 76–77

Flavius Josephus, 79n13, 198

fortifications, 117–122, 195

France, taxation, 109

Galatians, 33, 313–327, 352–353, 357–358

burial practice, 304

Diodorus Siculus on, 25–26

incursion by, 105

Galen, on silver, 183

Gallograecia, 325–327

Gargara, 233

Gauthier, Philippe, 85, 250, 256, 276

Geron the Athenian, 226

gift exchange, 58, 68

Gigantomachy

Great Altar (Pergamon), 24, 286, 342

Melli, 343–344, 343

Termessos, 342

Gongylids, 15

Gordion (Phrygia), 301–302, 314, 322–323

Gordos, 221–222

gravestones. See also burials

Menekrates, 214–215

Xenokles, 218

Great Altar of Pergamon, 1–2, 26, 342

Gigantomachy, 24

and Telephos, 137

Great Dedication/Long Base, 314–315n127

Great Mother. See Cybele

Gresham’s law, 164–165n137, 165

gymnasia, 236–248, 237–238g, 239, 239–241, 356, 358

adornment (kosmêsis), of 257–260

architecture, 272–273, 272–273

as an association, 268–274

as civic institution, 248–251

financing, 251–257

and new collectivities,, 274–282

Sardis 234–236

and social status, 260–268

gymnasiarchs, 252–257, 269

Kephisodoros, 54–56

Leontiades, 275

Menas, 279

Metrodoros, 270

Gymnasium of Ptolemy (Athens), 276, 281–282n232

Halikarnassos, 246, 252–253, 265, 312

Hannibal, 24

harbor tax, 115

head tax, 84–86, 104–105, 127

Hegesianax of Alexandria, 319n145

Hekatomnids, 312

Heliodoros Stele, 72

Hellenopolis, 125

Hera, 205–206n65, 321

Herakleia-under-Latmos, 109–110, 116, 235

Herakles, on coinage, 219–221

Herakles (son of Alexander), 15

Heraklides Lembos, 184n212

Hermaia, Salamis, 276–277n218

Herodes, 79–81, 102

Herodotus, 188, 285

Herrmann, Peter, 264–265, 267

Hiera Kome, 204

Hierapolis, 204–205, 302

Hieron II, 259

history, political, 14–30

hoards, 158, 161, 167, 323

Afyonkarahisar, 167–168

Ahmetbeyli, 167, 186

Antikythera, 168

“Asia Minor,” 167

Büyükçekmece, 178n190

Chiliomodi, 184–185n213

Larissa (Sitochoro), 141n39, 166, 186–187n223

Maaret-en-Nouman, 140

Polatlı, 167

Priene, 176n181

Propontis, 177–178

Şahnalı, 158–159

Tell Kotchek, 178n188

Hofhaus am Athena-Tempel (Miletus), 263

Homer, 292–297

Iliad, 214, 294

Odyssey, 294

Horace, “Attalid offers,” 32–33

Iasos, 110, 252

iconography, coinage, 136–138, 138–139

identity, and taxation, 11–12

Ilion, 292, 295–298, 319

Ilioupersis, Parthenon (Athens), 295–297

Ilyas Tepe tumulus, 298–299

indirect taxation, 76–77, 86–92, 115–116, 127–128

Ionian League, 25

I.Pessinous, 331

Iphigeneia, 342, 344

Jews, settlement, 198, 218

Jones, A. H. M., 111–112

Jones, C. P., 98–100

Jonnes, Lloyd, 80–81n18, 87n44, 112

Josephus, on Jewish colonists, 218

Julius Caesar, 74, 96

Justin, 29

Kabeiroi, 142–144

Kadoi, 189, 212–213

Kaikos River, battle, 315

Kaikos Valley, 15, 16–17

Kale Tepesi, 224n144

Kardakon Kome, 104–106, 141, 197, 208–209n73, 365

D3, 49, 84–85, 103, 197–198, 365

katoikiai, 193–199. See also Toriaion

Kayster region, 94, 99–100

mints, 220–221

tax dispute, 97–101

Kennell, Nigel, 247

Kephisodoros, decree (D6), 54–56, 270–271, 365–366

Klearchos, 217

Kleiner, Fred, 111–112, 129, 148, 150–151, 153–154

Early Cistophoric Coinage (ECC), 149–150, 152–153

Kleitomachos (boxer), 291–292

Kleonnaeion, 207–209

Kobedyle, 201–202

Korragos the Macedonian

decree for (D1), 34–35, 38–40, 43, 56, 101, 112, 355, 364

gymnasium, 237, 250

Korykos, 123

Kos, gymnasium, 270, 280, 367

Kosmetatou, Elizabeth, 136

Koteies, 244

Krateuas of Gambreion, 82

Kuttner, Ann, 285, 290

Kyme, 59–61, 184n212, 306

Kytenion, 108

Labraunda, 70

lagoons, 93–95

lakes, 94–95

Lakydeion, 290

Laodike III, decree of Teos, 78

Laodike IV, 265

laoi (the people), 191–193

Larissa (Sitochoro) hoard, 141n39, 166, 186–187n223

Le Rider, Georges, 129–130, 147–150, 184, 349

Lebedos, 42–43, 66, 77n9

Leonidas of Halikarnassos, 253

Leonnorios, 313

Leontiades, 275

Lewis, Bernard, The Emergence of Modern Turkey, 359–360

Library of Pergamon, 7–8, 286–297, 352

Little Barbarians (Athens), 21, 286, 296

Little Panathenaia (festival), 70

livestock

coins used for, 170–171

tax on, 87–88

Livy

on Attalos I, 19

on cistophori, 140

on coinages, 186

on the Galatians, 318, 325

on Manlius Vulso, 22

Long Base/Great Dedication, 314–315n127

Loukopoulou, Louisa, 125–127

Luturios, 313

Lydia, 193–195, 194–195, 302

Lysias (general), 19

Lysimachi, 15, 178

Lysimachus (king), 188, 319n145, 328, 356

Ma (goddess), 349

Maaret-en-Nouman hoard, 140

Macedonians

burial practice, 300–301

coinage, 186

Mackil, Emily, 175

Maeander Valley, 154–157, 156–157

Magna Mater (Great Mother), 20, 206, 327, 360

Male Superior God, 335

Manius Aquilius, 89, 119–121n163

Manlius Vulso, 22–23, 64–65, 323, 325

Mann, Michael, The Sources of Social Power, 6–7

Marcellesi, Marie-Christine, 136, 140, 142n42, 162n127, 169n156

Marinescu, Constantin A., 177–178n186

maritime traders associations, 271

market buildings, 339–341

Aigai, 233

Melli, 340–341

Sagalassos, 337

Mater, 17, 20. See also Magna Mater

Mausolus, 312–313

Meadows, Andrew, 148

Meleager, and Sibloe, 47–50

Melli, market building, 340–341

Menander, on the Mysians, 216

Menas, 148, 176, 279

Menekrates, gravestone of, 214–215

Menippos of Colophon, 258, 260, 275, 277–279

Menogenes (son of Menophanes), 226–227

Meris coinage, 130, 185, 186–187n223

Metellus, 28

Meter/Matar, 206, 327, 329, 332, 334–336, 347. See also Cybele; Demeter; Great Mother; Magna Mater; Mater

Metris (priestess of Athena Nikephoros), 230

Metrodoros, 270

Metropolis decree D5, 262, 365

earmark for, 52–53

decree for Metropolis, 108, 112

gymnasium, 237

tax dispute, 97–101

Miletus

border guards, 116

earmarking, 67–69

gymnasium, 236, 262–268, 274n209, 276–277n218

Milyas, 119–120, 120–121

mining, silver, 182–183

mints, 138–140

centralization, 149–152, 152

Corcyra, 184–185

Erythrai, 184

Kyme, 184n212

Mysia, 219–221, 220

Smyrna, 184

Mitchell, Lynette, 243

Mitchell, Stephen, 89, 121, 355

Mithridates I, 306, 321

Mithridates VI, 231, 304

Mithridatids, burial practice, 304

Mnesimachos, 80–81n18, 81–82

Mommsen, Theodor, 8–9, 356

monarchy (basileia), 355, 361–363

money, 40–42, 356–357. See also cistophoric system; taxation

retariffing, 179

money-changers, 161

Mørkholm, Otto, 147–148n63, 149

Morzius of Paphlagonia, 24

Moschion of Priene, 278

Mount Ida, 294

Mousaios of Ephesus, Perseis, 296n59

Müller, Helmut, 102

Mummius, 29

municipal bronzes, 186

Mylasa, 70

Myrina, 170

Mysia/Mysians, 189n7, 194–195, 195, 209–224

coinage, 219–221, 220

in document of Eumenes II (D2), 44–46

mining, 182–183

settlement, 232–233, 356

Myso-Makedones, 215–216

Nagy, Gregory, 7–8

naming practice

Mysian, 215–216

Pisidian, 344–345

Naukratis, and Antiochos IV, 291

negotiation, for taxation, 104–108, 128

Neleos of Skepsis, 292

Neo-Assyrian Empire, 6

neoi, and gymnasia, 270

Neoptolemos, son of Kressos, 317

New Fiscal History, 76, 127

New Institutional Economics (NIE), 13

New Style tetradrachms, 130, 145, 171–172, 185

Nicomedes I of Bithynia, 317

Nikanor, 202, 218

Nikatoreion, 299

Nikephoria (festival), 24–25, 229–231, 346–347

Nikephorion, 21, 229, 241n27, 348, 348–349n263

noncitizens, 274–279

and the gymnasium, 268

Nymphis-Memnon, 316–317

oil

earmarked in Toriaion, 63–64

and gymnasia, 258

Olbasa, 114–115n137, 119, 228–231, 347

decree, 62–63n82, 106, 118, 346

Olbia, 168, 173

Olympenoi, 200n42, 215n107

Oprasates, 106

oracles, 295n52, 319–320

Orophernes II, 27–28

orophylakes (boundary guards), 116–117

Ortiagon, 24, 105, 318, 326

Oxyrhyncus Historian, 217

paides, 55, 246, 261–270n145, 268, 270, 280

painting, used as dice board, 29

Pamphilos of Adramyttion, 106

Pamphilos of Apollonia Salbake, 65–67

Pamphylia, 176n181

Pamukçu stele, 218

Panaetius, 288

Panathenaia (festival), 17, 308

Panathenaia kai Eumeneia (festival), 236

Panemoteichos I, 336, 338

Panhellenism, 283–286

Panion, 124

Panionia (festival), 67–68

paraphylakitai (guards), 117–122

pastoralism, tax on, 87–88, 118–119

Pausanias, 19

on the Galatians, 320

on the gymnasium, 243

on looted art works, 28–29

on the Meter sanctuary, 334

on prophecy of Phaennis, 320

Pella, 300–301n75, 306

Pergamon, 16–17, 188–189

acropolis, 306–313

gymnasium, 238–241, 239, 239–241, 272–274

Sanctuary of Athena, 314

Pergamon Museum, 1–2

Pergamos, 211, 294

Perseus (son of Philip V), 25, 186, 357

Persians, and Galatians, 296n59, 315–316

Pessinous, 296, 327–331

as emporion, 123

sanctuary of Cybele Agdistis, 205–209, 359

Pfeiffer, Rudolph, 289

Phaennis, 320

Phaidros of Sphettos, 267–268

Pharnakes I of Pontos, 24, 304

Pharsalos, 253–254

Pherai, gymnasium, 253

Philadelphia, 202–203, 202n53, 202n51, 232–233

philanthropic foundations, 37g

Philetairan Wall, 17

Philetaireia (festival), 47

Philetairoi, 131–132, 132, 147

dating, 140–141

Eumenes II, 142, 143

Philetairos, 8–9, 15–18, 188, 284

and Asians, 285

Base of, 320

building complex on the mountain of Aspordenon, 335

coins minted under, 18

and Cyzicus, 88, 251

earmarking revenues in Thespiai, 236–237

and the Galatians, 320–321

and Kyme, 59–61

and Panhellenism, 290

property acquired by, 46

Philip III, 259

Philip V, 20–21, 186

and the gymnasium, 257

Philomelos (son of Ophelas), decree, 219

Phoenician standard silver, 178

phoros, 78–79

Phrygians

Epictetus, 20, 33, 323–327, 324–325

Gordion, 301–302

Picard, Oliver, 130, 149, 171

Piejko, Francis, 50–51

Pirson, Felix, 233, 273

Pisidia, 27, 119, 120–121, 336–351, 340–341, 343–344

plinthophoros, Rhodian, 136, 157, 182n203

Pliny the Elder, on Eumenes II, 26

on silver, 181

Poimanenoi, coinage of the, 221

Polatlı hoard, 167

poleis, 190–191, 224–233

compared with gymnasia, 271–272

harbors, 100n85

money and financial systems, 80–81n18, 86n38, 90–92, 126–127, 162–163

and subject cities, 112

Polemaios of Colophon, 278

Polemon of Ilion, 289–291

poll tax, 84–86, 104–105, 127

Polyaenus, on Eumenes II, 187

Polybius, 14, 291

on Ariarathes, 28

on Attalos I, 19, 47, 196, 223, 314, 359

boxing match, 291–292

on coinage, 127

on empires, 4–5

on Eumenes II, 21, 25, 189, 227, 233, 236, 243

on financial disputes, 64–65

on the Galatians, 318–319

on gymnasia, 282

on miserly kings, 37

on Philip V, 21, 359

on the Rhodians, 248–249

on silver, 180

tax collection, 103

on the temple of Zeus at Selge, 342

Third Macedonian War, 183

Treaty of Apameia, 78

Polythrous, 71

Pompeius Trogus, 316, 326

Pompey, 154

“pork-barrel spending,” 56

Praisos (Crete), 72–73

presbyteroi, 281

Priene, 176n181, 253

proconsular cistophori, 130–155, 154–155

prographê, 269–270

property, private, 44–51

Propontis hoard, 177–178

Prousias I, 20, 24, 306, 319

war over Epictetus, 330–332

Prousias II, 24–25, 27, 106, 126, 161

providence (pronoia), 71–72

proxy coinage, 146, 160n115, 179n192, 184–186, 185n217, 358

Pseudo-Aristotle

Oikonomika, 10

on satrapal revenue, 77–78n10

on taxes, 84–85, 116

Pseudo-Philip (Andriskos), 28

Psoma, Selene, 170–171

Ptolemaic monetary system, 163–169, 172–173

Ptolemaios (Lycian dynast), 49, 197

Ptolemies, burial practice, 299

Ptolemy Euergetes II, 271n202

Ptolemy I, 165

Ptolemy II, 165

Ptolemy Keraunos, 15

Ptolemy (king), and gymnasium of Halikarnassos, 265

Ptolemy V, 26

punishment, taxation as, 109

Purcell, Nicholas 115, 361

remonetization, 171–172, 179

religion

cult of Idaean Cybele, 296

and earmarking, 69–73

Rhea, 294–295

Rhode Island, 96n78

Rhodian Caria, 23–24, 155, 156–157

Rhodian coinage, 141–142, 157–158, 181, 182n203

Rhodians, gift of grain from Eumenes II, 248–249

Ricl, Marijana, 80–81n18, 87n44, 112

risk, 71, 75

Robert, Louis, 196, 223, 242

Rome, 6

and Attalos I, 20

and Attalos II, 28–29

silver, 180–181

taxation, 74–75

Roosevelt, Christopher, 197

Rostovtzeff, Mikhail, 12, 75, 87–88, 111, 231

royal banquets, 258, 275–280

royal gifts, 58, 237, 356

of grain, 38g, 248–249

to gymnasia, 237–238g

of money, 38g

ruler cult, 30

Attalos III, 70–71

Eumenes II, 238–240, 263–264, 276–277n218

Philetairos, 238–240

Seleukos I, 299

sacrifices

at banquets, 277

earmarking for, 35, 42–44, 69–70

in D2, 45, 47, 49–50

Sagalassos, 121–122, 338–339

Şahnalı hoard, 158–159

Salamis, Hermaia, 276–277n218

sales tax, 87–88

saltpans, 92–95

Samos, statue of Hera, 205–206n65

sanctuaries. See temples and sanctuaries

Sardis, 309

acropolis, 310–311, 311

coin production, 133–134

gymnasium, 234–236

taxation as punishment, 109

Şarhöyük (Dorylaion), 326

Schuler, Christof, 80, 227, 252

Schumpeter, Joseph, 10

sculpture. See also stoas

architectural, Pisidia, 342–343

Sekunda, Nicholas, 197

Seleukids

mortuary practice, 299

and the Mysians, 217–218

and Pisidia, 337

and the sanctuary of Apollo at Didyma, 236

tax system, 103

Seleukos I Nikator, 15, 299–300

Seleukos II, 19

Seleukos III, 19

Seleukos IV, 25, 72

Selge, 27, 106, 337–342

temples, 340–342

serpents, and coins, 137–138, 138–139

settlements, 356, 358–359

towns, 193–203

villages, 191–193

Seyrig, Henri, 177–178n186, 178

Sibloe, 47–49

Sikyon

gymnasium, 272–273, 272

purchase of land by Attalos I from, 47

silver. See also Attic-weight silver coinage

sources, 180–183

slaves

coinage used for purchase, 170–171

manumission decree for Apollonios, 216

smuggling, 90, 116

Smyrna, mint, 184

snakes, and coins, 136–138, 138–139

social status, and gymnasia, 260–268

Sosin, J. D., 57–59

Stalai, 72–73

states, defined, 5–6

stelai, 285

dedicated to Doidalses, 208–209, 209–211

Pamukçu stele, 218

Yiğitler, 222

Stephanos of Byzantion, 125, 205

Steunos, cave sanctuary, 332, 334–335

Stewart, Andrew, 296, 351

stoas

Attalos I (Delphi), 294

Attalos II (Athens), 2–3

Attalos II (Termessos), 340n235

Portique du Sud (Delos), 345–346

Stoicism, 286–288

Strabo, 14

on Apameia, 122–123

on Artemidoros of Ephesus, 157

on Attaleia (Antalya), 123

crucifixion of Daphitas, 351

on Demetrios of Skepsis, 293–294

on earthquake of 17 CE, 232

on Elaia, 124

on Ephesus, 124

on Epictetus, 323–325, 324–325

on financial disputes, 65

on the Galatians, 319–321, 325

on the gymnasium, 250

on Korykos, 123

on languages, 351

on Mysia, 212–213

on Pergamon, 189

on Pessinous, 328–330

on settlement, 206

on silver mining, 182

on snake-men, 138

on tax dispute in Ephesus, 94

on Theophrastus, 113–114

on the walls of Ilion, 319n145

strategos, 101–103

Stratonike, Queen, 24–25, 106, 242, 321, 349

Stratonikeia, 115, 159, 161, 168n152, 196–197

Strobel, Karl, 320, 328

subject cities, 112

Metropolis as, 98n83, 112

Suda, on basileia, 362–363

Sulpicius, Gaius, 234–236, 281

surveillance, taxation, 113–122

Syrakousia (ship), 259

Tabênoi (?), letter from Eumenes II to the, 244

Taşkuyucak, Eumenes II inscription (D2), 44–51, 56, 63n83, 317, 364

Tauromenion (Sicily), gymnasium, 251

tax farming, 96–104

taxation, 4, 8–14, 356, 361

civic fiscality, 111–113

direct, 76–86, 127

indirect, 76–77, 86–92, 115–116, 127–128

inventing new, 108–111

and the laoi, 192

negotiation for, 104–108, 128

and Panhellenism, 283

personnel, 95–104

privileges of the, 227

Roman, 74–75

royal fiscality, 108–111

surveillance, 113–122

teachers, wages for, 258–259

Tectosages, 314, 318

Telephos, 294

and the Doidalses stele, 209–211

Frieze, 137–138, 138–139, 333

and the Mysians, 214, 216

Tell Kotchek hoard, 178n188

Telmessos

decree of, 24, 285–286, 305, 352

letter from Eumenes II or Antiochos III, 85, 116, 317–318

and the Nikephoria, 346–347

Temnos

coinage, 145

Eumenes II letter to (D4), 50, 103, 365

tax holiday, 110–111

temples and sanctuaries. See also under Artemis; Cybele; Zeus

Apollo at Didyma, 68–69, 236

Athena at Pergamon, 314

Meter, 334

and their villages, 203–209

Teos, 66

decree (D7), 57, 366

first decree for Antiochos III and Laodike III, 78

gymnasium, 274n209

pastoralism tax, 119

public grain fund, 42–43

tribute, 77n9

Termessos, 113–114, 336–338, 344

agora, 27

and the gymnasium, 269, 339

and Iphigeneia, 342, 344

paraphylakeion, 118

Stoa of Attalos II, 340n235

temples, 340–341

theater, 339–340n234

Tertullian, 9

Teuthrania Monument, 211–212

Teuthras, King, 1, 211, 333

theaters

Sardis, 234–235n4

Termessos, 339–340n234

Themisonion, 274

Theophrastus, 113–114

Theopompus, 327

Thera, gymnasium, 254

Third Macedonian War, 25, 183

Thonemann, Peter, 6–7, 47–48, 81–82, 93–94, 153–154, 177–178, 200, 207, 328, 354

Thrace, 125–126

Tieion, 15, 24, 188

Tissaphernes, 217

Tolistoagii/Tolistobogii, 196, 307, 314, 318, 323–325

tolls/toll stations, 98–100, 112, 115

Toriaion, 62–63, 112, 224–228

Dossier (D8), 28n92, 62–64, 79–80, 102, 109, 224–228, 254, 366

gymnasium, 64, 237, 245–246, 250–251

indirect taxation, 86–87

towns, 193–203

trade, 322–323

Tralles, 149–152, 163–164, 234–235n4

agoranomos, 86–87

coinage, 144–145, 147, 171

gymnasium, 241–242

mint, 152–163, 154–155

tribute (phoros), 77

Trocmi, 314, 318

“Trojan Horse,” sanctuary of Artemis Brauronia (Athens), 295

Trojans, 293–297

Troy, and the Mysian, 214

Tynada, 344

United States, and taxation, 10

Van Alfen, Peter, 175

Via Sebaste, 119–121n163, 121, 122, 350

villages, 191–193

and temple, 203–209

Vitruvius, 157n103

Von Reden, S., 164n137, 165n140

wall, Kapıkaya, 121

water supply, 259

Weber, Max, 6

weights, coins, 136

Welles, Bradford, 50–51, 68–69, 237

Westmarkt Areal (Miletus), 263

Williamson, Christina, 306

Winter, F. E., 121

Wörrle, Michael, 85, 102, 240

Wreathed Coinages, 143–145, 145–147, 183–186

Xanthos, 108, 309, 311

Xenokles, gravestone of, 218

Xenophon, 9

Anabasis, 188

on Mysians, 217

on Pergamon, 285

Yiğitler, stele, 222

Yığma Tepe tomb, 298–299, 298–299, 301, 306

Zelizer, Viviana, 41–42

Zeno of Citium, 288

Politeia, 287

Zeus, 295n52

Ata, 335

Kesbelios, 341

Papas/Papias, 335

sanctuary of Zeus at Aizanoi, 325, 331–336, 341, 359

Solymeus, 341

Stratios, 45, 47–48

Zeuxis, letter to Herakleia-under-Latmos, 109–110

Zosimos, 253n100

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