Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-hc48f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-29T19:05:35.041Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 7 - Andean Bear (Tremarctos ornatus)

from Part II - Species Accounts

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 November 2020

By
Ximena Velez-Liendo ,
David Jackson ,
Manuel Ruiz-García ,
Armando Castellanos ,
Santiago Espinosa  and
Andrés Laguna
Edited by
Vincenzo Penteriani  and
Mario Melletti
Vincenzo Penteriani
Affiliation:
Spanish Council of Scientific Research (CSIC)
Mario Melletti
Affiliation:
WPSG (Wild Pig Specialist Group) IUCN SSC
Get access

Summary

This chapter comprises the following sections: names, taxonomy, subspecies and distribution, descriptive notes, habitat, movements and home range, activity patterns, feeding ecology, reproduction and growth, behavior, parasites and diseases, status in the wild, and status in captivity.

Keywords

Andean bearTremarctos ornatustaxonomydistributionhabitatbehaviorconservationstatus
Type
Chapter
Information
Bears of the World
Ecology, Conservation and Management
 , pp. 78 - 87
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anonymous. (2009). Tremarctos ornatus. UNEP-WCMC Species Database: CITES-Listed Species. www.unep-wcmc-apps.org/isdb/CITES/Taxonomy/tax-common-result.cfm?source=animals anddisplaylanguage=engandCommon=25966Google Scholar
Appleton, R., Tobler, M. & Van Horn, R. (2013). A comparison of Andean bear (Tremarctos ornatus) densities using camera traps at waterholes and bear trails in the tropical dry forest of Northwestern Peru. Provo, UT: International Association for Bear Research and Management.Google Scholar
Beaumont, L. J., Pitman, A., Perkins, S., et al. (2011). Impacts of climate change on the world’s most exceptional ecoregions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108(6): 2306–2311.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cardozo-de-Almeida, M., Linardi, P. M. & Costa, J. (2003). The type specimens of chewing lice (Insecta, Mallophaga) deposited in the entomological collection of Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 98(2): 233–240.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castellanos, A. (2005). Preliminary results of the three-year telemetry study of Andean bear in the Intag Region, Ecuador. In 16th International Conference on Bear Research and Management. Trentino, Italy: International Association for Bear Research and Management.Google Scholar
Castellanos, A. (2008). Guía para la rehabilitación, liberación y seguimiento de oso andino, Tremarctos ornatus, en Ecuador. Quito, Ecuador: Fundación Espíritu del Bosque.Google Scholar
Castellanos, A. (2011). Home ranges of Andean bears in Intag region, Ecuador. Ursus 22: 65–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castellanos, A. (2014). Co-occurrence of Andean bear and mountain tapir in the Papallacta region, Cayambe Coca National Park, Ecuador: A brief description. International Bear News Summer 23(2).Google Scholar
Castellanos, A. (2015). Maternal behaviour of a female Andean bear in the paramo of Cayambe Coca National Park, Ecuador. 10.13140/RG.2.1.4185.0405.Google Scholar
Castellanos, A. & Jackson, D. (2018). Biological Research: Does Rebecca, a seasoned Andean bear mother, show seasonal birthing patterns? International Bear News Fall 27(3).Google Scholar
Castellanos, A., Altamirano, M. & Tapia, G. (2001). Ecology and behaviour of reintroduced Andean bears in the Biological Reserve Maquipucuna, Ecuador: implications in conservation. Ukuku, Boletín Informativo sobre la Conservación del Oso Andino 3: 23–26.Google Scholar
Castellanos, A., Arias, L., Jackson, D. & Castellanos, R. (2010). Hematological and serum biochemical values of Andean bears in Ecuador. Ursus 21: 115–120.Google Scholar
Castellanos, A., Jackson, D. & Arias, L. (2016). Guidelines for the rescue, rehabilitation, release and post-release monitoring of Andean bears. Quito, Ecudador: Andean Bear Foundation.Google Scholar
Castellanos, A., Jackson, D. & Ascanta, M. (2019). Are reports of cub abandonment in Andean bears a result of increasing human encroachment? International Bear News Spring 28(1): 14–15.Google Scholar
Christiansen, P. (2007). Evolutionary implications of bite mechanics and feeding ecology in bears. Journal of Zoology 272: 423–443.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christiansen, P. & Wroe, S. (2007). Bite forces and evolutionary adaptations to feeding ecology in carnivores. Ecology 88: 347–358.Google Scholar
Claro-Hergueta, F., Dollinger, P., Göltenboth, R., et al. (2007) EAZA Ursid husbandry guidelines. Köln, Germany: Kölner Zoo.Google Scholar
Colwell, R. K., Brehm, G., Cardelús, C. L., Gilman, A. C. & Longino, J. T. (2008). Global warming, elevational range shifts, and lowland biotic attrition in the wet tropics. Science 322(5899): 258–261.Google Scholar
Cosse, M., Fernando Del Moral Sachetti, J., Mannise, N. & Acosta, M. (2014). Genetic evidence confirms presence of Andean bears in Argentina. Ursus 25(2): 163–172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cuesta, F. & Suárez, L. (2001). Oso de anteojos (Tremarctos ornatus). Quito, Ecuador: SIMBIO/EcoCiencia/Ministerio del Ambiente/IUCN.Google Scholar
Cuvier, F. (1825). Ours des cordilières du chili. En: Histoire Naturelle des Mammifères, Tomo V (Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire, E. & Cuvier, F.G.). Paris: Belin Éditeur.Google Scholar
Drake, G. J., Nuttall, T., López, J., et al. (2017). Treatment success in three Andean bears (Tremarctos ornatus) with alopecia syndrome using oclacitinib maleate (Apoquel®). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 48(3): 818–828.Google Scholar
Domico, T. & Newman, M. (1988). Bears of the world. New York, NY: Facts on File.Google Scholar
Emmons, L. & Feer, F. (1997). Neotropical rainforest mammals: A field guide. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Enciso, M. A. & Guimarães, M. A. B. V. (2013). Knowing the reproductive endocrinology in the female Andean bear through non-invasive methods. International Bear News 22: 33–34.Google Scholar
Espinosa, S. & Jacobson, S. K. (2012). Human–wildlife conflict and environmental education: evaluating a community program to protect the Andean bear in Ecuador. The Journal of Environmental Education 43: 155–165.Google Scholar
Figueroa, J. (2015). New records of parasites in free-ranging Andean bears from Peru. Ursus 26: 21–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Figueroa, J. & Stucchi, M. (2009). El oso andino: alcance sobre su historia natural. Lima, Peru: Asociación para la Investigación y Conservación de la Biodiversidad.Google Scholar
García-Rangel, S. (2012). Andean bear Tremarctos ornatus natural history and conservation. Mammal Review 42(2): 85–119.Google Scholar
Garshelis, D. L. (2004). Variation in ursid life histories: is there an outlier? In: Lindburg, D. & Baragona, K. (Eds.), Giant pandas. Biology and conservation (pp. 53–73). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Garshelis, D. L. (2009). Family Ursidae. In: Wilson, D. E. & Mittermeier, R. A. (Eds.), Handbook of the mammals of the world: Volume 1. Carnivores (pp. 448–497). Barcelona: Lynx Edicions.Google Scholar
Goldstein, I. (1989). Distribution, habitat use, and diet of spectacled bears (Tremarctos ornatus) in Venezuela. In Rosenthal, M. A. (Ed.), Proceedings of the First International Symposium on the Spectacled Bear. Chicago, IL: Lincoln Park Zoological Gardens.Google Scholar
Goldstein, I. (1991). Spectacled bear predation and feeding behaviour on livestock in Venezuela. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 26: 231–235.Google Scholar
Goldstein, I. & Salas, L. (1993). Foraging pattern on Puya sp. (Bromeliaceae) by Tremarctos ornatus (Ursidae) at Páramo El Tambor, Venezuela. Ecotrópicos 6: 24–29.Google Scholar
Goldstein, I., Guerrero, V. & Moreno, R. (2008). Are there Andean bears in Panamá? Ursus 19: 185–189.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, A. L. (2017). Spectacled bear studbook, Tremarctos ornatus. St Helier, Jersey: Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust.Google Scholar
Hershkovitz, P. (1957). On the possible occurrence of the spectacled bear Tremarctos ornatus (F. Cuvier, 1825) in Panama. Säugetierkundliche Mitteilungen 5: 122–123.Google Scholar
Hoffman, D., Oetting, I., Arnillas, C. A. & Ulloa, R. (2011). Cambio climático y áreas protegidas en los Andes Tropicales. In: Herzog, S. K., Martínez, R., Jørgensen, P. M. & Tiessen, H. (Eds.), Climate change and biodiversity in the Tropical Andes. Säo José dos Campos: Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research (IAI) and Paris, France: Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE).Google Scholar
IPCC. (2013). Summary for Policymakers. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Jackson, D., Castellanos, A. & Vasquez, D. (2017). Kinship relations in a multi-generational Andean bear (Tremarctos ornatus) family in north Ecuador. International Bear News Spring 26(1): 24.Google Scholar
Kattan, G., Hernandez, O. L., Goldstein, I., et al. (2004). Range fragmentation in the spectacled bear Tremarctos ornatus in the northern Andes. Oryx 38: 155–163.Google Scholar
Kurten, B. (1966). Pleistocene bears of North America. 1. Genus Tremarctos, spectacled bear. Acta Zoologica Fennica 115: 1–120.Google Scholar
Laguna, A. (2013). Estudio del conflicto hombre-oso en el norte de Ecuador. Actas del I Simposio Latinoamericano de Tapires & II Congreso Ecuatoriano de Mastozoología, Puyo, Ecuador.Google Scholar
Laguna, A. & Jurrius, I. (2018). Manual de Atención y Prevención de Ataques por Oso Andino (Tremarctos ornatus) al Ganado en Ecuador. Quito, Ecuador: Ministerio del Ambiente.Google Scholar
Macdonald, D. (2001). The new encyclopedia of mammals. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Malcolm, J. R., Liu, C., Neilson, R. P., Hansen, L. & Hannah, L. (2006). Global warming and extinctions of endemic species from biodiversity hotspots. Conservation Biology 20: 538–548.Google Scholar
Mitchell, K. J., Bray, S. C., Bover, P., et al. (2016). Ancient mitochondrial DNA reveals convergent evolution of giant short-faced bears (Tremarctinae) in North and South America. Biology Letters 12: 1–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mondolfi, E. (1989). Notes on the distribution, habitat, food habits, status and conservation of the spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus) in Venezuela. Mammalia 53: 525–544.Google Scholar
Morales-Vargas, A. M. (2003). Evaluación de Daños Causados por Vertebrados Silvestres en Maizales de Pajan, K’Apna y Wayrapata (ANMIN Apolobamba, La Paz – Bolivia). BSc dissertation, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia.Google Scholar
Moritz, C. (1994). Defining “evolutionarily significant units” for conservation. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 9: 373–375.Google Scholar
Paisley, S. (2001). Andean bear and people in Apolobamba, Bolivia: culture, conflict and conservation. PhD thesis, University of Kent, Kent, UK.Google Scholar
Paisley, S. & Garshelis, D. L. (2006). Activity patterns and time budgets of Andean bears (Tremarctos ornatus) in the Apolobamba Range of Bolivia. Journal of Zoology (London) 268: 25–34.Google Scholar
Peyton, B. (1986). A method for determining habitat components of the spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus). Vida Silvestre Neotropical 1: 68–78.Google Scholar
Peyton, B. (1999). Spectacled bear conservation action plan. In: Servheen, C., Herrero, S. & Peyton, B. (Eds.), Bears: Status survey and conservation action plan (pp. 157–198). Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Bear and Polar Bear Specialist Groups.Google Scholar
Rodríguez-Clark, K. M. & Sánchez-Mercado, A. (2006). Population management of threatened taxa in captivity within their natural ranges: lessons from Andean bears (Tremarctos ornatus) in Venezuela. Biological Conservation 129: 134–148.Google Scholar
Ruiz-García, M. (2003). Molecular population genetic analysis of the spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus) in the northern Andean area. Hereditas 138: 81–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ruiz-García, M., Arias, J. Y., Castellanos, A., Kolter, L. & Shostell, J. M. (2018). Molecular evolution (mitochondrial and nuclear microsatellites markers) in the Andean bear (Tremarctos ornatus; Ursidae, Carnivora): How many ESUs are there? In: Ortega, J. & Maldonado, J. E. (Eds.), Conservation genetics in mammals. Cham: Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Ruiz-García, M., Arias, J. Y., Restrepo, H., Cáceres-Martínez, C. & Shostell, J. M. (2019a). The genetic structure of the Andean bear (Tremarctos ornatus; Ursidae, Carnivora) in Colombia by means of mitochondrial and microsatellite markers. Journal of Mammalogy (in press).Google Scholar
Ruiz-García, M., Castellanos, A., Arias, J.Y., Shostell, J.M. (2019b). Genetics of the Andean bear (Tremarctos ornatus; Ursidae, Carnivora) in Ecuador: when the Andean Cordilleras are not an obstacle. Mammalian Biology (in press).Google Scholar
Rumiz, D. I., Brown, A. D., Perovic, P. G., et al. (2012). El Ucumar (Tremarctos ornatus), mito y realidad de su presencia en la Argentina. Mastozoología neotropical 19(2).Google Scholar
Sacco, T. & Van Valkenburgh, B. (2004). Ecomorphological indicators of feeding behaviour in the bears (Carnivora: Ursidae). Journal of Zoology 263: 41–54.Google Scholar
Salesa, M. J., Siliceo, G., Antón, M., et al. (2006). Anatomy of the ‘false thumb’ of Tremarctos ornatus (Carnivora, Ursidae, Tremarctinae): phylogenetic and functional implications. Estudios Geológicos 62: 389–394.Google Scholar
Schaul, J. C. (2006). Baylisascaris transfuga in captive and free-ranging populations of bears (Family: Ursidae). Dissertation, The Ohio State University, Ohio, USA.Google Scholar
Servheen, C., Herrero, H. & Peyton, B. (1999). Bears: Status survey and conservation action plan. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.Google Scholar
Spady, T. J., Lindburg, D. G. & Durrant, B. S. (2007). Evolution of reproductive seasonality in bears. Mammal Review 42: 84–119.Google Scholar
Stirling, I. & Derocher, A. E. (1990). Factors affecting the evolution and behavioral ecology of the modern bears. In: Bears: Their biology and management (pp. 189–204). Missoula, MT: International Association for Bear Research and Management.Google Scholar
Surkin, J., Flores, M., Ledezma, J. C., et al. (2010). Integrating protected areas and landscapes: Lessons from the Vilcabamba–Amboró conservation corridor (Bolivia–Perú). In: Worboys, G. L., Francis, W. & Lockwood, M. (Eds.), Connectivity conservation management: A global guide (pp. 199–211). London, UK: Earthscan.Google Scholar
Thenius, E. (1976). Zur stammesgeschichtlichen Herkunft von Tremarctos (Ursidae, Mammalia). Z. Säugetierk 41: 109–114.Google Scholar
Torres, D. (2008). Caracterización de conflictos socio-espaciales entre la ganadería y los grandes mamíferos en el sector cuenca del río Nuestra Señora. Parque Nacional Sierra Nevada, Venezuela. Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela.Google Scholar
Tovar, C., Arnillas, C. A., Cuesta, F. & Buytaert, W. (2013). Diverging responses of tropical Andean biomes under future climate conditions. PLoS ONE 8(5).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Horn, R. C., Zug, B., Appleton, R. D., et al. (2015). Photos provide information on age, but not kinship, of Andean bear. PeerJ 3: e1042.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Velez, X. (1999). Caracterización y uso de hábitat por el oso Andino en la cuenca alta del Río San Jacinto, Cochabamba. Thesis, Universidad de San Simón.Google Scholar
Velez-Liendo, X. (2010). Conservation of Andean bears (Tremarctos ornatus) in a fragmented landscape – Habitat models, potential distribution and patch connectivity. Antwerp, Belgium: University of Antwerp.Google Scholar
Velez-Liendo, X. & García-Rangel, S. (2017). Tremarctos ornatus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017.Google Scholar
Viteri Espinel, M. P. (2007). Conservation genetics of Andean bears (Tremarctos ornatus) in northeastern Ecuador: molecular tools, genetic diversity and population size. MSc dissertation, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA.Google Scholar
Wolff, P. (1989). Selected medical aspects of the spectacled bear. In: Rosenthal, M. A. (Ed.), Proceedings of the First International Symposium on the Spectacled Bear (pp. 313–318). Chicago, IL: Lincoln Park Zoological Garden.Google Scholar
Yerena, E. & García-Rangel, S. (2010). The implementation of an interconnected system of protected areas in the Venezuelan Andes. In: Worboys, G. L., Francis, W. & Lockwood, M. (Eds.), Connectivity conservation management: A global guide (pp. 233–244). London: Earthscan.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×