Index

doi:10.1017/9781009496810.018

Index

abstention, 125, 129, 142, 146, 150, 161, 176, 179, 286, 289, 299, 315, 319, 396, 398, 409

anarchism, 21

Anglo-Saxon countries, 3, 8, 56, 59, 61, 123, 125, 210, 221–222, 224, 234, 236–237, 239, 300, 326, 397

attrition, 149

Australia, 84, 371, 379, 383, 401

Austria, 67, 96, 105, 107, 171, 230, 243, 251–252, 254, 256, 261–262, 265, 271–272, 275, 341, 352, 369, 412

authoritarianism, 104, 197, 206, 224, 255, 284–285, 320, 325, 395, 398, 406

automation, 31, 39

bargaining power, 3, 69, 337–338, 340–341, 408–409

Belgium, 57, 78, 223, 352, 400, 412

Britain. See United Kingdom

Canada, 84, 371, 379, 383, 401

capabilities approach, 17

capital, 147, 349, 393, 407–408, 418

capitalist ownership, 21

flows, 39

human, 33, 81, 253

capitalism, 144, 226, 344, 347, 407, 414, 418

Centrist Left, 67, 74, 254–255, 259, 261–266, 272, 274

CHESS expert survey, 47–48, 125, 324, 330

Christian Democrats, 69, 76, 82, 224, 315, 320, 324, 372

citizenship, 67, 244, 317, 320, 329

class, 12, 19–22, 25, 27, 29–30, 44, 64, 70, 76–77, 82–83, 85, 92, 108, 120–124, 126–128, 130, 132, 134–135, 138–140, 158, 166, 169, 172, 177, 187, 220, 222, 300, 347–348, 406, 408, 412–415, 419

cleavages, 74, 76, 122, 141, 143, 145, 147, 398, 420

climate change, 13, 24, 36–37, 105, 253–254, 420

coalitions, 3, 6, 41, 50, 62–63, 69, 75, 81, 84, 95, 141, 169, 250, 282, 303, 342, 357, 379, 394, 412, 414

commodification, 15, 229

communism, 12, 16–17, 21, 43, 54

communist parties, 3, 8, 43, 105, 125, 146, 202, 324, 329

parties, 54, 96, 320

communitarianism, 22

community, 15, 18–22, 29, 33, 40, 44–45, 47

Comparative Manifesto Project, 288, 290

Comparative Study of Electoral Systems, 287

confidence intervals, 138, 158, 205, 234

conservatism, 45–47, 164, 168–169, 174, 184, 194, 220, 234, 252, 256, 265, 267, 270, 274, 290, 297, 300, 320, 395, 398, 417

Christian, 21

conservative parties, 62–63, 69, 115, 230, 315, 324, 333, 372, 396

consumption, 20, 28, 56, 81, 167, 253–254, 349, 353, 357, 362, 397

Continental Europe, 8, 125, 164, 166, 169, 170, 172, 174, 176, 183, 219, 221, 224, 394, 397, 402

cosmopolitanism, 21–22, 25, 197, 228, 317, 328, 341

cultural dimension, 60, 64, 68, 73, 104, 168, 253, 264, 266, 268, 280, 284, 293, 297–299, 302–304, 307, 325, 344, 396–397, 406

democratic class compromise, 16, 52, 408, 418

Denmark, 56, 67, 105, 107, 171, 251–252, 254–256, 261–262, 265, 271–272, 275, 285, 287, 293, 341, 371, 379, 412

disproportionality, 96

distribution, 400

ecological fallacy, 144

economic

development, 11, 37, 54–55, 59, 169, 349, 402

performance, 10, 13, 299, 304

policy, 81, 205, 299

redistribution. See redistribution

economic dimension, 317, 325, 329, 344, 396, 399, 406

economic sectors, 28, 30, 32–33, 36–37, 39–40, 77, 79, 123, 133, 225, 228, 241, 283, 348–349, 356, 411

education, 26, 28, 33, 56, 77, 81, 110, 113, 118, 120–122, 143, 158, 165, 172, 179, 187, 197, 201, 206, 218, 220–221, 226, 241, 256, 260, 349, 356, 395, 401, 405, 407, 411, 418–419

higher, 31, 99, 241, 249, 410

lower, 26, 27, 28, 114, 172, 201, 414

and political preferences, 25–29

secondary, 222

tertiary, 25, 27, 32, 83, 114, 206

electoral behavior, 67, 133, 140, 193, 199, 218, 225, 314, 403

electoral cycles, 308

electoral payoffs, 68, 184–185, 314–324, 328, 330, 332, 335, 339

electoral performance, 5, 6, 8, 51, 63, 68–69, 173, 318–319, 326, 328, 332, 343, 349–350, 353, 367, 369–370, 377, 382, 385–386, 391

electoral support, 58, 142, 193, 237, 280, 283, 318, 329, 375, 412

electoral systems, 53, 58, 62, 75, 83–84, 105, 147, 164, 199, 228, 239, 367, 379, 413–414

FPTP, 59, 210, 300, 304

majoritarian, 77, 162

and party moderation, 300–302

proportional representation, 3, 54, 59, 73, 75–77, 84, 86, 88, 115, 162, 210, 229, 255, 371, 379, 383

SMD, 199

Westminster, 383, 391

employment, 2, 10, 27–28, 39–40, 55, 66, 78, 88, 94, 125, 128, 146, 228, 244, 253, 408, 418–419

public sector, 28–29, 219, 241, 356, 362

service sector, 221, 241

environment, 51, 105, 152, 155, 213–214, 224, 284–285, 418

environmental policy, 253, 255

environmental protection, 253

Eurobarometer, 222

European countries, 47, 61, 67, 92, 307, 371

European Election Studies, 66, 199, 212, 236

European Election Survey, 164, 171

European Parliament, 171, 200

European Social Survey, 65, 105, 108, 116, 121, 125, 222, 231

European Union, 279, 285, 345

family, 20, 22, 29–30, 35, 44, 123–124, 126, 146, 205, 215, 317, 349, 395–396, 407, 418

fascism, 21

fertility rates, 35

financial crisis, 13, 16, 46, 73, 90, 95, 345

Finland, 92, 105, 107, 171, 174, 177

fiscal policy, 41, 69, 81, 83, 343, 345, 347, 349–351, 353, 360, 362, 399–400, 408

instruments, 350, 353

fixed effects, 94, 98, 116, 158, 350, 352

France, 46, 62, 78, 87, 90, 93, 102, 113, 166, 171, 173–174, 326, 400, 414, 421

freedom, 15–17

gender, 13, 20, 25, 29, 33, 35, 44, 52, 64, 83, 104, 116, 127, 158, 224, 249, 254, 256, 397, 407, 410, 418–419

Germany, 46, 67, 90, 92, 105, 107, 112, 142, 146–147, 149–150, 152, 154–156, 171, 174, 223, 230, 243, 251–252, 256, 261–262, 265, 271, 273, 275, 283, 293, 308, 341, 346, 352, 366, 371–376, 379, 383, 390, 412

globalization, 13, 20, 22, 24, 26, 37–43, 45, 122, 393, 402, 408–409

governing party. See incumbency

government spending, 34, 81, 283, 343, 345, 347–350, 353–358, 360, 362

government status, 369, 379, 390

Great Depression, 12, 16

Great Recession, 16, 46, 345–346

Greece, 46, 57, 59, 90, 93, 170, 413

green Left. See Green parties

green parties, 3, 7–8, 13, 25, 46, 54–55, 58, 60, 62, 65, 73–74, 85–86, 92, 94–95, 99, 108, 116, 131, 134, 136, 138, 143, 145, 150, 153, 161, 165, 174, 176, 180, 183, 186, 194, 199, 202, 208, 210, 218, 225, 227, 231, 234, 237, 239, 243–244, 250, 254–255, 259, 266–267, 320, 324, 329–330, 340, 397, 399, 404, 406, 410, 412, 414

green technologies, 37

health, 81, 228–229, 349

insurance, 347

health care, 34, 81, 417–419

high skilled labor, 31, 40, 55, 77, 79, 412

identity, 2, 8, 10, 15, 19, 22, 24, 26, 38, 44, 46, 52, 62, 162, 197–198, 252, 264, 302, 346, 403, 406–407, 412

ideology, 14, 68, 109, 114, 116, 143, 147, 152, 164–165, 170, 174, 187, 208, 217, 234, 250, 252, 260, 262–263, 268, 271–272, 274, 279–281, 291, 308, 325, 344, 395, 398, 410, 421

immigrants and immigration, 2, 13, 22, 24, 26, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 64, 104, 106, 108, 114, 116–117, 145, 184, 196, 200, 205, 216, 224, 228, 231, 236, 241, 244, 253–254, 256, 284–285, 320, 326, 328, 330, 332, 397, 409–410

income, 2, 25–28, 32, 34, 45, 81, 158, 161, 197, 199, 201, 206, 223, 229, 241, 260, 304, 362, 401, 407, 411, 418–419

inequality. See inequality

and political preferences, 25–29

redistribution. See redistribution

incumbency, 10, 13, 291, 298, 304, 340, 346, 350, 372, 377–378, 383, 386

industrial democracies, 105

industrial relations, 92, 126

inequality, 2, 18, 21–22, 31, 62, 79, 84, 146, 229, 411

information processing, 11, 194, 391

intergenerational mobility, 64, 121, 123–124, 126, 128, 130, 135–136, 138, 140

Ireland, 62, 237, 371, 379

Italy, 59, 82, 90, 92–93, 96, 171, 173, 400

justice, 17, 20

knowledge economy, 28, 33, 45, 53, 73, 77–78, 86, 94, 166, 170, 199, 226, 243, 393, 398, 407, 418–419

knowledge intensive economies. See knowledge economy

labor market, 21, 25, 28–29, 31–32, 35–36, 38–40, 44–45, 56, 112, 219, 229, 253, 346

insiders, 29, 82

outsiders, 29

labor unions, 9, 30, 63, 76, 111, 118, 127, 158, 216–218, 220–223, 226–227, 229, 234, 236, 241, 244, 350, 397

membership, 30, 108, 159, 220, 223, 227, 231, 234

leadership, 45, 69, 141, 203, 262, 367, 380, 388, 392

leader tenure, 368–369, 380

leader turnover, 63, 70, 370, 374, 376–378, 382–390, 401, 413

LGBT, 104–106, 108, 116–117, 145, 231

liberalism, 21, 47, 60, 169, 216, 220, 320, 344, 402, 406

liberalization, 13, 38, 40, 81, 408–409

libertarian parties, 7–8, 13, 25, 46–47, 49, 56, 58, 63–64, 67, 73–74, 84, 92, 95, 99, 104, 106, 108, 113–114, 116–117, 119, 121, 129, 131, 134, 136, 138, 140, 145, 147, 150, 158, 165, 171, 174, 179–180, 182–183, 185–186, 197–198, 205, 208, 210–211, 218–219, 226–229, 237, 241, 243, 250, 254, 267, 325, 330, 340, 357, 396, 401, 404

low skilled labor, 31, 38–39, 44–45, 123, 197, 411

market competition, 21, 28

Marxism, 12, 15–17, 19, 21

media, 10, 13, 20, 142, 345, 370, 386, 393, 402, 409

median voter, 51–52, 69, 254, 281, 317, 328–329, 341–342, 344, 395, 417

Mediterranean Europe, 3, 8, 56, 210, 219, 221–222, 224, 236–237, 239, 300–301

middle class, 27, 43–44, 54, 65–66, 76, 82, 95, 114, 119–123, 126, 129–130, 138, 158, 165, 167, 172, 179, 182, 187, 216, 221–222, 227, 230, 234, 243, 249, 253, 342, 347, 357, 394, 396–397, 402, 412, 417

minority rights, 167, 234, 236, 253, 397, 406

Moderate Left, 58, 63–64, 68–69, 73, 84, 90, 116, 226, 228, 279, 284, 314, 319–320, 329–330, 332–333, 342–344, 346–347, 350, 352, 356, 360–361

Moderate Right, 47, 64–65, 69, 85, 92, 95, 98, 106–108, 113–114, 116, 118–119, 129, 131, 134, 136, 150, 153, 162, 165, 168, 171, 174, 184, 196, 202, 205, 208, 210, 251, 255, 259, 266, 269, 315, 328–329, 333, 345, 347–348, 360

moderation, 43–44, 46, 68, 82, 254, 279, 303, 328, 337–338, 400, 410

multiculturalism, 13, 24, 45–46, 106, 253–254, 410

Nash equilibria, 50, 314–315, 322–323, 333–334

nationalism, 17, 44, 50, 52, 285, 320

nationalization, 15, 20

neoliberalism, 13, 102, 112

Netherlands, the, 46, 56, 78, 93, 102, 105, 107, 113, 166, 171, 173–174, 287, 293, 308, 371, 379, 400, 412

New Zealand, 59, 371, 379, 383

Northwestern Europe, 3, 8, 54, 56, 59, 63, 65, 123–125, 132–133, 139, 177, 179, 184–186, 230, 236–237, 239, 241, 244, 300, 302, 304, 352, 412

Norway, 105, 107, 288, 371–372, 379–380

occupational structure, 9, 12, 24–26, 28, 31, 33, 38, 45, 54, 81, 120, 122–123, 125, 130, 138, 194, 197, 206, 216, 220–221, 249, 405, 407, 411

panel data, 4, 65, 107, 142, 146–147, 152, 395–396

ParlGov dataset, 324, 349, 357, 377

partisan affiliations, 73, 227, 244

partisan alignment, 6, 8, 59, 63, 70, 122, 124, 128, 130, 133–135, 139, 216, 393, 403

party, 166, 176, 290, 406, 419

brands, 57, 196, 282, 343, 346–347, 350, 401

families, 3, 6, 8, 114, 121, 128, 154, 171, 221, 224, 236, 244, 285–286, 320, 324, 390

identification, 11, 51, 53, 124, 149–150–, 152, 155–156, 193, 196, 269, 316, 416

ideology, 282

leaders, 163, 195, 217, 279, 366–367

linkages, 135

manifestos, 281, 285, 290, 293, 392

affiliation and membership, 217, 368, 371, 409

niche parties, 203

organization, 3, 147, 370, 392

policy positions, 290–291, 306, 319, 370

preferences, 172

strategies, 11, 44–45, 287, 318, 320–321, 323, 408

party competition, 73–74, 82, 95, 114, 141, 163, 177, 187, 199, 211, 253–254, 272, 281, 285, 314, 336, 398, 403, 416

across geographies, 83–86

issue salience, 52, 403–404, 406

spatial theories, 50–51, 194, 281, 286, 314–316, 318, 324, 339, 343, 407

party system, 128, 229, 394

cartelization, 409

fragmentation, 53, 57–59, 250, 403, 414

pensions, 25, 29, 32, 34–35, 74, 81–82, 258, 347, 349, 417–419

polarization, 58, 62, 145, 266, 273, 291, 306, 403, 421

policy, 37, 169, 184, 338, 343, 420–421

policy preferences, 67, 116, 146, 167, 185, 211, 218, 226, 239, 244, 403, 406

political competition, 20, 104, 249, 280, 287, 317, 344, 415

political entrepreneurs, 393, 402–404, 409

populism, 54, 58, 73–74, 85, 92–94, 99, 224, 409, 415

Portugal, 59, 171, 179

post-industrial societies, 16, 74, 78, 111, 121–123, 166, 249, 251, 300, 305, 414

poverty, 31, 35, 80

preferences, 16, 26, 28, 37, 123, 139, 169–170, 195, 197, 208, 217, 231, 249, 279, 315, 414, 421

electoral, 135, 251, 256, 403, 417

programmatic, 4, 227, 252, 262, 265, 406

of union members, 223

programmatic appeals and preferences, 11, 67, 193, 228, 275, 392, 398, 400, 405, 416

public opinion, 45, 141, 279, 316, 328, 416

Radical Left, 25, 49, 65, 84, 92, 95, 103–104, 107, 129, 132, 134, 166, 168, 176, 179, 185, 186, 198–199, 206, 210, 229, 231, 234, 239, 251, 266, 320, 329, 357, 396, 410, 412, 414

Radical Right, 47, 64–65, 85, 87, 90, 103–104, 106–107, 112, 129, 133, 141, 147, 161, 165, 171, 179–180, 183, 185, 194, 196, 199, 203, 205, 239, 244, 250–251, 254–255, 266, 270, 284, 320, 328–329, 332, 396, 398, 404, 410

Rawls, John, 17–18

redistribution, 2, 16, 21, 28, 36, 44–46, 74, 81, 84, 116, 167, 169, 205, 218, 223, 227, 229, 234, 236, 241, 243, 253–254, 317, 320, 328, 330, 408, 410–411

economic, 254, 397, 408

preferences, 27, 145, 194, 197, 341

regression models, 94, 116, 128, 130, 135, 142, 158, 234, 260, 289, 291–292, 349–350, 377, 384

regulation, 21, 28, 58, 213, 253–254, 400, 415, 420

right-wing, 22, 39, 47, 56, 58, 109, 124, 126, 198, 204, 209, 220, 260, 272, 274, 282, 320, 325, 396, 406, 408–409, 413, 415

Scandinavian and Nordic countries, 8, 46, 54, 63, 76, 78, 81, 92, 125, 164, 169, 174, 176, 183, 234, 300, 341, 397, 402, 412

Social Democracy, 17–18, 23, 99, 106, 256, 324, 332, 421

challenges, 20, 31, 59, 74, 83, 86–87, 99, 104, 110, 142–144, 167, 174, 194, 239, 346, 351, 384, 390, 395–396, 399, 403, 414, 419

coalitions, 2, 76, 144, 344

constituencies, 24, 27, 74, 106, 110, 122, 129–130, 133, 143, 148, 163–164, 168, 186, 197, 216, 267, 340, 344, 347, 356, 410, 418

electoral support, 85, 96–99, 105, 112, 119, 138, 172, 218, 237, 250, 283, 285, 330, 412

erosion, 1, 3, 53, 92, 102, 106, 111, 118, 122, 141, 166, 173, 179, 202, 249, 308, 342, 361, 391, 395–396

moderation, 280, 286, 293, 297, 305–308

programmatic appeals, 1, 73, 104–105, 120, 142–143, 154, 162, 168–170, 193, 205, 210, 216, 220, 244, 259, 267, 274, 283, 291, 400–402, 410

strategies, 4, 81, 85, 140, 182, 184–185, 187, 194, 205, 250–251, 253–256, 314, 332, 336–339, 341, 360, 395, 398–400, 417

vote shares, 7–8, 90, 94, 102, 357

social insurance, 13, 18, 21, 35, 224, 253

social investment, 25, 27–28, 29, 33, 35–36, 41, 43–47, 56, 82, 167, 169, 253–255, 348, 408

social policy, 44, 46, 62, 102, 119, 167, 211, 253–254, 409, 419

social protection, 2, 18, 21, 23, 25–26, 28, 33, 37, 39, 44, 46, 244, 408, 411

socialist parties, 1, 13, 41, 46, 65, 202, 211, 320, 326, 329, 401, 414

socialization, 64, 120–121, 123, 125, 133, 138–140, 216, 243

Southern Europe, 7, 54–56, 59, 61, 105, 123, 125, 139, 164, 166, 170, 172, 174, 179–180, 184, 187, 224, 397, 402

Spain, 46, 59, 67, 93, 171, 174, 179, 251–252, 254, 256, 261–262, 265, 271, 273, 275

standard errors, 94, 98, 116, 128, 132, 205

structural transformation, 23, 53, 120, 122–123, 163, 166, 169, 249, 342, 344, 394, 421

subsidies, 35, 37, 41, 258

survey experiments, 67, 185, 256–257, 275, 285, 371

Sweden, 21, 56, 67, 82, 87, 90, 96, 105, 107, 171, 251–252, 254–256, 261–262, 271–272, 275, 283, 293, 346, 371, 379–380, 412

Switzerland, 65, 67, 92, 105, 107, 142, 146–147, 150, 152–153, 251–252, 254, 256, 261–262, 265, 271–272, 275, 288, 341, 400, 412

taxes, 28, 34, 69, 253, 343, 347, 349–350, 353–357, 361–362, 417

technological change, 12, 31, 33, 38, 123, 418

time-series, 199, 349

turnout, 108, 146, 200

unemployment, 51, 81–82, 143, 158–159, 307, 346–347, 349–350, 417

insurance, 74, 234

unionization, 29, 31, 66, 217, 219, 221, 223, 229, 237

United Kingdom, 7, 58–59, 65, 78, 82, 84, 87, 95, 98, 115, 124, 142–143, 146–147, 150, 152, 154, 228, 237, 283, 287, 290, 293, 326, 346, 371, 379, 400–401, 417

United States, 58, 76–77, 83–84, 228, 282, 401

universalism, 12, 21, 28, 44, 46, 61, 253

urbanization, 30, 37, 79, 82

vote choice, 3, 50, 63, 66, 105–106, 108, 116, 118, 125, 142, 164, 170–172, 194, 199–200, 202, 205, 212, 224–225, 285–287, 289–292, 295, 304, 306–307, 368, 395

vote recall, 66, 106–107, 144, 202, 304

vote shares, 7, 47, 59, 89, 94, 141, 147, 165, 172, 212, 250, 281, 293, 305, 319, 321, 325–326, 334, 341, 343–344, 349–350, 352, 357, 360–361, 385–386, 394, 400, 421

vote switching, 113, 116, 142, 156, 158, 163, 179, 193, 196, 198, 202, 226–227, 239, 292, 297, 299, 396

and party moderation, 297–300

voting behavior, 148–149, 236, 402, 409

voting propensities, 163, 165, 170–172, 176, 182–183, 185–186, 212, 262, 267, 271, 297, 396, 401

wages, 25, 29, 32, 38, 69, 343, 348, 353, 362, 399–400, 408

welfare chauvinism, 142, 145, 156, 220, 256

welfare state, 2–3, 16, 31, 54, 56, 62, 76, 79, 82, 84, 122, 145, 170, 199, 210, 229, 243, 253, 300, 347, 350, 361, 394, 402, 408, 419

Western Europe, 2, 7, 49, 60, 66, 102, 116, 122–123, 125, 128, 132, 141, 145, 163, 173, 200, 216, 222, 249, 256, 279, 394, 396, 398, 420

working class, 2, 9, 11, 13, 43, 45, 59, 64–65, 76, 81, 84, 95, 103–104, 111, 114, 119–121, 124, 131, 133, 135–136, 140, 142, 144–145, 147, 155, 158, 164–165, 167, 172, 179, 186, 197–198, 201, 206–207, 217, 225, 249, 304, 344, 395–396, 409–410, 414–415

younger cohorts, 61, 65, 120–121, 124, 134–135, 140, 159, 161, 212, 297, 394, 397, 401

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