Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-t5tsf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-14T07:14:06.660Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

14 - The Iron Age: the peoples of Italy

from PART III - THE WEST

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2008

By
Edward Togo Salmon
Edited by
John Boardman ,
N. G. L. Hammond ,
D. M. Lewis  and
M. Ostwald
Edward Togo Salmon
Affiliation:
McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario
Get access

Summary

The trend towards more permanent settlements and diversified economies, already under way in Italy during the Final Bronze Age, continued unabated in the Iron Age and led to the development of distinct and stable regional cultures. The pace and extent of the change to regionalism, however, varied from one part of the peninsula to another; and scholarly investigation of it has been similarly uneven. The great importance and spectacular archaeology of Etruria have inevitably kept activity there at a high and constant level; Campania, too, has remained an area of intense interest, especially after the momentous discoveries on Ischia and at Pontecagnano; and Magna Graecia has at last begun to receive its due of careful scrutiny. But in the south-eastern, central and north-western parts of Italy exploration has been more sporadic. Nevertheless for them, too, the years since 1950 have brought a rapid accumulation of new knowledge, fresh assessments, and clearer perspectives; and it is with these areas, Apulia, the Mid-Adriatic region, the Italic Osco-Umbrian core of peninsular Italy and the Ligurian north west, that the present chapter is concerned.

Keywords

Apulian craftIron AgeItalian scholarsGreek languageMid-Adriatic region
Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Ancient History , pp. 676 - 719
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 1988

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adamson, P. B. ‘The spread of rabies into Europe, and the probable origin of this disease in antiquity’, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 1977 Google ScholarPubMed
Adcock, F. E. The Greek and Macedonian Art of War. Berkeley–Los Angeles, 1957 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Åkerström, Å. Der geometrische Stil in Italien (Skrifter utgivna av Svenska Institutet i Rom 9). Lund, 1943 Google Scholar
Åkerström, Å. Die architektonischen Terrakotten Kleinasiens. Lund, 1966 Google Scholar
Aly, W. Volksmärchen, Sage und Novelle bei Herodot und seinen Zeitgenossen. 2nd edn ed. Huber, L. . Göttingen, 1969 Google Scholar
Anati, E. Le statue-stelai della Lunigiana. La Spezia, 1981 Google Scholar
Atti del Convegno di studi sulla Magna Grecia. Naples, since 1962 Google Scholar
‘Atti dell’ incontro di studi sugli inizi della colonizzazione greca in Occidente’ (papers by d'Agostino, B. , Ridgway, D. . Johannowsky, W. , Buchner, G. , Boardman, J. , G. Vallet, E. Lepore ), Dialoghi di Archeologia 3 (1969)Google Scholar
Atti XVII Riunione dell'Istituto Italiano di pre- e protostoria in Campania, 1974. Naples, 1976 Google Scholar
Barker, G. Landscape and Society: prehistoric Central Italy. London, 1981 Google Scholar
Bass, G. Cape Gelidonya: a Bronze Age shipwreck (Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, N.S. 57–8). Philadelphia, 1967 Google Scholar
Batović, š. ‘Nin e l'ltalia meridionale nell'eta del Ferro’, Archivio storico pugliese 26 (1973)Google Scholar
Beloch, K. J. Griechische Geschichte. 4 vols, in 8. Strassburg–Berlin, 1912–27 Google Scholar
Bengtson, H. and others. The Greeks and the Persians: from the Sixth to the Fourth Centuries. London–New York, 1969 (Trans, of Griechen und Perser: die Mittelmeerwelt im Altertum. Frankfurt am Main, 1965)Google Scholar
Berard, J. Bibliographic topographique desprincipales cités grecques de l'Italie méridionale et de la Sicile dans l'antiquité. Paris, 1941 Google Scholar
Bianchi Bandinelli, R. and Giuliano, A. Etruschi e Italici prima del dominio di Roma. Milan, 1973 Google Scholar
Boardman, J. The Greeks Overseas. 2nd edn. London, 1980 Google Scholar
Boer, W. . ‘Herodot und die Systeme der Chronologie’, Mnemosyne ser. iv 20 (1967)Google Scholar
Bogaert, R. Les origines antiques de la banque de dépôt. Leiden, 1966 Google Scholar
Bonfante, L. ‘The women of Etruria’, Arethusa 6 (1973)Google Scholar
Breitenbach, H. R. ‘Xenophon von Athen’ in Pauly–Wissowa–Kroll–Mittelhaus, , Real-Encyclopädie der klassischen Altertum swissen schaft. Stuttgart, 1893– ser.2, ix a 2 (1966)Google Scholar
Briant, P. ‘Colonisation hellénistique et populations indigènes’, Klio 60 (1978)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burn, A. R. Persia and the Greeks: the Defence of the West, c. 546–478 B.C. 2nd edn, with a Postscript by Lewis, D. M. . London–Stanford, 1984 Google Scholar
Busolt, G. Griechische Staatskunde 1–II. 3rd edn. Munich, 1920–6 Google Scholar
Casson, L. Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World. Princeton, 1971 Google Scholar
Centre Bérard, Naples . Les céramiques de la Gr`ce de I'Est et leur diffusion en Occident. Paris–Naples, 1978 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cianfarani, V. Culture adriatiche d'Italia tra Piceno e Sannio. Rome, 1970 Google Scholar
Colonna, G. ‘Preistoria e protostoria di Roma e del Lazio’, Popoli e Civilità dell'Italia Antica. Biblioteca di Storia Patria i–vii. Rome, 1974–8 2 (1974)Google Scholar
d'Agostino, B. ‘La civiltà del ferro nell'Italia meridionale’, Popoli e Civilità dell'Italia Antica. Biblioteca di Storia Patria i–vii. Rome, 1974–8 2 (1974)Google Scholar
De Benedittis, G. Il centro sannitico di Monte Vairano. Rome, 1974 Google Scholar
Devoto, G. Gli antichi italici. 3rd edn. Florence, 1967; 4th edn. Rome, 1969 Google Scholar
Drews, R. ‘The fall of Astyages and Herodotus’ chronology of the eastern kingdoms’, Historia 18 (1969)Google Scholar
Drews, R. The Greek Accounts of Eastern History. Cambridge, Mass., 1973 Google Scholar
Dunbabin, T. J. ‘Contribution to the bibliography of the Greek cities in Sicily and South Italy’, Papers of the British School at Rome 18 (1950)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunbabin, T. J. The Western Greeks. Oxford, 1948 Google Scholar
Durante, M. ‘I dialetti medio-italici’, Popoli e Civilità dell'Italia Antica. Biblioteca di Storia Patria i–vii. Rome, 1974–8 6 (1978)Google Scholar
Durante, M. ‘Nord Piceno: la lingua delle iscrizioni di Novilara’, Popoli e Civilità dell'Italia Antica. Biblioteca di Storia Patria i–vii. Rome, 1974–8 6 (1978)Google Scholar
Fornara, C. W. Herodotus. Oxford, 1971 Google Scholar
Francis, E. D. ‘Greeks and Persians: the art of hazard and triumph’, in Ancient Persia: The Art of an Empire, ed. Schmandt-Besserat, D. , 53–86. Malibu, 1980 Google Scholar
Frederiksen, M. ‘The Etruscans in Campania’, Ch. 11 in d 21Google Scholar
Freeman, E. A. History of Federal Government in Greece and Italy. 2nd edn. London, 1893 Google Scholar
Gabba, E. and Pasquinucci, M. Strutture agrarie e allevamento transumante nell'Italia romana. Pisa, 1979 Google Scholar
Gomme, A. W. , Andrewes, A. and Dover, K. J. A Historical Commentary on Thucydides i–v. Oxford, 1945–81 Google Scholar
Gottlieb, G. Das Verhältnis der ausserherodoteischen Überlieferung zu Herodot. Bonn, 1963 Google Scholar
Graf, D. F. ‘Greek tyrants and Achaemenid polities’, in The Craft of the Ancient Historian: Essays in Honor of Chester G. Starr, edd. Eadie, J. W. and Ober, J. , 79–123. Lanham, 1985 Google Scholar
Graf, D. F. ‘Medism: the origin and significance of the term’, Journal of Hellenic Studies 104 (1984)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greco, A. P. I Lucani. Milan, 1982 Google Scholar
Hammond, N. G. L. ‘Studies in Greek chronology of the sixth and fifth centuries B.C.’, Historia 4 (1955)Google Scholar
Hammond, N. G. L. A History of Greece to 322 B.C. 2nd edn. Oxford, 1967 (3rd edn 1986)Google Scholar
Hammond, N. G. L. Atlas of the Greek and Roman World in Antiquity. New Jersey, 1983 Google Scholar
Harris, W. V. Rome in Etruria and Umbria. Oxford, 1971 Google Scholar
Heurgon, J. The rise of Rome to 264 B.C. London, 1973 (? Rome et la Méditerranée Occidentale jusqu'aux guerres puniques. Paris, 1969)Google Scholar
Hirsch, S. W. The Friendship of the Barbarians: Xenophon and the Persian Empire. Hanover–London, 1985 Google Scholar
Homeyer, H. ‘Zu den Anfängen der Griechischen Biographie’, Philologus 106 (1962)Google Scholar
How, W. W. and Wells, J. A Commentary on Herodotus. Oxford, 1912 Google Scholar
Huber, L. ‘Herodots Homerverständis’, Synusia. Festgabe für W. Schadewaldt, edd. Flashar, H. and Gaiser, K. , 29–52. Neske, 1965 Google Scholar
Immerwahr, H. R. Form and Thought in Herodotus. Cleveland, 1960 Google Scholar
Introduzione alle antichità adriatiche: atti del I Convegno di studi. Chieti, 1975 Google Scholar
Jacoby, F. ‘Herodotos’, Pauly–Wissowa–Kroll–Mittelhaus, , Real-Encyclopädie der klassischen Altertum swissen schaft. Stuttgart, 1893– Suppl. 11 (1913) (= Griechische Historiker, 7–164. Stuttgart, 1956)Google Scholar
Jacoby, F. ‘Ktesias’, in Pauly–Wissowa–Kroll–Mittelhaus, , Real-Encyclopädie der klassischen Altertum swissen schaft. Stuttgart, 1893– xi (1922) (= Griechische Historiker, 311–32. Stuttgart, 1956)Google Scholar
Jacoby, F. Abhandlmgen zur griechischen Geschichtsschreibung, ed. Leiden, H. , 1956 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacoby, F. Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker, 3 pts in 15 vols. Berlin, 1926; Leiden, 1943–58 3 2.Google Scholar
Jeffery, L. H. Archaic Greece. London, 1976 Google Scholar
Lejeune, M. ‘Les épigraphies indigènes de Bruttium’, RÉA 75 (1973)Google Scholar
Lejeune, M. ‘Phonologie osqueet graphie grecque’, RÉA 72 (1970); 74 (1972)Google Scholar
Lejeune, M. ‘Une bilingue gauloise-latine à Verceil’, Comptes-rendues de l'Académic des inscriptions et belles lettres 1977 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lejeune, M. Eepontica. Paris, 1971 Google Scholar
Letta, C. and Campanile, E. Studi sulle magistrature indigene e municipali in area italica. Pisa, 1979 Google Scholar
Letta, C. I Marsi e il Fucino nell’ antichità. Milan, 1972 Google Scholar
Lewis, D. M. Sparta and Persia. Leiden, 1977 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Littauer, M. A. and Crouwel, J. H. Wheeled Vehicles and Ridden Animals in the Ancient Near East. Leiden, 1979 Google Scholar
Marazzi, M. Egeo e Occidente alia fine del II millennio a.C. Rome, 1976 Google Scholar
Marinetti, A. ‘Il sudpiceno come italico (e “Sabino”=). Note preliminari’, Studi Etruschi 49 (1981)Google Scholar
Mazzarino, S. Fra Oriente e Occidente. Florence, 1947 Google Scholar
Meiggs, R. The Athenian Empire. Oxford, 1972 Google Scholar
Mele, A. Il commercio greco arcaico. Naples, 1979 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, M. ‘Herodotus as chronographer’, Klio 46 (1965)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, B. M. ‘Herodotus and Samos’, Journal of Hellenic Studies 95 (1975)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Momigliano, A. D. ‘Tradizione e invenzione in Ctesia’, in Quarto Contributo alla Storia degli Studi Classici e del Mondo Antico, 181–212. Rome, 1969 Google Scholar
Momigliano, A. ‘Eastern elements in post-exilic Jewish and Greek historiography’, in Essays in Ancient and Modern Historiography, 25–35. Oxford, 1977 Google Scholar
Momigliano, A. ‘Persian empire and Greek freedom’ in The Idea of Freedom: Essays in honour of Isaiah Berlin, ed. Ryan, A. , 139–51. Oxford, 1979 Google Scholar
Momigliano, A. Alien Wisdom: the Limits of Hellenization, Cambridge, 1975 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Momigliano, A. The Development of Greek Biography. Harvard, 1971 Google Scholar
Morandi, A. ‘Le iscrizioni medio-adriatiche’, Popoli e Civilità dell'Italia Antica. Biblioteca di Storia Patria i–vii. Rome, 1974–8 6 (1978)Google Scholar
Moscati, S. Italia archeologica I–II. Novara, 1973 Google Scholar
Muhly, J. D. Review of a 14, Journal of New Eastern Studies 35 (1976)Google Scholar
Murray, O. Early Greece. London, 1980 Google Scholar
Myres, J. L. Herodotus: Father of History. Oxford, 1953 Google Scholar
Nenci, G. and Vallet, G. Bibliografia topografica della colonizazione greca in Italia e nelle isole tirreniche. Pisa–Rome, 1977 Google Scholar
Neugebauer, O. The Exact Sciences in Antiquity. Princeton, 1957 Google Scholar
Nicolet, C. Rome et la conquéte du monde méditerranéen. I. Paris, 1977 Google Scholar
Östenberg, C. E. Luni sul Mignone e problemidellapreistoria d'Italia (Skrifter utgivna av Svenska Institutet i Rom 25). Lund, 1962 Google Scholar
Pallottino, M. ‘Nuovi spunti di ricerca sul tema delle magistrature etrusche’, Studi Etruschi 24 (1955–56) (= Saggi di antichità 11. Rome, 1979)Google Scholar
Pallottino, M. Genti e culture dell'Italia preromana. Rome, 1981 Google Scholar
Pallottino, M. Saggi di Antichità: 1. Alle origini dell’ Italia antica; II. Documentiper la storia della civiltà etrusca; in. Immagini inedite e alternative di arte antica. Rome, 1979 Google Scholar
Pared, L. La Tomba Regolini-Galassi. Vatican City, 1947 Google Scholar
Prima Italia, Arts italiques du premier millénaire avant J.C. 5 november 1980–4 janvier 1981. Brussels, 1980 Google Scholar
Princeton Encyclopaedia of Classical Sites, ed. Stilwell, R. . Princeton, 1976 Google Scholar
Pugliese Carratelli, G. ‘Greek inscriptions of the Middle East’, East and West 16 (1966)Google Scholar
Puglisi, S. La civiltà appenninica. Florence, 1959 Google Scholar
Richter, G. M. A. Ancient Italy. Ann Arbor, 1955 Google Scholar
Ridgway, D. and , F. R. (eds.) Italy before the Romans: Papers on Italian Iron Age, Orientalizing and Etruscan Subjects. London–New York–San Francisco, 1979 Google Scholar
Salmon, E. T. Samnium and the Samnites. Cambridge, 1967. (Revised Italian translation Il Sannio e I Sanniti. Turin, 1985)Google Scholar
Salmon, E. T. The Making of Roman Italy. London, 1982 Google Scholar
Sancisi-Weerdenburg, H. ‘The death of Cyrus: Xenophon's Cryopaedia as a source for Iranian history’, in Papers in Honour of Professor Mary Boyce, ed. Bivar, A. D. H. (Acta Iranica: Hommages et Opera Minora ii), 11. Leiden, 1985 Google Scholar
Sancisi-Weerdenburg, H. Yauna en Persai: Grieken en Perzen in een ander perspectief. Groningen, 1980 Google Scholar
Sandars, N. K. The Sea Peoples: Warriors of the ancient Mediterranean, 1250–1150 B.C. London, 1978 Google Scholar
Snodgrass, A. M. The Dark Age of Greece. Edinburgh, 1971 Google Scholar
Starr, C. G. Greeks and Persians in the Fourth Century B.C. Ann Arbor, 1979 Google Scholar
Strasburger, H. ‘Herodots Zeitrechnung’, Historia 5 (1956) (= Herodot, ed. Marg, W. , 688–736. 2nd edn. Darmstadt, 1965)Google Scholar
Strasburger, H. Die Wesensbestimmung der Geschichte durch die antike Geschichtsschreibung (= Sitzungsberichte der Wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft Goethe-Universität, J. W. , Frankfurt 5, no. 3. 1966)Google Scholar
Strassmaier, J. N. ‘Einige chronologische Daten aus astronomischen Rechnungen’, Zeitschrift für Assyriologie 7 (1892)Google Scholar
Tarn, W. W. Alexander the Great. Cambridge, 1948 Google Scholar
Taylour, Lord W. Mycenaean Pottery in Italy and Adjacent Areas. Cambridge, 1958 Google Scholar
Tibiletti Bruno, M. G. ‘Ligure, leponzio e gallico’, Popoli e Civilità dell'Italia Antica. Biblioteca di Storia Patria i–vii. Rome, 1974–8 6 (1978)Google Scholar
Tiné, S. and Vagnetti, L. I Micenei in Italia. Fasano, 1967 (Catalogue of the exhibition held in the Taranto National Museum on the occasion of the first International Congress of Mycenaean Studies, Rome, 1967)Google Scholar
Toynbee, A. J. Hannibal's Legacy 1–11. London, 1965 Google Scholar
Trump, D. H. Central and Southern Italy Before Rome. London, 1966 Google Scholar
Untermann, J. ‘Die messapischen Personennamen’ in Die Sprache der Illyrier, ed. Krahe, H. , II 153–213. Wiesbaden, 1964 Google Scholar
Vagnetti, L. ‘Appunti sui bronzi egei e ciprioti del ripostiglio di Contigliano (Rieti)’, Mélanges de l'École française de Rome, Antiquité 86 (1974)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vagnetti, L. ‘I Micenei in Italia: la documentazione archeologica’, Parola del Passato 25 (1970)Google Scholar
Vansina, J. Oral Tradition. Trans. Wright, H. M. . London, 1965 Google Scholar
Vetter, E. Handbuch der italischen Dialekte 1. Heidelberg, 1953 Google Scholar
Vigneron, I. P. Le cheval dans l'antiquité. Nancy, 1968 Google Scholar
Villard, F. La céramique grecque de Marseille (VIe–IVe siècle). Paris, 1960 Google Scholar
von Merhart, G. Hallstatt und Italien: Gesammelte Aufsütze zur frühen Eisenzeit in Italien und Mitteleuropa (collected papers, ed. Kossack, G. ). Mainz, 1969 Google Scholar
Wade-Gery, H. T. Essays in Greek History. Oxford, 1958 Google Scholar
Walser, G. Hellas und Iran. Darmstadt, 1984 Google Scholar
West, M. L. Early Greek Philosophy and the Orient. Oxford, 1971 Google Scholar
Wolf, Eric R. Peasants. Englewood Cliffs, 1966 Google Scholar
Woodhead, A. G. The Greeks in the West. New York, 1962 Google Scholar
Zuffa, M. ‘La civiltà villanoviana’, Popoli e Civilità dell'Italia Antica. Biblioteca di Storia Patria i–vii. Rome, 1974–8 5 (1976)Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×