Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 March 2008
The Military–Bureaucratic Monarchies and the ‘Société d'Ordres’
Since the days when the interest of historians was principally focused on forms of government ‘the age of absolutism’ has been a label commonly attached to the period of European history between 1660 and 1789. There had, of course, been absolute monarchies before this period and some outlasted it. Even during it other forms of government continued to exist in some territories. In the early years of Louis XIV's personal rule, however, when France dominated Europe in the arts of peace as well as in those of war, and threatened to dominate the colonized world, French absolutism seemed the most successful form of government and many rulers in consequence were tempted to imitate it.
Absolutism is a term which was invented at the beginning of the nineteenth century and is used to describe a particular form of autocracy. Though this autocracy functioned differently in different countries, it showed certain similar characteristics, and was imposed on similar kinds of societies, in all the places where it was adopted. The present account, however, will be concerned with it primarily in the three major military powers (France and the Hohenzollern and Habsburg dominions) which had come to dominate the European scene by the middle of the eighteenth century. The omission of the lesser states can be justified on several grounds: that they played a smaller part in European history and are thus of smaller interest; that they tended to imitate their more powerful neighbours; that the social and political arrangements which were the objects of their emulation were to a greater or less extent a response to the needs of war, from which they themselves were largely or wholly exempt.
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