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3 - Demography

from Part I - Determinants of Economic Performance

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2008

By
Walter Scheidel
Edited by
Walter Scheidel ,
Ian Morris  and
Richard P. Saller
Walter Scheidel
Affiliation:
Stanford University
Walter Scheidel
Affiliation:
Stanford University, California
Ian Morris
Affiliation:
Stanford University, California
Richard P. Saller
Affiliation:
Stanford University, California
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Summary

Demographic conditions are a major determinant of economic performance. In the following, I focus on the relationship between demographic structures and macro-economic features. The economics of household and gender are discussed in the next chapter. After a brief outline of the fundamental demographic characteristics of the Greco-Roman world (i–ii), I present a theoretical model of the interdependence of economic and demographic development, and explore its principal variables in the context of ancient Mediterranean economies (iii–viii). This introductory survey is meant to provide a conceptual framework for the more specific discussions in Chapters 7 to 28, and more generally seeks to contextualize the study of Greek and Roman economic and demographic history within the wider ambit of historical demography and population theory. While many of the issues raised in the following sections cannot be satisfactorily addressed on the basis of ancient evidence, they are nevertheless essential to our understanding of ancient economies.

life expectancy and its correlates

Mortality and morbidity

In recent years, researchers have established a broad consensus regarding the basic structure of ancient populations. Continuing controversies are now largely confined to particular interpretations of the evidence, which are of limited relevance here. The populations of the ancient world were characterized by a regime of high fertility and mortality. While mean life expectancy at birth is conventionally put in a range from about twenty to thirty years, the actual age structures of ancient populations (and thus age-specific survival rates) are generally unknown. Age records from some 300 census returns filed in Roman Egypt during the first three centuries ad have been used to reconstruct female and male age distributions that are broadly consistent with model life tables suggesting a mean life expectancy at birth of twenty-two to twenty-five years.

Keywords

ancient Mediterranean economiesancient population numberdemographic developmentGreco-Roman worldlife expectancyGreek Aegean regionpopulation growth variation
Type
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The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World , pp. 38 - 86
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2007

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  • Demography
  • Edited by Walter Scheidel, Stanford University, California, Ian Morris, Stanford University, California, Richard P. Saller, Stanford University, California
  • Book: The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World
  • Online publication: 28 March 2008
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521780537.004
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  • Demography
  • Edited by Walter Scheidel, Stanford University, California, Ian Morris, Stanford University, California, Richard P. Saller, Stanford University, California
  • Book: The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World
  • Online publication: 28 March 2008
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521780537.004
Available formats
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  • Demography
  • Edited by Walter Scheidel, Stanford University, California, Ian Morris, Stanford University, California, Richard P. Saller, Stanford University, California
  • Book: The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World
  • Online publication: 28 March 2008
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521780537.004
Available formats
×