Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-v9fdk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-13T03:59:09.569Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 2 - The Supporting Theory of Mentalization-Based Treatment

from Part I - Overview of the Model

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 May 2023

Anthony Bateman ,
Peter Fonagy ,
Chloe Campbell ,
Patrick Luyten  and
Martin Debbané
Anthony Bateman
Affiliation:
Anna Freud National Centre for Children and Families, London
Peter Fonagy
Affiliation:
University College London
Chloe Campbell
Affiliation:
University College London
Patrick Luyten
Affiliation:
University College London
Martin Debbané
Affiliation:
University College London
Get access

Summary

The development of mentalizing and non-mentalizing is discussed along with the importance of mentalizing as a psychotherapy process in the treatment of mental health problems. A defining feature of mental disorder is the experience of “wild imagination,” and we consider that mentalizing difficulties—that is, the tendency to get caught up in unhelpful ways of imagining what is going on both for ourselves and for other people—are the price we as a species pay for the immense benefits of the human imagination. Mental health problems arise when mentalizing is lost and we use mentalizing processes that are from earlier stages of development. The relationships between mentalizing, use of low mentalizing modes, epistemic trust and distrust, and social processes are summarized.

Keywords

alien selfattachmentborderline personality disorderepistemic trust“I-mode”non-mentalizingpretend modepsychic equivalenceteleological modetrauma“we-mode”
Type
Chapter
Information
Cambridge Guide to Mentalization-Based Treatment (MBT) , pp. 4 - 42
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Meyer, ML, Davachi, L, Ochsner, KN, Lieberman, MD. Evidence that default network connectivity during rest consolidates social information. Cereb Cortex 2019; 29: 1910–20.Google Scholar
Bloom, P. Religion is natural. Dev Sci 2007; 10: 147–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dunbar, RI, Shultz, S. Evolution in the social brain. Science 2007; 317: 1344–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tomasello, M. Becoming Human: A Theory of Ontogeny. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2019.Google Scholar
Park, BK, Kim, M, Young, L. An examination of accurate versus “biased” mentalizing in moral economic decision-making. In: Gilead, M, Ochsner, K, eds. The Neural Basis of Mentalizing. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2021; 537–53.Google Scholar
Fonagy, P, Campbell, C, Constantinou, M et al. Culture and psychopathology: an attempt at reconsidering the role of social learning. Dev Psychopathol 2022; 34: 1205–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schaefer, JD, Caspi, A, Belsky, DW et al. Enduring mental health: prevalence and prediction. J Abnorm Psychol 2017; 126: 212–24.Google Scholar
Nisbett, RE, Ross, L. Human Interface: Strategies and Shortcomings of Social Judgment. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1980.Google Scholar
Nisbett, RE, Wilson, TD. Telling more than we can know: verbal reports on mental processes. Psychol Rev 1977; 84: 231–59.Google Scholar
Johansson, P, Hall, L, Sikstrom, S, Olsson, A. Failure to detect mismatches between intention and outcome in a simple decision task. Science 2005; 310: 116–9.Google Scholar
Samson, D, Apperly, IA, Braithwaite, JJ et al. Seeing it their way: evidence for rapid and involuntary computation of what other people see. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 2010; 36: 1255–66.Google Scholar
Beeney, JE, Hallquist, MN, Ellison, WD, Levy, KN. Self-other disturbance in borderline personality disorder: neural, self-report, and performance-based evidence. Personal Disord 2016; 7: 28–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bradford, EE, Jentzsch, I, Gomez, JC. From self to social cognition: Theory of Mind mechanisms and their relation to Executive Functioning. Cognition 2015; 138: 21–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gordon, RM. Simulation, predictive coding, and the shared world. In: Gilead, M, Ochsner, K, eds. The Neural Basis of Mentalizing. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2021; 237–56.Google Scholar
Cooley, CH. Human Nature and the Social Order, revised ed. New York, NY: Shocken Books, 1964/1902.Google Scholar
Mead, GH. Mind, Self, and Society. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1934.Google Scholar
Fonagy, P, Gergely, G, Jurist, E, Target, M. Developmental issues in normal adolescence and adolescent breakdown. In: Affect Regulation, Mentalization, and the Development of the Self. New York, NY: Other Press LLC, 2002; 317–40.Google Scholar
Malle, BF. The tree of social cognition: hierarchically organized capacities of mentalizing. In: Gilead, M, Ochsner, K, eds. The Neural Basis of Mentalizing. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2021; 337–70.Google Scholar
Osterhaus, C, Koerber, S, Sodian, B. Scaling of advanced Theory-of-Mind tasks. Child Dev 2016; 87: 1971–91.Google Scholar
Atance, CM, Metcalf, JL, Martin-Ordas, G, Walker, CL. Young children’s causal explanations are biased by post-action associative information. Dev Psychol 2014; 50: 2675–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Somerville, LH. Special issue on the teenage brain: Sensitivity to social evaluation. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 2013; 22: 121–7.Google Scholar
Sebastian, C, Viding, E, Williams, KD, Blakemore, SJ. Social brain development and the affective consequences of ostracism in adolescence. Brain Cogn 2010; 72: 134–45.Google Scholar
Moor, BG, Guroglu, B, Op de Macks, ZA et al. Social exclusion and punishment of excluders: neural correlates and developmental trajectories. Neuroimage 2012; 59: 708–17.Google Scholar
Sebastian, CL, Tan, GC, Roiser, JP et al. Developmental influences on the neural bases of responses to social rejection: implications of social neuroscience for education. Neuroimage 2011; 57: 686–94.Google Scholar
Burnett, S, Blakemore, SJ. Functional connectivity during a social emotion task in adolescents and in adults. Eur J Neurosci 2009; 29: 1294–301.Google Scholar
de Villiers, JG. The role(s) of language in theory of mind. In: Gilead, M, Ochsner, K, eds. The Neural Basis of Mentalizing. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2021; 423–48.Google Scholar
Aival-Naveh, E, Rothschild‐Yakar, L, Kurman, J. Keeping culture in mind: a systematic review and initial conceptualization of mentalizing from a cross‐cultural perspective. Clin Psychol: Sci Pract 2019; 26: e12300.Google Scholar
Dunn, J, Brophy, M. Communication relationships and individual differences in children’s understanding of mind. In: Astington, JW, Baird, JA, eds. Why Languages Matter for Theory of Mind. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2005; 50–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meins, E, Fernyhough, C, Arnott, B et al. Mind-mindedness and theory of mind: mediating roles of language and perspectival symbolic play. Child Dev 2013; 84: 1777–90.Google Scholar
Ebert, S, Peterson, C, Slaughter, V, Weinert, S. Links among parents’ mental state language, family socioeconomic status, and preschoolers’ theory of mind development. Cogn Dev 2017; 44: 32–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fonagy, P, Steele, M, Moran, GS et al. Measuring the ghost in the nursery: a summary of the main findings of the Anna Freud Centre/University College London parent-child study. Bull Anna Freud Centre 1991; 14: 115–31.Google Scholar
Steele, H, Perez, A, Segal, F, Steele, M. Maternal Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) collected during pregnancy predicts reflective functioning in AAIs from their first-born children 17 years later. Int J Dev Sci 2016; 10: 117–24.Google Scholar
Zeegers, MAJ, Colonnesi, C, Stams, GJM, Meins, E. Mind matters: a meta-analysis on parental mentalization and sensitivity as predictors of infant-parent attachment. Psychol Bull 2017; 143: 1245–72.Google Scholar
Meins, E, Fernyhough, C, Wainwright, R et al. Maternal mind-mindedness and attachment security as predictors of theory of mind understanding. Child Dev 2002; 73: 1715–26.Google Scholar
Rosso, AM, Airaldi, C. Intergenerational transmission of reflective functioning. Front Psychol 2016; 7: 1903.Google Scholar
Rosso, AM, Viterbori, P, Scopesi, AM. Are maternal reflective functioning and attachment security associated with preadolescent mentalization? Front Psychol 2015; 6: 1134.Google Scholar
Borelli, JL, Cohen, C, Pettit, C et al. Maternal and child sexual abuse history: an intergenerational exploration of children’s adjustment and maternal trauma-reflective functioning. Front Psychol 2019; 10: 1062.Google Scholar
Luyten, P, Fonagy, P. Mentalizing and trauma. In: Bateman, A, Fonagy, P, eds. Handbook of Mentalizing in Mental Health Practice, 2nd ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, 2019; 79–99.Google Scholar
Berthelot, N, Ensink, K, Bernazzani, O et al. Intergenerational transmission of attachment in abused and neglected mothers: the role of trauma-specific reflective functioning. Infant Ment Health J 2015; 36: 200–12.Google Scholar
Fonagy, P, Luyten, P. A multilevel perspective on the development of borderline personality disorder. In: Cicchetti, D, ed. Developmental Psychopathology. Vol. 3: Maladaptation and Psychopathology, 3rd ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 2016; 726–92.Google Scholar
Fonagy, P, Luyten, P. Conduct problems in youth and the RDoC approach: a developmental, evolutionary-based view. Clin Psychol Rev 2018; 64: 57–76.Google Scholar
Luyten, P, Fonagy, P. The stress–reward–mentalizing model of depression: an integrative developmental cascade approach to child and adolescent depressive disorder based on the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) approach. Clin Psychol Rev 2018; 64: 87–98.Google Scholar
Fonagy, P. Attachment and borderline personality disorder. J Am Psychoanal Assoc 2000; 48: 1129–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fonagy, P, Steele, M, Steele, H et al. The capacity for understanding mental states: the reflective self in parent and child and its significance for security of attachment. Infant Ment Health J 1991; 12: 201–18.Google Scholar
Fonagy, P, Luyten, P, Allison, E, Campbell, C. What we have changed our minds about: Part 1. Borderline personality disorder as a limitation of resilience. Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregul 2017; 4: 11.Google Scholar
Fonagy, P, Luyten, P, Allison, E, Campbell, C. What we have changed our minds about: Part 2. Borderline personality disorder, epistemic trust and the developmental significance of social communication. Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregul 2017; 4: 9.Google Scholar
Suchman, NE, DeCoste, C, Borelli, JL, McMahon, TJ. Does improvement in maternal attachment representations predict greater maternal sensitivity, child attachment security and lower rates of relapse to substance use? A second test of Mothering from the Inside Out treatment mechanisms. J Subst Abuse Treat 2018; 85: 21–30.Google Scholar
Redfern, S, Wood, S, Lassri, D et al. The Reflective Fostering Programme: background and development of a new approach. Adopt Foster 2018; 42: 234–48.Google Scholar
Slade, A, Holland, ML, Ordway, MR et al. Minding the Baby®: enhancing parental reflective functioning and infant attachment in an attachment-based, interdisciplinary home visiting program. Dev Psychopathol 2020; 32: 123–37.Google Scholar
Byrne, G, Sleed, M, Midgley, N et al. Lighthouse Parenting Programme: description and pilot evaluation of mentalization-based treatment to address child maltreatment. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 2019; 24: 680–93.Google Scholar
Bateman, A, Fonagy, P. A randomized controlled trial of a mentalization-based intervention (MBT-FACTS) for families of people with borderline personality disorder. Personal Disord 2019; 10: 70–79.Google Scholar
Fonagy, P, Twemlow, SW, Vernberg, EM et al. A cluster randomized controlled trial of child-focused psychiatric consultation and a school systems-focused intervention to reduce aggression. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2009; 50: 607–16.Google Scholar
Fonagy, P, Allison, E, Campbell, C. Mentalizing, resilience, and epistemic trust. In: Bateman, A, Fonagy, P, eds. Handbook of Mentalizing in Mental Health Practice, 2nd ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association Publishing, 2019; 63–77.Google Scholar
Fonagy, P, Steele, M, Steele, H et al. The Emanuel Miller Memorial Lecture 1992. The theory and practice of resilience. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1994; 35: 231–57.Google Scholar
Luyten, P, Campbell, C, Allison, E, Fonagy, P. The mentalizing approach to psychopathology: state of the art and future directions. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2020; 16: 297–325.Google Scholar
Bartels, A, Zeki, S. The neural correlates of maternal and romantic love. Neuroimage 2004; 21: 1155–66.Google Scholar
Zeki, S, Romaya, JP. Neural correlates of hate. PLoS One 2008; 3: e3556.Google Scholar
Nolte, T, Bolling, DZ, Hudac, CM et al. Brain mechanisms underlying the impact of attachment-related stress on social cognition. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7: 816.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pompili, M, Girardi, P, Ruberto, A, Tatarelli, R. Suicide in borderline personality disorder: a meta-analysis. Nord J Psychiatry 2005; 59: 319–24.Google Scholar
Korzekwa, MI, Dell, PF, Links, PS et al. Dissociation in borderline personality disorder: a detailed look. J Trauma Dissociation 2009; 10: 346–67.Google Scholar
Miller, CE, Townsend, ML, Grenyer, BFS. Understanding chronic feelings of emptiness in borderline personality disorder: a qualitative study. Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregul 2021; 8: 24.Google Scholar
Vermetten, E, Spiegel, D. Trauma and dissociation: implications for borderline personality disorder. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2014; 16: 434.Google Scholar
Ende, G, Cackowski, S, Van Eijk, J et al. Impulsivity and aggression in female BPD and ADHD patients: association with ACC glutamate and GABA concentrations. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41: 410–18.Google Scholar
Sebastian, A, Jung, P, Krause-Utz, A et al. Frontal dysfunctions of impulse control – a systematic review in borderline personality disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8: 698.Google Scholar
Krause-Utz, A, Keibel-Mauchnik, J, Ebner-Priemer, U et al. Classical conditioning in borderline personality disorder: an fMRI study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2016; 266: 291–305.Google Scholar
Bateman, A, Bolton, R, Fonagy, P. Antisocial personality disorder: a mentalizing framework. Focus 2013; 11: 178–86.Google Scholar
Cackowski, S, Reitz, AC, Ende, G et al. Impact of stress on different components of impulsivity in borderline personality disorder. Psychol Med 2014; 44: 3329–40.Google Scholar
Jacob, GA, Zvonik, K, Kamphausen, S et al. Emotional modulation of motor response inhibition in women with borderline personality disorder: an fMRI study. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2013; 38: 164–72.Google Scholar
Lis, S, Bohus, M. Social interaction in borderline personality disorder. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2013; 15: 338.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
King-Casas, B, Sharp, C, Lomax-Bream, L et al. The rupture and repair of cooperation in borderline personality disorder. Science 2008; 321: 806–10.Google Scholar
Reinhard, MA, Dewald-Kaufmann, J, Wustenberg, T et al. The vicious circle of social exclusion and psychopathology: a systematic review of experimental ostracism research in psychiatric disorders. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2020; 270: 521–32.Google Scholar
Jowett, S, Karatzias, T, Albert, I. Multiple and interpersonal trauma are risk factors for both post-traumatic stress disorder and borderline personality disorder: a systematic review on the traumatic backgrounds and clinical characteristics of comorbid post-traumatic stress disorder/borderline personality disorder groups versus single-disorder groups. Psychol Psychother 2020; 93: 621–38.Google Scholar
Fonagy, P, Leigh, T, Steele, M et al. The relation of attachment status, psychiatric classification, and response to psychotherapy. J Consult Clin Psychol 1996; 64: 22–31.Google Scholar
Levy, KN, Meehan, KB, Kelly, KM et al. Change in attachment patterns and reflective function in a randomized control trial of transference-focused psychotherapy for borderline personality disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol 2006; 74: 1027–40.Google Scholar
Fischer-Kern, M, Schuster, P, Kapusta, ND et al. The relationship between personality organization, reflective functioning, and psychiatric classification in borderline personality disorder. Psychoanal Psychol 2010; 27: 395–409.Google Scholar
Gullestad, FS, Johansen, MS, Høglend, P et al. Mentalization as a moderator of treatment effects: findings from a randomized clinical trial for personality disorders. Psychother Res 2013; 23: 674–89.Google Scholar
Bora, E. A meta-analysis of theory of mind and ‘mentalization’ in borderline personality disorder: a true neuro-social-cognitive or meta-social-cognitive impairment? Psychol Med 2021; 51: 2541–51.Google Scholar
Preissler, S, Dziobek, I, Ritter, K et al. Social cognition in borderline personality disorder: evidence for disturbed recognition of the emotions, thoughts, and intentions of others. Front Behav Neurosci 2010; 4: 182.Google Scholar
Ritter, K, Dziobek, I, Preissler, S et al. Lack of empathy in patients with narcissistic personality disorder. Psychiatry Res 2011; 187: 241–7.Google Scholar
Sharp, C, Pane, H, Ha, C et al. Theory of mind and emotion regulation difficulties in adolescents with borderline traits. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2011; 50: 563–73.Google Scholar
Dziobek, I, Preissler, S, Grozdanovic, Z et al. Neuronal correlates of altered empathy and social cognition in borderline personality disorder. Neuroimage 2011; 57: 539–48.Google Scholar
Bekrater-Bodmann, R, Chung, BY, Foell, J et al. Body plasticity in borderline personality disorder: a link to dissociation. Compr Psychiatry 2016; 69: 36–44.Google Scholar
Pavony, MT, Lenzenweger, MF. Somatosensory processing and borderline personality disorder features: a signal detection analysis of proprioception and exteroceptive sensitivity. J Personal Disord 2013; 27: 208–21.Google Scholar
Pavony, MT, Lenzenweger, MF. Somatosensory processing and borderline personality disorder: pain perception and a signal detection analysis of proprioception and exteroceptive sensitivity. Personal Disord 2014; 5: 164–71.Google Scholar
De Meulemeester, C, Lowyck, B, Luyten, P. The role of impairments in self-other distinction in borderline personality disorder: a narrative review of recent evidence. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 127: 242–54.Google Scholar
Neustadter, ES, Fineberg, SK, Leavitt, J et al. Induced illusory body ownership in borderline personality disorder. Neurosci Conscious 2019; 2019: niz017.Google Scholar
De Meulemeester, C, Lowyck, B, Panagiotopoulou, E et al. Self–other distinction and borderline personality disorder features: evidence for egocentric and altercentric bias in a self–other facial morphing task. Personal Disord 2021; 12: 377–88.Google Scholar
Auerbach, RP, Tarlow, N, Bondy, E et al. Electrocortical reactivity during self-referential processing in female youth with borderline personality disorder. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging 2016; 1: 335–44.Google Scholar
Beeney, JE, Stepp, SD, Hallquist, MN et al. Attachment and social cognition in borderline personality disorder: specificity in relation to antisocial and avoidant personality disorders. Personal Disord 2015; 6: 207–15.Google Scholar
Vater, A, Schroder-Abe, M, Weissgerber, S et al. Self-concept structure and borderline personality disorder: evidence for negative compartmentalization. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2015; 46: 50–58.Google Scholar
Kanske, P, Schulze, L, Dziobek, I et al. The wandering mind in borderline personality disorder: instability in self- and other-related thoughts. Psychiatry Res 2016; 242: 302–10.Google Scholar
Sharp, C, Ha, C, Carbone, C et al. Hypermentalizing in adolescent inpatients: treatment effects and association with borderline traits. J Personal Disord 2013; 27: 3–18.Google Scholar
Winter, D, Koplin, K, Schmahl, C et al. Evaluation and memory of social events in borderline personality disorder: effects of valence and self-referential context. Psychiatry Res 2016; 240: 19–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ritzl, A, Csukly, G, Balazs, K, Egerhazi, A. Facial emotion recognition deficits and alexithymia in borderline, narcissistic, and histrionic personality disorders. Psychiatry Res 2018; 270: 154–9.Google Scholar
Lowyck, B, Luyten, P, Vanwalleghem, D et al. What’s in a face? Mentalizing in borderline personality disorder based on dynamically changing facial expressions. Personal Disord 2016; 7: 72–9.Google Scholar
Bertsch, K, Krauch, M, Stopfer, K et al. Interpersonal threat sensitivity in borderline personality disorder: an eye-tracking study. J Pers Disord 2017; 31: 647–70.Google Scholar
Fenske, S, Lis, S, Liebke, L et al. Emotion recognition in borderline personality disorder: effects of emotional information on negative bias. Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregul 2015; 2: 10.Google Scholar
Bertsch, K, Gamer, M, Schmidt, B et al. Oxytocin and reduction of social threat hypersensitivity in women with borderline personality disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2013; 170: 1169–77.Google Scholar
Kobeleva, X, Seidel, EM, Kohler, C et al. Dissociation of explicit and implicit measures of the behavioral inhibition and activation system in borderline personality disorder. Psychiatry Res 2014; 218: 134–42.Google Scholar
Dyck, M, Habel, U, Slodczyk, J et al. Negative bias in fast emotion discrimination in borderline personality disorder. Psychol Med 2009; 39: 855–64.Google Scholar
Hanegraaf, L, van Baal, S, Hohwy, J, Verdejo-Garcia, A. A systematic review and meta-analysis of ‘Systems for Social Processes’ in borderline personality and substance use disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 127: 572–92.Google Scholar
Renneberg, B, Heyn, K, Gebhard, R, Bachmann, S. Facial expression of emotions in borderline personality disorder and depression. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2005; 36: 183–96.Google Scholar
Staebler, K, Renneberg, B, Stopsack, M et al. Facial emotional expression in reaction to social exclusion in borderline personality disorder. Psychol Med 2011; 41: 1929–38.Google Scholar
Matzke, B, Herpertz, SC, Berger, C et al. Facial reactions during emotion recognition in borderline personality disorder: a facial electromyography study. Psychopathology 2014; 47: 101–10.Google Scholar
Schulze, L, Schmahl, C, Niedtfeld, I. Neural correlates of disturbed emotion processing in borderline personality disorder: a multimodal meta-analysis. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 79: 97–106.Google Scholar
Fertuck, EA, Jekal, A, Song, I et al. Enhanced ‘Reading the Mind in the Eyes’ in borderline personality disorder compared to healthy controls. Psychol Med 2009; 39: 1979–88.Google Scholar
Frick, C, Lang, S, Kotchoubey, B et al. Hypersensitivity in borderline personality disorder during mindreading. PLoS One 2012; 7: e41650.Google Scholar
Berenson, KR, Dochat, C, Martin, CG et al. Identification of mental states and interpersonal functioning in borderline personality disorder. Personal Disord 2018; 9: 172–81.Google Scholar
Anupama, V, Bhola, P, Thirthalli, J, Mehta, UM. Pattern of social cognition deficits in individuals with borderline personality disorder. Asian J Psychiatr 2018; 33: 105–12.Google Scholar
Brown, RC, Plener, PL, Groen, G et al. Differential neural processing of social exclusion and inclusion in adolescents with non-suicidal self-injury and young adults with borderline personality disorder. Front Psychiatry 2017; 8: 267.Google Scholar
Sato, M, Fonagy, P, Luyten, P. Rejection sensitivity and borderline personality disorder features: a mediation model of effortful control and intolerance of ambiguity. Psychiatry Res 2018; 269: 50–55.Google Scholar
Sato, M, Fonagy, P, Luyten, P. Rejection sensitivity and borderline personality disorder features: the mediating roles of attachment anxiety, need to belong, and self-criticism. J Pers Disord 2020; 34: 273–88.Google Scholar
Franic, S, Dolan, CV, Borsboom, D et al. Three-and-a-half-factor model? The genetic and environmental structure of the CBCL/6-18 internalizing grouping. Behav Genet 2014; 44: 254–68.Google Scholar
Lahey, BB, Van Hulle, CA, Singh, AL et al. Higher-order genetic and environmental structure of prevalent forms of child and adolescent psychopathology. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2011; 68: 181–9.Google Scholar
Pettersson, E, Anckarsater, H, Gillberg, C, Lichtenstein, P. Different neurodevelopmental symptoms have a common genetic etiology. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2013; 54: 1356–65.Google Scholar
Pettersson, E, Larsson, H, Lichtenstein, P. Common psychiatric disorders share the same genetic origin: a multivariate sibling study of the Swedish population. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21: 717–21.Google Scholar
Anttila, V, Bulik-Sullivan, B, Finucane, HK et al. Analysis of shared heritability in common disorders of the brain. Science 2018; 360: eaap8757.Google Scholar
Caspi, A, Moffitt, TE. All for one and one for all: mental disorders in one dimension. Am J Psychiatry 2018; 175: 831–44.Google Scholar
Caspi, A, Houts, RM, Belsky, DW et al. The p factor: one general psychopathology factor in the structure of psychiatric disorders? Clin Psychol Sci 2014; 2: 119–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lahey, BB, Applegate, B, Hakes, JK et al. Is there a general factor of prevalent psychopathology during adulthood? J Abnorm Psychol 2012; 121: 971–7.Google Scholar
Lahey, BB, Krueger, RF, Rathouz, PJ et al. Validity and utility of the general factor of psychopathology. World Psychiatry 2017; 16: 142–4.Google Scholar
Smith, GT, Atkinson, EA, Davis, HA et al. The general factor of psychopathology. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2020; 16: 75–98.Google Scholar
Patalay, P, Fonagy, P, Deighton, J et al. A general psychopathology factor in early adolescence. Br J Psychiatry 2015; 207: 15–22.Google Scholar
Macdonald, AN, Goines, KB, Novacek, DM, Walker, EF. Prefrontal mechanisms of comorbidity from a transdiagnostic and ontogenic perspective. Dev Psychopathol 2016; 28: 1147–75.Google Scholar
Wise, T, Radua, J, Via, E et al. Common and distinct patterns of grey-matter volume alteration in major depression and bipolar disorder: evidence from voxel-based meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22: 1455–63.Google Scholar
Hinton, KE, Lahey, BB, Villalta-Gil, V et al. White matter microstructure correlates of general and specific second-order factors of psychopathology. Neuroimage Clin 2019; 22: 101705.Google Scholar
Protzner, AB, An, S, Jirsa, V. Network modulation in neuropsychiatric disorders using the virtual brain. In: Diwadkar, VA, Eickhoff, SB, eds. Brain Network Dysfunction in Neuropsychiatric Illness. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature Switzerland AG, 2021; 153–70.Google Scholar
Sripada, C, Angstadt, M, Taxali, A et al. Widespread attenuating changes in brain connectivity associated with the general factor of psychopathology in 9- and 10-year olds. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11: 575.Google Scholar
Jack, AI, Dawson, AJ, Begany, KL et al. fMRI reveals reciprocal inhibition between social and physical cognitive domains. Neuroimage 2013; 66: 385–401.Google Scholar
Ekhtiari, H, Paulus, M. Preface: Neuroscience for addiction medicine: from prevention to rehabilitation. Prog Brain Res 2016; 224: xxv–xxvi.Google Scholar
Beauchaine, TP. Future directions in emotion dysregulation and youth psychopathology. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 2015; 44: 875–96.Google Scholar
Gross, JJ. Emotion regulation: conceptual and empirical foundations. In: Gross, JJ, ed. Handbook of Emotion Regulation, 2nd ed. New York, NY: The Guilford Press, 2014; 3–20.Google Scholar
Beauchaine, TP, Cicchetti, D. Emotion dysregulation and emerging psychopathology: a transdiagnostic, transdisciplinary perspective. Dev Psychopathol 2019; 31: 799–804.Google Scholar
McTeague, LM, Huemer, J, Carreon, DM et al. Identification of common neural circuit disruptions in cognitive control across psychiatric disorders. Am J Psychiatry 2017; 174: 676–85.Google Scholar
Banich, MT. Executive function: the search for an integrated account. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 2009; 18: 89–94.Google Scholar
Fonagy, P, Campbell, C, Bateman, A. Mentalizing, attachment, and epistemic trust in group therapy. Int J Group Psychother 2017; 67: 176–201.Google Scholar
Masten, CL, Morelli, SA, Eisenberger, NI. An fMRI investigation of empathy for ‘social pain’ and subsequent prosocial behavior. Neuroimage 2011; 55: 381–8.Google Scholar
Espinosa, L, Golkar, A, Olsson, A. Mentalizing in value-based vicarious learning. In: Gilead, M, Ochsner, K, eds. The Neural Basis of Mentalizing. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2021; 517–36.Google Scholar
Hoehl, S, Keupp, S, Schleihauf, H et al. ‘Over-imitation’: a review and appraisal of a decade of research. Dev Rev 2019; 51: 90–108.Google Scholar
Lyons, DE, Damrosch, DH, Lin, JK et al. The scope and limits of overimitation in the transmission of artefact culture. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2011; 366: 1158–67.Google Scholar
Huang, C-T, Heyes, C, Charman, T. Preschoolers’ behavioural reenactment of “failed attempts”: the roles of intention-reading, emulation and mimicry. Cogn Dev 2006; 21: 36–45.Google Scholar
Clay, Z, Tennie, C. Is overimitation a uniquely human phenomenon? Insights from human children as compared to bonobos. Child Dev 2018; 89: 1535–44.Google Scholar
Gergely, G, Csibra, G. Sylvia’s recipe: human culture, imitation, and pedagogy. In: Enfield, NJ, Levinson, SC, eds. Roots of Human Sociality: Culture, Cognition, and Human Interaction. London: Berg Press, 2006; 229–55.Google Scholar
Altınok, N, Hernik, M, Király, I, Gergely, G. Acquiring sub-efficient and efficient variants of novel means by integrating information from multiple social models in preschoolers. J Exp Child Psychol 2020; 195: 104847.Google Scholar
Nielsen, M. The social glue of cumulative culture and ritual behavior. Child Dev Perspect 2018; 12: 264.Google Scholar
Flynn, E, Smith, K. Investigating the mechanisms of cultural acquisition. Soc Psychol 2012; 43: 185–95.Google Scholar
Gruber, T, Deschenaux, A, Frick, A, Clement, F. Group membership influences more social identification than social learning or overimitation in children. Child Dev 2019; 90: 728–45.Google Scholar
Marsh, LE, Ropar, D, Hamilton, AFC. Are you watching me? The role of audience and object novelty in overimitation. J Exp Child Psychol 2019; 180: 123–30.Google Scholar
Gallotti, M, Frith, CD. Social cognition in the we-mode. Trends Cogn Sci 2013; 17: 160–65.Google Scholar
Higgins, J. Cognising with others in the we-mode: a defence of ‘first-person plural’ social cognition. Rev Philos Psychol 2020; 12: 803–24.Google Scholar
Tomasello, M. A Natural History of Human Morality. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2016.Google Scholar
Butler, AC, Brown, GK, Beck, AT, Grisham, JR. Assessment of dysfunctional beliefs in borderline personality disorder. Behav Res Ther 2002; 40: 1231–40.Google Scholar
Botsford, J, Schulze, L, Bohlander, J, Renneberg, B. Interpersonal trust: development and validation of a self-report inventory and clinical application in patients with borderline personality disorder. J Pers Disord 2021; 35: 447–68.Google Scholar
Fertuck, EA, Grinband, J, Stanley, B. Facial trust appraisal negatively biased in borderline personality disorder. Psychiatry Res 2013; 207: 195–202.Google Scholar
Nicol, K, Pope, M, Sprengelmeyer, R et al. Social judgement in borderline personality disorder. PLoS One 2013; 8: e73440.Google Scholar
Fertuck, EA, Grinband, J, Mann, JJ et al. Trustworthiness appraisal deficits in borderline personality disorder are associated with prefrontal cortex, not amygdala, impairment. Neuroimage Clin 2019; 21: 101616.Google Scholar
Campbell, C, Tanzer, M, Saunders, R et al. Development and validation of a self-report measure of epistemic trust. PLoS One 2021; 16: e0250264.Google Scholar
Mascaro, O, Sperber, D. The moral, epistemic, and mindreading components of children’s vigilance towards deception. Cognition 2009; 112: 367–80.Google Scholar
Fonagy, P, Luyten, P, Allison, E. Epistemic petrification and the restoration of epistemic trust: a new conceptualization of borderline personality disorder and its psychosocial treatment. J Pers Disord 2015; 29: 575–609.Google Scholar
Orme, W, Bowersox, L, Vanwoerden, S et al. The relation between epistemic trust and borderline pathology in an adolescent inpatient sample. Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregul 2019; 6: 13.Google Scholar
Preuss, N, Brandle, LS, Hager, OM et al. Inconsistency and social decision making in patients with Borderline Personality Disorder. Psychiatry Res 2016; 243: 115–22.Google Scholar
Ebert, A, Kolb, M, Heller, J et al. Modulation of interpersonal trust in borderline personality disorder by intranasal oxytocin and childhood trauma. Soc Neurosci 2013; 8: 305–13.Google Scholar
Theodoridou, A, Rowe, AC, Penton-Voak, IS, Rogers, PJ. Oxytocin and social perception: oxytocin increases perceived facial trustworthiness and attractiveness. Horm Behav 2009; 56: 128–32.Google Scholar
Shamay-Tsoory, SG, Abu-Akel, A. The social salience hypothesis of oxytocin. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 79: 194–202.Google Scholar
Miano, A, Fertuck, EA, Arntz, A, Stanley, B. Rejection sensitivity is a mediator between borderline personality disorder features and facial trust appraisal. J Pers Disord 2013; 27: 442–56.Google Scholar
Preti, E, Casini, E, Richetin, J et al. Cognitive and emotional components of rejection sensitivity: independent contributions to adolescent self- and interpersonal functioning. Assessment 2020; 27: 1230–41.Google Scholar
Masland, SR, Hooley, JM. When trust does not come easily: negative emotional information unduly influences trustworthiness appraisals for individuals with borderline personality features. J Pers Disord 2020; 34: 394–409.Google Scholar
Miano, A, Fertuck, EA, Roepke, S, Dziobek, I. Romantic relationship dysfunction in borderline personality disorder—a naturalistic approach to trustworthiness perception. Personal Disord 2017; 8: 281–6.Google Scholar
Fonagy, P, Luyten, P. A developmental, mentalization-based approach to the understanding and treatment of borderline personality disorder. Dev Psychopathol 2009; 21: 1355–81.Google Scholar
Hsu, DT, Jarcho, JM. “Next up for psychiatry: rejection sensitivity and the social brain.” Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46: 239–40.Google Scholar
Eisenberger, NI, Lieberman, MD. Why rejection hurts: a common neural alarm system for physical and social pain. Trends Cogn Sci 2004; 8: 294–300.Google Scholar
Eisenberger, NI. The pain of social disconnection: examining the shared neural underpinnings of physical and social pain. Nat Rev Neurosci 2012; 13: 421–34.Google Scholar
Sahi, RS, Eisenberger, NI. Why don’t you like me? The role of the mentalizing network in social rejection. In: Gilead, M, Ochsner, K, eds. The Neural Basis of Mentalizing. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2021; 613–28.Google Scholar
Vijayakumar, N, Cheng, TW, Pfeifer, JH. Neural correlates of social exclusion across ages: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional MRI studies. Neuroimage 2017; 153: 359–68.Google Scholar
Smith, AR, Nelson, EE, Kircanski, K et al. Social anxiety and age are associated with neural response to social evaluation during adolescence. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2020; 42: 100768.Google Scholar
Jarcho, JM, Tanofsky-Kraff, M, Nelson, EE et al. Neural activation during anticipated peer evaluation and laboratory meal intake in overweight girls with and without loss of control eating. Neuroimage 2015; 108: 343–53.Google Scholar
Gradin, VB, Waiter, G, Kumar, P et al. Abnormal neural responses to social exclusion in schizophrenia. PLoS One 2012; 7: e42608.Google Scholar
Sebastian, C, Blakemore, SJ, Charman, T. Reactions to ostracism in adolescents with autism spectrum conditions. J Autism Dev Disord 2009; 39: 1122–30.Google Scholar
Feldman, S, Downey, G. Rejection sensitivity as a mediator of the impact of childhood exposure to family violence on adult attachment behavior. Dev Psychopathol 1994; 6: 231–47.Google Scholar
Gao, S, Assink, M, Cipriani, A, Lin, K. Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes: a meta-analytic review. Clin Psychol Rev 2017; 57: 59–74.Google Scholar
Zhang, W, Hu, N, Ding, X, Li, J. The relationship between rejection sensitivity and borderline personality features: a meta-analysis. Adv Psychol Sci 2021; 29: 1179–94.Google Scholar
Cavicchioli, M, Maffei, C. Rejection sensitivity in borderline personality disorder and the cognitive-affective personality system: a meta-analytic review. Personal Disord 2020; 11: 1–12.Google Scholar
Korn, CW, La Rosee, L, Heekeren, HR, Roepke, S. Social feedback processing in borderline personality disorder. Psychol Med 2016; 46: 575–87.Google Scholar
Reichenberger, J, Eibl, JJ, Pfaltz, MC et al. Don’t praise me, don’t chase me: emotional reactivity to positive and negative social-evaluative videos in patients with borderline personality disorder. J Pers Disord 2017; 31: 75–89.Google Scholar
Liebke, L, Koppe, G, Bungert, M et al. Difficulties with being socially accepted: an experimental study in borderline personality disorder. J Abnorm Psychol 2018; 127: 670–82.Google Scholar
Allen, JG, Fonagy, P, Bateman, AW. The role of mentalizing in treating attachment trauma. In: Vermetten, E, Lanius, R, eds. The Hidden Epidemic: The Impact of Early Life Trauma on Health and Disease. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2010; 247–56.Google Scholar
Janke, K, Driessen, M, Behnia, B et al. Emotional intelligence in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder, borderline personality disorder and healthy controls. Psychiatry Res 2018; 264: 290–96.Google Scholar
Palgi, S, Klein, E, Shamay-Tsoory, SG. Oxytocin improves compassion toward women among patients with PTSD. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 64: 143–9.Google Scholar
Mazza, M, Tempesta, D, Pino, MC et al. Neural activity related to cognitive and emotional empathy in post-traumatic stress disorder. Behav Brain Res 2015; 282: 37–45.Google Scholar
Nietlisbach, G, Maercker, A, Rossler, W, Haker, H. Are empathic abilities impaired in posttraumatic stress disorder? Psychol Rep 2010; 106: 832–44.Google Scholar
Mazza, M, Giusti, L, Albanese, A et al. Social cognition disorders in military police officers affected by posttraumatic stress disorder after the attack of An-Nasiriyah in Iraq 2006. Psychiatry Res 2012; 198: 248–52.Google Scholar
Nazarov, A, Frewen, P, Oremus, C et al. Comprehension of affective prosody in women with post-traumatic stress disorder related to childhood abuse. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2015; 131: 342–9.Google Scholar
Passardi, S, Peyk, P, Rufer, M et al. Impaired recognition of positive emotions in individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder, cumulative traumatic exposure, and dissociation. Psychother Psychosom 2018; 87: 118–20.Google Scholar
Bell, CJ, Colhoun, HC, Frampton, CM et al. Earthquake brain: altered recognition and misclassification of facial expressions are related to trauma exposure but not posttraumatic stress disorder. Front Psychiatry 2017; 8: 278.Google Scholar
Freud, A, Burlingham, DT. The Writings of Anna Freud. Vol. 3. Infants Without Families: Reports on the Hampstead Nurseries, 1939-1945. New York, NY: International Universities Press, 1973.Google Scholar
Klinnert, MD, Campos, JJ, Sorce, JF et al. Emotions as behavior regulations: social referencing in infancy. In: Plutchhik, R, Kellerman, H, eds. Emotion: Theory, Research, and Experience. New York, NY: Academic Press, 1983; 57–86.Google Scholar
Sorce, JF, Emde, RN, Campos, J, Klinnert, MD. Maternal emotional signaling: its effect on the visual cliff behavior of 1-year-olds. Dev Psychol 1985; 21: 195–200.Google Scholar
Askew, C, Field, AP. Vicarious learning and the development of fears in childhood. Behav Res Ther 2007; 45: 2616–27.Google Scholar
Debiec, J, Olsson, A. Social fear learning: from animal models to human function. Trends Cogn Sci 2017; 21: 546–55.Google Scholar
Olsson, A, Knapska, E, Lindstrom, B. The neural and computational systems of social learning. Nat Rev Neurosci 2020; 21: 197–212.Google Scholar
Golkar, A, Haaker, J, Selbing, I, Olsson, A. Neural signals of vicarious extinction learning. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2016; 11: 1541–9.Google Scholar
Bateman, A, Campbell, C, Luyten, P, Fonagy, P. A mentalization-based approach to common factors in the treatment of borderline personality disorder. Curr Opin Psychol 2018; 21: 44–9.Google Scholar
Storebø, OJ, Stoffers-Winterling, JM, Völlm, BA et al. Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020; 5: CD012955.Google Scholar
Cristea, IA, Gentili, C, Cotet, CD et al. Efficacy of psychotherapies for borderline personality disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry 2017; 74: 319–28.Google Scholar
Rameckers, SA, Verhoef, REJ, Grasman, R et al. Effectiveness of psychological treatments for borderline personality disorder and predictors of treatment outcomes: a multivariate multilevel meta-analysis of data from all design types. J Clin Med 2021; 10: 5622.Google Scholar
Volkert, J, Hauschild, S, Taubner, S. Mentalization-based treatment for personality disorders: efficacy, effectiveness, and new developments. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2019; 21: 25.Google Scholar
Vogt, KS, Norman, P. Is mentalization-based therapy effective in treating the symptoms of borderline personality disorder? A systematic review. Psychol Psychother 2019; 92: 441–64.Google Scholar
Bateman, A, Fonagy, P. 8-year follow-up of patients treated for borderline personality disorder: mentalization-based treatment versus treatment as usual. Am J Psychiatry 2008; 165: 631–8.Google Scholar
Bateman, A, Fonagy, P. Randomized controlled trial of outpatient mentalization-based treatment versus structured clinical management for borderline personality disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2009; 166: 1355–64.Google Scholar
Bateman, A, Fonagy, P. Impact of clinical severity on outcomes of mentalisation-based treatment for borderline personality disorder. Br J Psychiatry 2013; 203: 221–7.Google Scholar
Bateman, A, Constantinou, MP, Fonagy, P, Holzer, S. Eight-year prospective follow-up of mentalization-based treatment versus structured clinical management for people with borderline personality disorder. Personal Disord 2021; 12: 291–9.Google Scholar
Bateman, A, O’Connell, J, Lorenzini, N et al. A randomised controlled trial of mentalization-based treatment versus structured clinical management for patients with comorbid borderline personality disorder and antisocial personality disorder. BMC Psychiatry 2016; 16: 304.Google Scholar
Jørgensen, CR, Freund, C, Boye, R et al. Outcome of mentalization-based and supportive psychotherapy in patients with borderline personality disorder: a randomized trial. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2013; 127: 305–17.Google Scholar
Jørgensen, CR, Bøye, R, Andersen, D et al. Eighteen months post-treatment naturalistic follow-up study of mentalization-based therapy and supportive group treatment of borderline personality disorder: clinical outcomes and functioning. Nord Psychol 2014; 66: 254–73.Google Scholar
Petersen, B, Toft, J, Christensen, NB et al. A 2-year follow-up of mentalization-oriented group therapy following day hospital treatment for patients with personality disorders. Personal Ment Health 2010; 4: 294–301.Google Scholar
Laurenssen, EMP, Luyten, P, Kikkert, MJ et al. Day hospital mentalization-based treatment v. specialist treatment as usual in patients with borderline personality disorder: randomized controlled trial. Psychol Med 2018; 48: 2522–9.Google Scholar
Bales, D, Bateman, A. Partial hospitalization settings. In: Bateman, A, Fonagy, P, eds. Handbook of Mentalizing in Mental Health Practice. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing, 2012; 197–226.Google Scholar
Kvarstein, EH, Pedersen, G, Folmo, E et al. Mentalization-based treatment or psychodynamic treatment programmes for patients with borderline personality disorder – the impact of clinical severity. Psychol Psychother 2019; 92: 91–111.Google Scholar
Robinson, P, Hellier, J, Barrett, B et al. The NOURISHED randomised controlled trial comparing mentalisation-based treatment for eating disorders (MBT-ED) with specialist supportive clinical management (SSCM-ED) for patients with eating disorders and symptoms of borderline personality disorder. Trials 2016; 17: 549.Google Scholar
Rossouw, TI, Fonagy, P. Mentalization-based treatment for self-harm in adolescents: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2012; 51: 1304–13.Google Scholar
Witt, KG, Hetrick, SE, Rajaram, G et al. Interventions for self-harm in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2021; 3: CD013667.Google Scholar
Bo, S, Sharp, C, Beck, E et al. First empirical evaluation of outcomes for mentalization-based group therapy for adolescents with BPD. Personal Disord 2017; 8: 396–401.Google Scholar
Beck, E, Bo, S, Jorgensen, MS et al. Mentalization-based treatment in groups for adolescents with borderline personality disorder: a randomized controlled trial. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2020; 61: 594–604.Google Scholar
Jørgensen, MS, Storebø, OJ, Bo, S et al. Mentalization-based treatment in groups for adolescents with borderline personality disorder: 3- and 12-month follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2021; 30: 699–710.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×