Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-j824f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-15T04:22:57.400Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

25 - The Phonetics and Phonology of Heritage Language Speakers

from Part V - The Diversity of Bilingual Speakers

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 November 2024

By
Ji Young Kim
Edited by
Mark Amengual
Mark Amengual
Affiliation:
University of California, Santa Cruz
Get access

Summary

Heritage language speakers, or heritage speakers in short, are early sequential or simultaneous bilinguals whose home language, generally a diasporic or an indigenous language, differs from the majority language of the society. The goal of this chapter is to provide a comprehensive background of heritage speakers and their sound systems. It includes a literature review on the phonetics and phonology across heritage languages, particularly those of children of immigrants, in various majority language contexts. The chapter first describes heritage speakers and the general characteristics of their language learning experiences and outcomes. It then reviews studies examining heritage speakers’ global accent and factors contributing to perceived heritage accent. It also presents areas of divergence that have been found in the production and perception of heritage language segments and prosody. Lastly, the chapter synthesizes the findings, discussing common patterns observed in heritage language phonetics and phonology, and suggests areas for future research.

Keywords

heritage languageminority languageheritage accentheritage language phonetics and phonologybilingual phonetics and phonologycross-linguistic influenceheritage language segmentsheritage language prosody
Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Handbook of Bilingual Phonetics and Phonology , pp. 560 - 583
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aaron, J. E. & Hernández, J. E. (2007). Quantitative evidence for contact-induced accommodation: Shifts in /s/ reduction patterns in Salvadoran Spanish in Houston. In Potowski, K. & Cameron, R., eds., Spanish in Contact: Policy, Social and Linguistic Inquiries. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 329–343.Google Scholar
Ahn, S., Chang, C. B., DeKeyser, R., & Lee-Ellis, S. (2017). Age effects in first language attrition: Speech perception by Korean-English bilinguals. Language Learning, 67(3), 694–733.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alkhudidi, A., Stevenson, R., & Rafat, Y. (2020). Geminate attrition in the speech of Arabic-English bilinguals living in Canada. Heritage Language Journal, 17(1), 1–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alvord, S. M. (2010a). Miami Cuban Spanish declarative intonation. Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics, 3(1), 3–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alvord, S. M. (2010b). Variation in Miami Cuban Spanish interrogative intonation. Hispania, 93(2), 235–255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alvord, S. M. & Rogers, B. M. A. (2014). Miami-Cuban Spanish vowels in contact. Sociolinguistic Studies, 8(1), 139–170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amengual, M. (2012). Interlingual influence in bilingual speech: Cognate status effect in a continuum of bilingualism. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 15, 517–530.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amengual, M. (2016). Acoustic correlates of the Spanish tap-trill contrast: Heritage and L2 Spanish speakers. Heritage Language Journal, 13(2), 88–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amengual, M. (2018). Asymmetrical interlingual influence in the production of Spanish and English laterals as a result of competing activation in bilingual language processing. Journal of Phonetics, 69, 12–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amengual, M. (2019). Type of early bilingualism and its effect on the acoustic realization of allophonic variants: Early sequential and simultaneous bilinguals. International Journal of Bilingualism, 23(5), 954–970.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Asherov, D., Fishman, A., & Cohen, E.-G. (2016). Vowel reduction in Israeli heritage Russian. Heritage Language Journal, 13(2), 113–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Au, T. K., Knightly, L. M., Jun, S.-A., & Oh, J. S. (2002). Overhearing a language during childhood. Psychological Science, 13(3), 238–243.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Au, T. K., Oh, J. S., Knightly, L. M., Jun, S.-A., & Romo, L. F. (2008). Salvaging a childhood language. Journal of Memory and Language, 58(4), 998–1011.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barlow, J. A., Branson, P. E., & Nip, I. S. B. (2013). Phonetic equivalence in the acquisition of /l/ by Spanish-English bilingual children. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 16(1), 68–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beaton, M. E. (2020a). Heritage Spanish speakers’ syllabification of -ear and -iar verbs. Heritage Language Journal, 17(1), 38–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beaton, M. E. (2020b). Interpreting accent marks as hiatus indicators: Syllabification intuitions for io sequences in US Spanish. Cuadernos de Lingüística Hispánica, 36, 235–258.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blair, K. & Lease, S. (2021). An examination of social, phonetic, and lexical variables on the lenition of intervocalic voiced stops by Spanish heritage speakers. Languages, 6, 108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blasingame, M. & Bradlow, A. R. (2020). Early versus extended exposure in speech perception learning: Evidence from switched-dominance bilinguals. Languages, 5, 39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boomershine, A. & Stevens, J. (2021). Variable /s/-voicing by heritage Spanish speakers in the United States. In Núñez-Méndez, E., ed., Sociolinguistic Approaches to Sibilant Variation in Spanish. New York: Routledge, pp. 192–214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boula de Mareüil, P. & Vieru-Dimulescu, B. (2006). The contribution of prosody to the perception of foreign accent. Phonetica, 63, 247–267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bullock, B. E. (2009). Prosody in contact in French: A case study from a heritage variety in the USA. International Journal of Bilingualism, 13(2), 165–194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlson, M. T., Goldrick, M., Blasingame, M., & Fink, A. (2016). Navigating conflicting phonotactic constraints in bilingual speech perception. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 19(5), 939–954.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carter, P. M. (2005). Quantifying rhythmic differences between Spanish, English, and Hispanic English. In Gess, R., ed., Theoretical and Experimental Approaches to Romance Linguistics: Selected Papers from the 34th Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languages. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 63–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carter, P. M., López Valdez, L., & Sims, N. (2020). New dialect formation through language contact: Vocalic and prosodic developments in Miami English. American Speech, 95(2), 119–148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carter, P. M. & Wolford, T. (2016). Cross-generational prosodic convergence in South Texas Spanish. Spanish in Context, 13(1), 29–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chang, C. B. (2016). Bilingual perceptual benefits of experience with a heritage language. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 19(4), 791–809.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chang, C. B., Haynes, E., Rhodes, R., & Yao, Y. (2009). A tale of two fricatives: Consonant contrast in heritage speakers of Mandarin. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics, 15, 37–43.Google Scholar
Chang, C. B. & Yao, Y. (2016). Toward an understanding of heritage prosody: Acoustic and perceptual properties of tone produced by heritage, native, and second language speakers of Mandarin. Heritage Language Journal, 13(2), 134–160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chang, C. B., Yao, Y., Haynes, E. F., & Rhodes, R. (2011). Production of phonetic and phonological contrast by heritage speakers of Mandarin. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 129, 3964–3980.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chang, S.-E. & Mandock, K. (2019). A phonetic study of Korean heritage learners’ production of Korean word-initial stops. Heritage Language Journal, 16(3), 273–295.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheng, A. (2019). VOT merger and f0 contrast in heritage Korean in California. Penn Working Papers in Linguistics, 25(1), 69–77. https://repository.upenn.edu/handle/20.500.14332/45244.Google Scholar
Cheng, A. (2021). Maintenance of phonetic and phonological distance in the English and Korean back vowel contours of heritage bilinguals. Journal of Phonetics, 89, 101109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheon, S. Y. & Lee, T. (2013). The perception of Korean stops by heritage and non-heritage learners: Pedagogical implications for beginning learners. Korean Language in America, 18, 23–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheshire, J., Kerswill, P., Fox, S., & Torgersen, E. (2011). Contact, the feature pool and the speech community: The emergence of multicultural London English. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 15, 151–196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cho, T., Whalen, D. H., & Docherty, G. (2019). Voice onset time and beyond: Exploring laryngeal contrast in 19 languages. Journal of Phonetics, 72, 52–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Colantoni, L., Cuza, A., & Mazzaro, N. (2016). Task-related effects in the prosody of Spanish heritage speakers and long-term immigrants. In Vanrell, M., Armstrong, M. E., & Henriksen, N., eds., Intonational Grammar in Ibero-Romance: Approaches Across Linguistic Subfields. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 1–24.Google Scholar
Cummings Ruiz, L. D. (2019). North Midland /u/-fronting and its effects on heritage speakers of Spanish. In Calhoun, S., Escudero, P., Tabain, M., & Warren, P., eds., Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences. Canberra: Australasian Speech Science and Technology Association, pp. 1099–1103.Google Scholar
Cummings Ruiz, L. D. & Montrul, S. (2020). Assessing rhotic production by bilingual Spanish speakers. Languages, 5, 51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dehé, N. (2018). The intonation of polar questions in North American (“heritage”) Icelandic. Journal of Germanic Linguistics, 30, 213–259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Einfeldt, M., van de Weijer, J., & Kupisch, T. (2019). The production of geminates in Italian-dominant bilinguals and heritage speakers of Italian. Language, Interaction and Acquisition, 10(2), 177–203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elias, V., McKinnon, S., & Milla-Muñoz, A. (2017). The effects of code-switching and lexical stress on vowel quality and duration of heritage speakers of Spanish. Languages, 2, 29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erker, D. G. & Reffel, M. (2021). Describing and analyzing variability in Spanish /s/. In Núñez-Méndez, E., ed., Sociolinguistic Approaches to Sibilant Variation in Spanish. New York: Routledge, pp. 131–163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flores, C. & Rato, A. (2016). Global accent in the Portuguese speech of heritage returnees. Heritage Language Journal, 13(2), 161–183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Godson, L. (2004). Vowel production in the speech of Western Armenian heritage speakers. Heritage Language Journal, 2, 1–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grabe, E. & Low, E. L. (2002). Durational variability in speech and the rhythm class hypothesis. In Gussenhoven, C. & Warner, N., eds., Laboratory Phonology 7. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, pp. 515–546.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grijalva, C., Piccinini, P. E., & Arvaniti, A. (2013). The vowel spaces of Southern Californian English and Mexican Spanish as produced by monolinguals and bilinguals. Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics, 19, 060088.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guion, S. (2003). Age of acquisition effects on the mutual influence of the first and second languages. Phonetica, 60, 98–128.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hall-Lew, L. (2009). Ethnicity and phonetic variation in a San Francisco neighborhood. [Doctoral dissertation, Stanford University].Google Scholar
Harada, T. (2003). L2 influence on L1 speech in the production of VOT. In Solé, M. J., Recasens, D., & Romero, J., eds., Proceedings of the 15th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences. Barcelona: Causal Productions, pp. 1085-1088.Google Scholar
Helgason, P., Ringen, C., & Suomi, K. (2013). Swedish quantity: Central Standard Swedish and Fenno-Swedish. Journal of Phonetics, 41, 534–545.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henriksen, N. C. (2015). Acoustic analysis of the rhotic contrast in Chicagoland Spanish: An intergenerational study. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 5(3), 285–321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hernández, J. E. (2011). Measuring rates and constraints of word-final nasal velarization in dialect contact. In Ortiz-López, L. A., ed., Selected Proceedings of the 13th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project, pp. 54–69.Google Scholar
Hrycyna, M., Lapinskaya, N., Kochetov, A., & Nagy, N. (2011). VOT drift in 3 generations of heritage language speakers in Toronto. Canadian Acoustics, 39(3), 166–167.Google Scholar
Hurtado, A. & Vega, L. A. (2004). Shift happens: Spanish and English transmission between parents and their children. Journal of Social Issues, 60(1), 137–155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kan, R. T. Y. (2020). Suprasegmental and prosodic features contributing to perceived accent in heritage Cantonese. In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Speech Prosody, Tokyo, 101–105. www.isca-archive.org/speechprosody_2020/kan20_speechprosody.pdf.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kan, R. T. Y. (2021). Phonological production in young speakers of Cantonese as a heritage language. Language and Speech, 64(1), 73–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kan, R. T. Y. & Schmid, M. S. (2019). Development of tonal discrimination in young heritage speakers of Cantonese. Journal of Phonetics, 73, 40–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kang, K. H. & Guion, S. G. (2006). Phonological systems in bilinguals: Age of learning effects on the stop consonant systems of Korean-English bilinguals. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 119(3), 1672–1683.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kang, Y. & Nagy, N. (2016). VOT merger in heritage Korean in Toronto. Language Variation and Change, 28(2), 249–272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelly, N. E. & Keshishian, L. (2021). Voicing patterns in stops among heritage speakers of Western Armenian in Lebanon and the US. Nordic Journal of Linguistics, 44, 103–129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khattab, G. (2000). VOT production in English and Arabic bilingual and monolingual children. Leeds Working Papers in Linguistics, 8, 95–122.Google Scholar
Kim, J.-Y. (2011). Discrepancy between the perception and production of stop consonants by Spanish heritage speakers in the United States. [Master’s thesis, Korea University].Google Scholar
Kim, J.-Y. (2015). Perception and production of Spanish lexical stress by Spanish heritage speakers and English L2 learners of Spanish. In Willis, E. W., Butragueño, P. Martín, & Zendejas, E. Herrera, eds., Selected Proceedings of the 6th Conference on Laboratory Approaches to Romance Phonology. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project, pp. 106–128.Google Scholar
Kim, J.-Y. (2019). Heritage speakers’ use of prosodic strategies in focus marking in Spanish. International Journal of Bilingualism, 23(5), 986–1004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, J.-Y. (2020). Discrepancy between heritage speakers’ use of suprasegmental cues in the perception and production of Spanish lexical stress. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 23, 233–250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, J.-Y. & Repiso-Puigdelliura, G. (2020). Deconstructing heritage language dominance: Effects of proficiency, use, and input on heritage speakers’ production of the Spanish alveolar tap. Phonetica, 77, 55–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, J.-Y. & Repiso-Puigdelliura, G. (2021). Keeping a critical eye on majority language influence: The case of uptalk in heritage Spanish. Languages, 6, 13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirkham, S. & McCarthy, K. M. (2021). Acquiring allophonic structure and phonetic detail in a bilingual community: The production of laterals by Sylheti-English bilingual children. International Journal of Bilingualism, 25(3), 531–547.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kissling, E. M. (2018). An exploratory study of heritage Spanish rhotics: Addressing methodological challenges of heritage language phonetics research. Heritage Language Journal, 15, 25–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knightly, L. M., Jun, S.-A., Oh, J. S., & Au, T. K. (2003). Production benefits of childhood overhearing. Journal of Acoustical Society of America, 114(1), 465–474.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kupisch, T. (2020). Towards modelling heritage speakers’ sound systems. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 23, 29–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kupisch, T., Barton, D., Klaschik, E., et al. (2014). Foreign accent in adult simultaneous bilinguals. Heritage Language Journal, 11(2), 123–150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kupisch, T., Lloyd-Smith, A., & Stangen, I. (2020). Perceived global accent in Turkish heritage speakers in Germany. In Bayran, F., ed., Studies in Turkish as a Heritage Language in Europe. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 207–228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lan, C. & Mok, P. (2020). A preliminary study on Cantonese tone production by young heritage speakers. In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Speech Prosody, Tokyo, 106–110. www.isca-archive.org/speechprosody_2020/lan20_speechprosody.pdf.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lein, T., Kupisch, T., & van de Weijer, J. (2016). Voice onset time and global foreign accent in German-French simultaneous bilinguals during adulthood. International Journal of Bilingualism, 20(6), 732–749.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lleó, C. (2018). Aspects of the phonology of Spanish as a heritage language: From incomplete acquisition to transfer. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 21(4), 732–747.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lloyd-Smith, L., Einfeldt, M., & Kupisch, T. (2020). Italian-German bilinguals: The effects of heritage language use on accent in early-acquired languages. International Journal of Bilingualism, 24(2), 289–304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lukyanchenko, A. & Gor, K. (2011). Perceptual correlates of phonological representations in heritage speakers and L2 learners. In Danis, N., Mesh, K., & Sung, H., eds., Proceedings of the 35th Annual Boston University Conference on Language Development. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press, pp. 414–426.Google Scholar
Łyskawa, P., Maddeaux, R., Melara, E., & Nagy, N. (2016). Heritage speakers follow all the rules: Language contact and convergence in Polish devoicing. Heritage Language Journal, 13(2), 219–244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mack, M. (1990). Phonetic transfer in a French-English bilingual child. In Nelde, P., ed., Language Attitudes and Language Conflict. Bonn: Dümmler, pp. 107–124.Google Scholar
MacKay, I. R. A., Flege, J. E., Piske, T., & Schirru, C. (2001). Category restructuring during second-language speech acquisition. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 110(1), 516–528.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Magloire, J. & Green, K. P. (1999). A cross-language comparison of speaking rate effects on the production of voice onset time in English and Spanish. Phonetica, 56, 158–185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayr, R. & Siddika, A. (2018). Inter-generational transmission in a minority language setting: Stop consonant production by Bangladeshi heritage children and adults. International Journal of Bilingualism, 22(3), 255–284.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mazzaro, N., Cuza, A., & Colantoni, L. (2016). Age effects and the discrimination of consonantal and vocalic contrasts in heritage and native Spanish. In Tortora, C., den Dikken, M., Montoya, I. L., & O’Neill, T., eds., Romance Linguistics 2013. Selected Papers from the 43rd Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languages (LSRL). Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 277–299.Google Scholar
Mazzaro, N. & González de Anda, R. (2020). Men finally got it! Rhotic assibilation in Mexican Spanish in Chihuahua. Languages, 5, 38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mennen, I. & Chousi, D. (2018). Prosody in first-generation adult immigrants and second-generation heritage-language users: The timing of prenuclear rising accents. In Klessa, K., Bachan, J., Wagner, A., Karpiński, M., and Śledziński, D., eds., Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Speech Prosody. International Speech Communication Association, pp. 828–832. https://doi.org/10.21437/SpeechProsody.2018-167.Google Scholar
Montrul, S. & Polinsky, M. (2021). Introduction: Heritage languages, heritage speakers, heritage linguistics. In Montrul, S. & Polinsky, M., eds., The Cambridge Handbook of Heritage Languages and Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morris, J. (2021). Social influences on phonological transfer: /r/ variation in the repertoire of Welsh-English bilinguals. Languages, 6, 97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muxika Loitzate, O. (2021). The production of /p, t, k/ among heritage speakers of Spanish in the United States. Spanish as a Heritage Language, 1(1), 5–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nagano, T., Sperbeck, M., Mizoguchi, A., & Choi, J. (2018). Phonological Advantages of Heritage Learners of Japanese. New York: Institute for Language Education in Transcultural Context. https://iletc.commons.gc.cuny.edu/reshaping-language-interpreting-pedagogy.Google Scholar
Nagy, N. (2015). A sociolinguistic view of null subjects and VOT in Toronto heritage languages. Lingua, 164, 309–327.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Natvig, D. (2022). Variation and stability of American Norwegian /r/ in contact. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 12(6), 816–844. https://doi.org/10.1075/lab.20085.nat.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oh, J. S., Jun, S.-A., Knightly, L. M., & Au, T. K. (2003). Holding on to childhood language memory. Cognition, 86, B53–B64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Rourke, E. & Potowski, K. (2016). Phonetic accommodation in a situation of Spanish dialect contact: Coda /s/ and / ̄r/ in Chicago. Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics, 9(2), 355–399.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ortín, R. (2022). Spanish heritage speakers’ processing of lexical stress. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching. https://doi.org/10.1515/iral-2021-0187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Polinsky, M. & Kagan, O. (2007). Heritage languages: In the “wild” and in the classroom. Language and Linguistics Compass, 1, 368–395.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Polinsky, M. & Scontras, G. (2020). Understanding heritage languages. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 23, 4–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Potowski, K. (2004). Spanish language shift in Chicano. Southwest Journal of Linguistics, 23(1), 87–116.Google Scholar
Queen, R. M. (2001). Bilingual intonation patterns: Evidence of language change from Turkish-German bilingual children. Language in Society, 30, 55–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Queen, R. M. (2012). Turkish-German bilinguals and their intonation: Triangulating evidence about contact-induced language change. Language, 8, 791–816.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rafat, Y., Mohaghegh, M., & Sevenson, R. (2017). Geminate attrition across three generations of Farsi-English bilinguals living in Canada: An acoustic study. Ilha do Desterro, 70(3), 151–168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rao, R. (2014). On the status of the phoneme /b/ in heritage speakers of Spanish. Sintagma, 26, 37–54.Google Scholar
Rao, R. (2015). Manifestations of /bdg/ in heritage speakers of Spanish. Heritage Language Journal, 12(1), 48–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rao, R. (2016). On the nuclear intonational phonology of heritage speakers of Spanish. In Pascual y Cabo, D., ed., Advances in Spanish as a Heritage Language. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 51–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rao, R., Fuchs, Z., Polinsky, M., & Parra, M. L. (2020). The sound patterns of heritage Spanish: An exploratory study on the effects of a classroom experience. Languages, 5, 72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ready, C. A. (2020). Mexican heritage Spanish speakers’ vowel production in cognate and non-cognate words. Hispanic Studies Review, 4(2), 155–185.Google Scholar
Repiso-Puigdelliura, G. (2021). Empty onset repairs in the semi-spontaneous speech of Spanish child and adult heritage speakers. International Journal of Bilingualism, 25(5), 1311–1326.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Repiso-Puigdelliura, G., Benvenuti, I., & Kim, J.-Y. (2021). Heritage speakers’ production of the Spanish voiced palatal obstruent /ʝ/: A closer look at orthography and universal phonetic principles. Heritage Language Journal, 18, 1–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Repiso-Puigdelliura, G. & Kim, J.-Y. (2021). The missing link in Spanish heritage trill production. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 24, 454–466.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robles-Puente, S. (2019a). Rhythmic variability in Spanish/English bilinguals in California. Spanish in Context, 16(3), 419–437.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robles-Puente, S. (2019b). Transferencia y erosión de patrones melódicos en bilingües de español e inglés en California. Boletín de Filología, 54(1), 283–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodríguez, N. M. (2021). The perception and production of lexical stress among early Spanish-English bilingual children. [Doctoral dissertation, Rutgers University].Google Scholar
Ronquest, R. (2013). An acoustic examination of unstressed vowel reduction in heritage Spanish. In Howe, C., Blackwell, S. E., & Lubbers Quesada, M., eds., Selected Proceedings of the 15th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project, pp. 151–171.Google Scholar
Ronquest, R., Michonowicz, J., Wilbanks, E., & Cortés, C. (2020). Examining the (mini-)variable swarm in the Spanish of the Southwest. In Morales-Front, A., Ferreira, M., Leow, R., & Sanz, C., eds., Hispanic Linguistics: Current Issues and New Directions. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 304–325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rothman, J. (2009) Understanding the nature and outcomes of early bilingualism: Romance languages as heritage languages. International Journal of Bilingualism, 13, 155–163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saadah, E. (2011). The production of Arabic vowels by English L2 learners and heritage speakers of Arabic. [Doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign].Google Scholar
Santa Ana, O. & Bayley, R. (2008). Chicano English: Phonology. In Kortmann, B. & Schneider, E. W., eds., A Handbook of World Varieties of English: A Multimedia Reference Tool. Vol. 1: Phonology. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, pp. 1566–1582.Google Scholar
Seo, Y., Dmitrieva, O., & Cuza, A. (2022). Crosslinguistic influence in the discrimination of Korean stop contrast by heritage speakers and second language learners. Languages, 7, 6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sereno, J., Lammers, L., & Jongman, A. (2016). The relative contribution of segments and intonation to the perception of foreign-accented speech. Applied Psycholinguistics, 37, 303–322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shea, C. (2019). Dominance, proficiency, and Spanish heritage speakers’ production of English and Spanish vowels. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 41, 123–149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sheikhbahaie, M. (2020). A sociophonetic analysis of Farsi vowel systems among heritage speakers and immigrants of Persian ethnicity in Oklahoma. Toronto Working Papers in Linguistics, 42, 1–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shelton, M., Counselman, D., & Palma, N. G. (2017). Metalinguistic intuition and dominant language transfer in heritage Spanish syllabification. Heritage Language Journal, 14(3), 288–307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shelton, M., & Grant, H. (2018). Syllable weight in monolingual and heritage Spanish. Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics, 11(2), 395–427.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shin, E. (2005). The perception of foreign accents in spoken Korean by prosody: Comparison of heritage and non-heritage speakers. Korean Language in America, 10, 103–118.Google Scholar
Simon, E. (2010). Child L2 development: A longitudinal case study on voice onset times in word-initial stops. Journal of Child Language, 37, 159–173.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
So, K. L. C. (2000). Tonal production and perception patterns of Canadian raised Cantonese speakers. [Doctoral dissertation, Simon Fraser University].Google Scholar
Solon, M., Knarvik, M., & DeClerck, J. (2019). On comparison groups in heritage phonetics/phonology research: The case of bilingual Spanish vowels. Hispanic Studies Review, 4(1), 165–192.Google Scholar
Stangen, I., Kupisch, T., Proietti Erguen, A. L., & Zielke, M. (2015). Foreign accent in heritage speakers of Turkish in Germany. In Peukert, H., ed., Transfer Effects in Multilingual Language Development. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 87–108.Google Scholar
Stoehr, A., Benders, T., Van Hell, J. G., & Fikkert, P. (2018). Heritage language exposure impacts voice onset time of Dutch-German simultaneous bilingual preschoolers. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 21(3), 598–617.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strandberg, J. A. E., Gooskens, C., & Schüppert, A. (2021). Simultaneous bilingualism and speech style as predictors of variation in allophone production: Evidence from Finland-Swedish. Journal of Phonetics, 88, 101095.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sundara, M., Polka, L., & Baum, S. (2006). Production of coronal stops by simultaneous bilingual adults. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 9(1), 97–114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trovato, A. (2017). Presence of the voiced labiodental fricative segment [v] in Texas Spanish. In Lopes, R. E. V., de Avelar, J. Ornelas, & Cyrino, S. M. L., eds., Romance Languages and Linguistic Theory 12: Selected Papers from the 45th Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languages (LSRL), Campinas, Brazil. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 259–274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tse, H. (2019). Vowel shifts in Cantonese? Toronto vs. Hong Kong. Asia-Pacific Language Variation, 5(1), 67–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ulbrich, C. & Mennen, I. (2016). When prosody kicks in: The intricate interplay between segments and prosody in perceptions of foreign accent. International Journal of Bilingualism, 20(5), 522–549.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, A. & Kerswill, P. (1999). Dialect levelling: Change and continuity in Milton Keynes, Reading and Hull. In Foulkes, P. & Docherty, G., eds., Urban Voices: Accent Studies in the British Isles. London: Arnold, pp. 141–162.Google Scholar
Willis, E. (2005). An initial examination of Southwest Spanish vowels. Southwest Journal of Linguistics, 24(1–2), 185–198.Google Scholar
Wrembel, M., Marecka, M., Szewczyk, J., & Otwinowska, A. (2019). The predictors of foreign-accentedness in the home language of Polish-English bilingual children. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 22(2), 383–400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yakel, A. N. (2018). Rhythmic variation in speakers of Spanish as a heritage language. [Doctoral dissertation, University of Houston].Google Scholar
Yang, J., Fox, R. A., & Jacewicz, E. (2015). Vowel development in an emergent Mandarin-English bilingual child: A longitudinal study. Journal of Child Language, 42, 1124–1145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zárate-Sández, G. A. (2015). Perception and production of intonation among English-Spanish bilingual speakers at different proficiency levels. [Doctoral dissertation, Georgetown University].Google Scholar
Zuban, Y., Rathcke, T., & Zerbian, S. (2020). Intonation of yes-no questions by heritage speakers of Russian. In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Speech Prosody, Tokyo, 96–100. www.isca-archive.org/speechprosody_2020/zuban20_speechprosody.pdf.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×