Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jn8rn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T09:35:30.906Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

9 - Ejaculation Latency

from Part II - Copulatory Adaptations

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 June 2022

By
Rosa Angélica Lucio ,
Alonso Fernández-Guasti  and
Maria Reyna Fuentes-Morales
Edited by
Todd K. Shackelford
Todd K. Shackelford
Affiliation:
Oakland University, Michigan
Get access

Summary

Ejaculation latency is the time from penile intromission to ejaculation. This chapter does not pretend to exhaustively cover all aspects related to this parameter of copulatory behavior, but selectively reviews anatomical, intrinsic, and environmental factors involved in its regulation, mainly in laboratory rats and in humans. Except in humans, short ejaculation latencies denote high sexual performance, most likely because of the high biological value of ejaculation: reproduction. Ejaculation, however, not only refers to a characteristic motor copulatory pattern, but also to seminal emission. The first part of the chapter reviews the anatomical substrate of the sexual function of ejaculation that comprises two phases: emission and expulsion. The neural control of these two phenomena are described and its peripheral and central (i.e. spinal cord and brain) components are addressed. In the second part of the chapter we review copulatory diversity, considering noncopulating and copulating males. Regarding the former, we discuss interesting mechanistic suggestions: low aromatization of testosterone to estradiol in the medial preoptic area and decreased endocannabinoid transmission. In a following section we address previous ideas that within a large male population of rats there are males with short, intermediate, and long ejaculation latencies. The distribution we found was more similar to that observed in humans: a large number of males with short ejaculation latencies. The characteristic patterns of short, intermediate, and long ejaculation latencies may vary with training experience or may be fixed. Finally, we present an example of how ejaculation latency and sperm count vary with male behavioral phenotype, competition with another male, and female regulation of the timing of copulation. This research indicates that males with short ejaculation latencies are more affected by competition and by the female regulation of the timing of copulation.

Keywords

Ejaculatory phenotypesejaculateejaculatory thresholdmale sexual functionnon-copulating males
Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Handbook of Evolutionary Perspectives on Sexual Psychology , pp. 215 - 236
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ågmo, A. (1997). Male rat sexual behavior. Brain Research Protocols, 1, 203–209.Google Scholar
Aguilar-Pérez, C. E., Gómora-Arrati, P., Komisaruk, B. R., Fuentes-Morales, M. R., Morales-Medina, J. C., González-Flores, O., & Lucio, R. A. (2020). Threshold for copulation-induced analgesia varies according to the ejaculatory endophenotypes in rats. International Journal of Impotence Research, 1–8. doi: 10.1038/s41443-020-00390-8Google Scholar
Alexander, B. M., Stellflug, J. N., Rose, J. D., Fitzgerald, J. A., & Moss, G. E. (1999). Behavior and endocrine changes in high-performing, low-performing, and male oriented domestic rams following exposure to rams and ewes in estrus when copulation is precluded. Journal of Animal Science, 77, 1869–1887.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Antonio-Cabrera, E., & Paredes, R. G. (2014). Testosterone or estradiol implants in the medial preoptic area induce mating in non-copulating male rats. Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 26, 448–458.Google Scholar
Bancila, M., Verge, D., Rampin, O., Backstrom, J. R., Sanders-Bush, E., McKenna, K. E., … & Giuliano, F. (1999). 5-Hydroxytryptamine2C receptors on spinal neurons controlling penile erection in the rat. Neuroscience, 92, 1523–1537.Google Scholar
Baron, R., & Janig, W. (1991). Afferent and sympathetic neurons projecting into lumbar visceral nerves of the male rat. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 314, 429–436.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beach, F. A., & Jordan, L. (1956). Sexual exhaustion and recovery in the male rat. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 8, 121–133.Google Scholar
Beckerman, H., Becher, J., & Lankhost, G. J. (1993). The effectiveness of vibratory stimulation in anejaculatory men with spinal cord injury. Review article. Paraplegia, 31, 689–699.Google Scholar
Bergman, B., Nilsson, S., & Petersen, I. (1979). The effect on erection and orgasm of cystectomy, prostatectomy and vesiculectomy for cancer of the bladder: A clinical and electromyographic study. British Journal of Urology, 51, 114–120.Google Scholar
Bermant, G., Anderson, L., & Parkinson, S. R. (1969). Copulation in rats: Relations among intromission duration, frequency, and pacing. Psychonomic Science, 17, 293–294.Google Scholar
Bertrand, M. M., & Keast, J. R. (2010). Dissection of pelvic autonomic ganglia and associated nerves in male and female rats. Journal of Visualized Experiments, 157, 1–8.Google Scholar
Birkhead, T. R., & Møller, A. P. (Eds.). (1998). Sperm competition and sexual selection. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Bogaert, A. (2006). Toward a conceptual understanding of asexuality. Review of General Psychology, 10, 241–250.Google Scholar
Borgdorff, A. J., Bernabé, J., Denys, P., Alexandre, L., & Giuliano, F. (2008). Ejaculation elicited by microstimulation of lumbar spinothalamic neurons. European Urology, 54, 449–456.Google Scholar
Brindley, G. S., Sauerwein, D., & Hendry, W. F. (1989). Hypogastric plexus stimulators for obtaining semen from paraplegic men. British Journal of Urology, 64, 72–77.Google Scholar
Canseco-Alba, A., & Rodríguez-Manzo, G. (2013). Anandamide transforms non-copulating rats into sexually active males. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 10, 686–693.Google Scholar
Canteras, N. S., Simerly, R. B., & Swanson, L. W. (1995). Organization of projections from the medial nucleus of the amygdala: A PHAL study in the rat. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 360, 213–245.Google Scholar
Carro-Juárez, M., & Rodríguez-Manzo, G. (2005). Evidence for the presence and functioning of the spinal generator for ejaculation in the neonatal male rat. International Journal of Impotence Research, 17, 270–276.Google Scholar
Chasin, C. J. (2011). Theoretical issues in the study of asexuality. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 40, 713–723.Google Scholar
Clark, M. M., & Galef, B. G., Jr. (2000). Why some male Mongolian gerbils may help at the nest: Testosterone, asexuality and alloparenting. Animal Behaviour, 59, 801–806.Google Scholar
Cooke, M. B., Breedlove, S. M., & Jordan, C. L. (2003). Both estrogen receptors contribute to testosterone-induced changes in the morphology of the medial amygdala and sexual arousal in male rats. Hormones and Behavior, 43, 336–346.Google Scholar
Coolen, L. M., Allard, J., Truitt, W., & McKenna, K. E. (2004). Central regulation of ejaculation. Physiology & Behavior, 83, 203–215.Google Scholar
Coolen, L. M., Peters, H. J., & Veening, J. G. (1998). Anatomical interrelationships of the medial preoptic area and other brain regions activated following male sexual behavior: A combined fos and tract-tracing study. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 397, 421–435.Google Scholar
Coolen, L. M., Veening, J. G., Wells, A. B., & Shipley, M. T. (2003). Afferent connections of the parvocellular subparafascicular thalamic nucleus in the rat: Evidence for functional subdivisions. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 163, 132–156.Google Scholar
Coopersmith, C., & Erskine, M. S. (1994). Influence of paced mating and number of intromissions on fertility in the laboratory rat. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, 102, 451–458.Google Scholar
Dail, W. G., Evan, A. P., & Eason, H. R. (1975). The major pelvic ganglion in the pelvic plexus of the male rat. Cell and Tissue Research, 159, 49–62.Google Scholar
Dail, W.G., Trujillo, D., de la Rosa, D, & Walton, G. (1989). Autonomic innervation of reproductive organs: Analysis of the neurons whose axons project in the main penile nerve in the pelvic plexus of the rat. The Anatomical Record, 224, 94–101.Google Scholar
de Groat, W. C., & Steers, W. D. (1988). Neural control of urinary bladder and sexual organs: Experimental studies in animals. In Bannister, R. (Ed.), Autonomic failure: A textbook of clinical disorders of the autonomous nervous system (pp. 196–222). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
del Barco-Trillo, J., & Ferkin, M. H. (2004). Male mammals respond to a risk of sperm competition conveyed by odours of conspecific males. Nature, 431, 446–449.Google Scholar
Dewsbury, D. A. (1972). Patterns of copulatory behavior in male mammals. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 47, 1–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dewsbury, D. A., & Hartung, T. G. (1980). Copulatory behaviour and differential reproduction of laboratory rats in a two-male, one-female competitive situation. Animal Behaviour, 28, 95–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erskine, M. S. (1989). Solicitation behavior in the estrous female rat: A review. Hormones and Behavior, 23, 473–502.Google Scholar
Erskine, M. S., MacLusky, N. J., & Baum, M. J. (1985). Effect of 5α-dihydrotestosterone on sexual receptivity and neural progestin receptors in ovariectomized rats given pulsed estradiol. Biology of Reproduction, 33, 551–559.Google Scholar
Estep, D. Q. (1988). Copulations by other males shorten the post-ejaculatory intervals of pairs of roof rats, Rattus rattus. Animal Behaviour, 36, 299–300.Google Scholar
Ferri, R., Todon, E., Silva, A. F., Cabral, D., Moreira, N., Spinosa, H. S., & Bernardi, M. M. (2013). Doramectin reduces sexual behavior and penile erection in male rats. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 39, 63–68.Google Scholar
Fuentes-Morales, M. R., Gutiérrez-Ospina, G., Fernández-Guasti, A., Cruz, Y., & Lucio, R. A. (2020). Rats ejaculate prematurely and increase sperm output during competitive mating. Ethology Ecology & Evolution, 32, 351–360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerstenberg, T. C., Levin, R. J., & Wagner, G. (1990). Erection and ejaculation in man: Assessment of the electromyographic activity of the bulbocavernosus and ischiocavernosus muscles. British Journal of Urology, 65, 395–402.Google Scholar
Gilman, D. P., Mercer, L. F., & Hitt, J. C. (1979). Influence of female copulatory behavior on the induction of pseudopregnancy in the female rat. Physiology & Behavior, 22, 675–678.Google Scholar
Giuliano, F., & Clement, P. (2005). Physiology of ejaculation: Emphasis on serotonergic control. European Urology, 48, 408–417.Google Scholar
Gomendio, M., Harcourt, A. H., & Roldán, E. R. S. (1998). Sperm competition in mammals. In Birkhead, T. R. & Møller, A. P. (Eds.), Sperm competition and sexual selection (pp. 667–751). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Greene, E. C. (1959). Anatomy of the rat. New York, NY: Hafner Publishing.Google Scholar
Harding, C. F., & Feder, H. H. (1976). Relation between individual differences in sexual behavior and plasma testosterone levels in the guinea pig. Endocrinology, 98, 1198–1205.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heeb, M. M., & Yahr, P. (2001). Anatomical and functional connections among cell groups in the gerbil brain that are activated with ejaculation. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 439, 248–258.Google Scholar
Hogg, J. T. (1988). Copulatory tactics in relation to sperm competition in Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 22, 49–59.Google Scholar
Holmes, G. M., Chapple, W. D., Leipheimer, R. E., & Sachs, B. D. (1991). Electromyographic analysis of male rat perineal muscles during copulation and reflexive erections. Physiology & Behavior, 49, 1235–1246.Google Scholar
Holmes, G. M., & Sachs, B. D. (1991). The ejaculatory reflex in copulating rats: Normal bulbospongiosus activity without apparent urethral stimulation. Neuroscience Letters, 125, 195–197.Google Scholar
Hull, E. M., Wood, R. I., & McKenna, K. E. (2006). Neurobiology of male sexual behavior. In Neill, J. D. (Ed.), Knobil and Neill’s physiology of reproduction (pp. 1730–1824). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Hulsebosch, C. E., & Coggeshall, R. E. (1982). An analysis of the axon populations in the nerves to the pelvic viscera in the rat. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 211, 1–10.Google Scholar
Ju, G., Melander, T., Ceccatelli, S., Hokfelt, T., & Frey, P. (1987). Immunohistochemical evidence for a spinothalamic pathway containing cholecystokinin- and galanin-like immunoreactivities in the rat. Neuroscience, 20, 439–456.Google Scholar
Kaleczyc, J., Scheuermann, D. W., Pidsudko, Z., Majewski, M., Lakomy, M., & Timmermans, J. P. (2002). Distribution, immunohistochemical characteristics and nerve pathways of primary sensory neurons supplying the porcine vas deferens. Cell and Tissue Research, 310, 9–17.Google Scholar
Keast, J. R. (1995). Pelvic ganglia. In McLahlan, E. M. (Ed.), Autonomic ganglia (pp. 445–479). Luxembourg: Harwood Academic.Google Scholar
Keast, J. R., Booth, A. M., & de Groat, W. C. (1989). Distribution of neurons in the major pelvic ganglia of the rat which supply the bladder, colon or penis. Cell and Tissue Research, 256, 105–112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Larsson, K. (1956). Conditioning and sexual behavior in the male albino rat. Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksells.Google Scholar
Larsson, K. (1959). The effect of restraint upon copulatory behavior in the rat. Animal Behaviour, 7, 23–25.Google Scholar
Larsson, K. (1961). The importance of time for the intromission frequency in the male rat mating behavior. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 2, 149–152.Google Scholar
Lauman, E. O., Nicolosi, A., Glasser, D. B., Paik, A., Gingell, C., Moreira, E., & Wang, T. (2005). Sexual problems among women and men aged 40-80 y: Prevalence and correlates identified in the global study of sexual attitudes and behaviors. International Journal of Impotence Research, 17, 39–57.Google Scholar
Lemaitre, J. F., Ramm, S. A., Hurst, J. L., & Stockley, P. (2011). Social cues of sperm competition influence accessory reproductive gland size in a promiscuous mammal. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 278, 1171–1176.Google Scholar
Le Moëne, O., & Ågmo, A. (2019). Modeling human sexual motivation in rodents: Some caveats. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 13, 187. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00187Google Scholar
Lisk, R. D. (1969). Reproductive potential of the male rat: Enhancement of copulatory levels following lesions of the mammillary body in sexually non-active and active animals. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, 19, 353–356.Google Scholar
Loranca-Cortez, M. A. (1993). Participación del nervio hipogástrico en la conducta copulatoria de la rata macho (Rattus norvegicus). Bachelor’s thesis, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla.Google Scholar
Lucio, R. A., Fernández-Guasti, A., & Larsson, K. (2017). Male sexual satiety and the Coolidge effect in rats: Relation between behavioral and seminal parameters. In Komisaruk, B. R. & González-Mariscal, G. (Eds.), Behavioral neuroendocrinology (pp. 83–101). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lucio, R. A., Rodríguez-Piedracruz, V., Tlachi-López, J. L., García-Lorenzana, M., & Fernández-Guasti, A. (2014). Copulation without seminal expulsion: The consequence of sexual satiation and the Coolidge effect. Andrology, 2, 450–457.Google Scholar
Lucio, R. A., & Tlachi-López, J. L. (2008). Análisis de la cópula y el eyaculado de la rata albina (Rattus norvegicus). Mexico: Manual de Laboratorio.Google Scholar
Luiten, P. G., Horst, G. J., Karst, H., & Steffens, A. B. (1985). The course of paraventricular hypothalamic efferents to autonomic structures in medulla and spinal cord. Brain Research, 329, 374–378.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Manzo, J., Lucio, R. A., Martínez-Gómez, M., Komisaruk, B. R., & Pacheco, P. (1989). Relationships of the pelvic nerve branches with copulatory performance. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 15, 115.Google Scholar
Marson, L. (2004). Lesions of the periaqueductal gray block the medial preoptic area-induced activation of the urethrogenital reflex in male rats. Neuroscience Letters, 367, 278–282.Google Scholar
Marson, L., & McKenna, K. E. (1990). A role for 5-hydroxytryptamine in descending inhibition of spinal sexual reflexes. Experimental Brain Research, 88, 313–320.Google Scholar
McClintock, M. K., & Adler, N. T. (1978). The role of the female during copulation in the wild and domestic Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus). Behaviour, 67, 67–96.Google Scholar
McClintock, M. K., Anisko, J. J., & Adler, N. T. (1982). Group mating among Norway rats II: The social dynamics of copulation: Competition, cooperation, and mate choice. Animal Behavior, 30, 410–425.Google Scholar
McKenna, K. E., Chung, S. K., & McVary, K. T. (1991). A model for the study of sexual function in anesthetized male and female rats. American Journal of Physiology, 261, R1276–R1285.Google Scholar
McKenna, K. E., & Nadelhaft, I. (1986). The organization of the pudendal nerve in the male and female rat. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 248, 532–549.Google Scholar
Meisel, R. L., & Sachs, B. D. (1994). The physiology of male sexual behavior. In Knobil, E. & Neill, J. D. (Eds.), Physiology of reproduction (pp. 3–106). New York, NY: Raven Press.Google Scholar
Mitsuya, H., Asai, J., Suyama, K., Ushida, T., & Hosoe, K (1976). Application of X-ray cinematography in urology: I. Mechanism of ejaculation. Journal of Urology, 83, 86–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moralí, G., Hernández, G., & Beyer, C. (1986). Restoration of copulatory pelvic thrusting pattern in castrated male rats by the intracerebral implantation of androgen. Physiology & Behavior, 36, 495–499.Google Scholar
Murphy, A. Z., Rizvi, T. A., Ennis, M., & Shipley, M. T. (1999). The organization of preoptic medullary circuits in the male rat: Evidence for interconnectivity of neural structures involved in reproductive behavior, antinociception and cardiovascular regulation. Neuroscience, 91, 1103–1116.Google Scholar
Nadelhaft, I., & Booth, A. M. (1984). The location and morphology of preganglionic neurons and the distribution of visceral afferents from the rat pelvic nerve: A horseradish peroxidase study. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 226, 238–245.Google Scholar
Nadelhaft, I., & McKenna, K. E. (1987). Sexual dimorphism in sympathetic preganglionic neurons of the rat hypogastric nerve. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 256, 308–315.Google Scholar
Newman, H., Reiss, H., & Northup, J. D. (1982). Physical basis of emission, ejaculation, and orgasm in the male. Urology, 19, 341–350.Google Scholar
Nuñez, R., Gross, G. H., & Sachs, B. D. (1986). Origin and central projections of rat dorsal penile nerve: Possible direct projections to autonomic and somatic neurones by primary afferents of nonmuscle origin. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 247, 417–429.Google Scholar
Olivier, B., Chan, J. S., Pattij, T., de Jong, T. R., Oosting, R. S., Veening, J. G., & Waldinger, M. D. (2006). Psychopharmacology of male rat sexual behavior: Modeling human sexual dysfunctions? International Journal of Impotence Research, 18, Suppl. S14–S23.Google Scholar
Orbach, J. (1961). Spontaneous ejaculation in the rat. Science, 134, 1072–1073.Google Scholar
Orbach, J., Miller, M., Billimoria, A., & Solhkhah, N. (1967). Spontaneous seminal ejaculation and genital grooming in male rats. Brain Research, 5, 520–523.Google Scholar
Pacheco, P., Camacho, M. A., García, L. I., Hernández, M. E., Carrillo, P., & Manzo, J. (1997). Electrophysiological evidence for the nomenclature of the pudendal nerve and sacral plexus in the male rat. Brain Research, 763, 202–208.Google Scholar
Paredes, R. G., & Vazquez, B. (1999). What do female rats like about sex? Paced mating. Behavioural Brain Research, 195, 117–127.Google Scholar
Parker, G. A. (1970). Sperm competition and its evolutionary consequences in the insects. Biological Reviews, 45, 525–567.Google Scholar
Parker, G. A. (1998). Sperm competition and the evolution of ejaculates: Towards a theory base. In Birkhead, T. R. & Møller, A. P. (Eds.), Sperm competition and sexual selection (pp. 3–54). London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Pascual, J. I., Insausti, R., & Gonzalo, L. M. (1992). Pudendal nerve topography in the rat spinal cord projections studied with the axonal tracer wheat germ agglutinin conjugated-horseradish peroxidase. Journal of Urology, 147, 718–722.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pattij, T., de Jong, T. R., Uitterdijk, A., Waldinger, M. D., Veening, J. G., Cools, A. R., … & Olivier, B. (2005). Individual differences in male rat ejaculatory behaviour: Searching for models to study ejaculation disorders. European Journal of Neuroscience, 22, 724–734.Google Scholar
Pennefather, J. N., Lau, W. A., Mitchelson, F., & Ventura, S. (2000). The autonomic and sensory innervation of the smooth muscle of the prostate gland: A review of pharmacological and histological studies. Journal of Autonomic Pharmacology, 20, 193–206.Google Scholar
Poani, A. (2006). Complexity of seminal fluid: A review. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 60, 289–310.Google Scholar
Portillo, W., Antonio-Cabrera, E., Camacho, F. J., Díaz, N. F., & Paredes, R. G. (2013). Behavioral characterization of non-copulating male mice. Hormones and Behavior, 64, 70–80.Google Scholar
Portillo, W., Camacho, F., Eguibar, J. R., & Paredes, R. G. (2010). Behavioral characterization of non-copulating male rats with high spontaneous yawning frequency rate. Behavioural Brain Research, 214, 225–230.Google Scholar
Portillo, W., Castillo, C. G., Retana-Márquez, S., Roselli, C. E., & Paredes, R. G. (2006). Neuronal activity of aromatase enzyme in non-copulating male rats. Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 19, 139–141.Google Scholar
Portillo, W., Díaz, N. F., Cabrera, E. A., Fernández-Guasti, A., & Paredes, R. G. (2006). Comparative analysis of immunoreactive cells for androgen receptors and oestrogen receptor alpha in copulating and non-copulating male rats. Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 18, 168–176.Google Scholar
Portillo, W., & Paredes, R. G. (2004). Sexual incentive motivation, olfactory preference, and activation of the vomeronasal projection pathway by sexually relevant cues in non-copulating and naïve male rats. Hormones and Behavior, 46, 330–430.Google Scholar
Pottier, J. J., & Baran, D. (1973). A general behavioral syndrome associated with persistent failure to mate in the male laboratory rat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 83, 499–509.Google Scholar
Pound, N., & Gage, M. J. G. (2004). Prudent sperm allocation in Norway rats, Rattus norvegicus: A mammalian model of adaptative ejaculate adjustment. Animal Behavior, 68, 819–823.Google Scholar
Purinton, P. T., Fletcher, T. F., & Bradley, W. E. (1973). Gross and light microscopic features of the pelvic plexus in the rat. The Anatomical Record, 175, 697–705.Google Scholar
Rizvi, T. A., Ennis, M., & Shipley, M. T. (1992). Reciprocal connections between the medial preoptic area and the midbrain periaqueductal gray in rat: A WGA-HRP and PHA-L study. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 315, 1–15.Google Scholar
Rodríguez-Manzo, G., & Canseco-Alba, A. (2015). Anandamide reduced the ejaculatory threshold of sexually sluggish male rats: Possible relevance for human lifelong delayed ejaculation disorder. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 12, 1128–1135.Google Scholar
Roselli, C. E., Horton, L. E., & Resko, J. A. (1985). Distribution and regulation of aromatase activity in the rat hypothalamus and limbic system. Endocrinology, 117, 2471–2477.Google Scholar
Schlegel, P. N., & Walsh, P. C. (1987). Neuroanatomical approach to radical cystoprostatectomy with preservation of sexual function. Journal of Urology, 16, 46–60.Google Scholar
Schroder, H. D. (1980). Organization of motoneurons innervating the pelvic muscles of the male rat. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 192, 567–587.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schroder, H. D. (1985). Anatomical and pathoanatomical studies on the spinal efferent systems innervating pelvic structures: 1. Organization of spinal nuclei in animals. 2. The nucleus X-pelvic motor system in man. Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System, 14, 23–48.Google Scholar
Setchell, B. P., Maddocks, S., & Brooks, D. E. (1994). Anatomy, vasculature, innervation and fluids of the male reproductive tract. In Knobil, E. & Neill, J. D. (Eds.), The physiology of reproduction (pp. 1063–1177). New York, NY: Raven Press.Google Scholar
Simerly, R. B., & Swanson, L. W. (1988). Projections of the medial preoptic nucleus: A Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin anterograde tract-tracing study in the rat. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 270, 209–242.Google Scholar
Stefanick, M. L., & Davidson, J. M. (1987). Genital responses in noncopulators and rats with lesions in the medical preoptic area or midthoracic spinal cord. Physiology & Behavior, 41, 439–444.Google Scholar
Taylor, D. C. M., Korf, H. W., & Pierau, F. K. (1982). Distribution of sensory neurones of the pudendal nerve in the dorsal root ganglia and their projection to the spinal cord. Cell and Tissue Research, 226 , 555–564.Google Scholar
Tlachi-López, J. L., Eguibar, J. R., Fernández-Guasti, A., & Lucio, R. A. (2012). Copulation and ejaculation in male rats under sexual satiety and the Coolidge effect. Physiology & Behavior, 106, 626–630.Google Scholar
Truitt, W. A., & Coolen, L. M. (2002). Identification of a potential ejaculation generator in the spinal cord. Science, 297, 1566–1569.Google Scholar
van Houdenhove, E., Gijs, L., T´Sjoen, G., & Enzlin, P. (2014). Asexuality: Few facts, many questions. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 40, 175–192.Google Scholar
Waldinger, M. D. (2005). Lifelong premature ejaculation: Definition, serotonergic neurotransmission and drug treatment. The World Journal of Urology, 23, 102–108.Google Scholar
Waldinger, M. D., Hengeveld, M. W., & Zwinderman, A. H. (1994). Paroxetine treatment of premature ejaculation: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 1377–1379.Google Scholar
Waldinger, M. D., McIntosh, J., & Schweitzer, D. H. (2009). A five-nation survey to assess the distribution of the intravaginal ejaculatory latency time among the general male population. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 6, 2888–2895.Google Scholar
Waldinger, M. D., Quinn, P., Dilleen, M., Mundayat, R., Schweitzer, D. H., & Boolell, M. (2005). A multinational population survey of intravaginal ejaculation latency time. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 22, 492–497.Google Scholar
Whalen, R. E., Beach, F. A., & Kuehn, R. E. (1961). Effects of exogenous androgen on sexually responsive and unresponsive male rats. Endocrinology, 69, 373–380.Google Scholar
Whipple, B., Myers, B. R., & Komisaruk, B. R. (1998). Male multiple ejaculatory orgasms: A case study. Journal of Sex Education and Therapy, 23, 157–162.Google Scholar
Xu, C., Giuliano, F., Yaici, E. D., Conrath, M., Trassard, O., Benoit, G., & Verge, D. (2006). Identification of lumbar spinal neurons controlling simultaneously the prostate and the bulbospongiosus muscles in the rat. Neuroscience, 138, 561–573.Google Scholar
Zempoalteca, R., Martínez-Gómez, M., Hudson, R., Cruz, Y., & Lucio, R. A. (2002). An anatomical and electrophysiological study of the genitofemoral nerve and some of its targets in the male rat. Journal of Anatomy, 201, 493–505.Google Scholar
Zhang, G. X., Yu, L. P. Z., Bai, W. J., & Wang, X. F. (2012). Selective resection of dorsal nerves of penis for premature ejaculation. International Journal of Andrology, 35, 873–879.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×