Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-t5tsf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T07:25:26.226Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

4 - Female Intrasexual Competition

from Part I - Precopulatory Adaptations

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 June 2022

Todd K. Shackelford
Affiliation:
Oakland University, Michigan
Get access

Summary

Over human evolutionary history, women have benefited from competing with same-sex mating rivals to acquire and retain desired mates. Winning a rivalry may lead to direct advantages, such as securing an attractive, healthy mate who has the ability and willingness to invest in a relationship, as well as possessing important resources that may help sustain future children. Simultaneously, such competition is associated with potential costs, such as jeopardizing alliances, being victimized within social networks, becoming the target of malicious gossip, or, in the case of a loss, wasting one’s time and effort that could have been allocated elsewhere. Here I first present the evolutionary framework that underpins women’s intrasexual mating competition, and then review the existing literature on the specific ways that this competition is manifested. Attention is especially paid to competition via physical attractiveness, namely women’s efforts to improve or enhance their attractiveness, given men’s universal tendency to prefer attractive mates. I focus on how this competition typically utilizes indirect aggression tactics and relies on women behaving in a strategic manner that depends on the local environment, such as the number of available mates, the mate value of potential rivals, and concerns about maintaining one’s reputation.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abed, T. R. (1998). The sexual competition hypothesis for eating disorders. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 71, 525547.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arnocky, S. (2016). Desire to be included among desirable women. In Shackelford, T. K. & Weekes-Shackelford, V. A. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of evolutionary psychological science (pp. 17). New York, NY: Springer.Google Scholar
Arnocky, S. (2020). Mate-value moderates the relationship between intrasexual competitiveness and successful mate poaching. Evolutionary Psychological Science, 6, 346353.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arnocky, S., Ribout, A., Mizra, R. S., & Knack, J. M. (2014). Perceived mate availability influences intrasexual competition, jealousy and mate-guarding behavior. Journal of Evolutionary Psychology, 12(1), 4564.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arnocky, S., Sunderani, S., Miller, J. L., & Vaillancourt, T. (2012). Jealousy mediates the relationship between attractiveness comparison and females’ indirect aggression. Personal Relationships, 19, 290303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atari, M., & Jamali, R. (2016, April–June). Dimensions of women’s mate preferences: Validation of a mate preference scale in Iran. Evolutionary Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474704916651443Google Scholar
Bateman, A. J. (1948). Inter-sexual selection in Drosophila. Heredity, 2, 349368.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baumeister, R. F., Reynolds, T., Winegard, B., & Voh, K. D. (2017). Competing for love: Applying sexual economics theory to mating contests. Journal of Economic Psychology, 63, 230241.Google Scholar
Baumeister, R. F., & Twenge, J. M. (2002). Cultural suppression of female sexuality. Review of General Psychology, 6, 166203.Google Scholar
Benenson, J. F. (2014). Warriors and worriers: The survival of the sexes. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Benenson, J. F., & Abadzi, H. (2020). Contest versus scramble competition: Sex differences in the quest for status. Current Opinion in Psychology, 33, 6268.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benenson, J. F., Kuhn, M. N., Ryan, P. J., Ferranti, A. J., Blondin, R., Shea, M., … & Wrangham, R. W. (2014). Human males appear more prepared than females to resolve conflicts with same-sex peers. Human Nature, 25 , 251268.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benenson, J. F., Markovits, H., Hultgren, B., Nguyen, T., Bullock, G., & Wrangham, R. (2013). Social exclusion: more important to human females than males. PLoS One, 8(2), e55851.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Björkqvist, K. (1994). Sex differences in physical, verbal, and indirect aggression: A review of recent research. Sex Roles, 30, 177188.Google Scholar
Bleske, A. L., & Shackelford, T. K. (2001). Poaching, promiscuity, and deceit: Combatting mating rivalry in same-sex friendships. Personal Relationships, 8, 407424.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borau, S., & Bonnefon, J-F. (2019). The imaginary intrasexual competition: Advertisements featuring provocative female models trigger women to engage in indirect aggression. Journal of Business Ethics, 157, 4563.Google Scholar
Bribiescas, R. G., Ellison, P. T., & Gray, P. B. (2012). Male life history, reproductive effort, and the evolution of the genus Homo: New directions and perspectives. Current Anthropology, 53(S6), S424S435.Google Scholar
Buss, D. M. (1988). The evolution of human intrasexual competition: Tactics of mate attraction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(4), 616628.Google Scholar
Buss, D. M. (1989). Sex differences in human mate preferences: Evolutionary hypotheses tested in 37 cultures. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 12, 149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buss, D. M., & Dedden, L. A. (1990). Derogation of competitors. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 7, 395422.Google Scholar
Buss, D. M., & Shackelford, T. K. (2008). Attractive women want it all: Good genes, economic investment, parenting proclivities, and emotional commitment. Evolutionary Psychology, 6(1), 134146Google Scholar
Buunk, A., & Fisher, M. (2009). Individual differences in intrasexual competition. Journal of Evolutionary Psychology, 7, 3748.Google Scholar
Cai, Z., Hahn, A., Zhang, W., Holzleitner, I. J., Lee, A. J., DeBruine, L. M., & Jones, B. C. (2019). No evidence that facial attractiveness, femininity, averageness, or coloration are cues to susceptibility to infectious illnesses in a university sample of young adult women. Evolution and Human Behavior, 40(2), 156159.Google Scholar
Campbell, A. (1999). Staying alive: Evolution, culture, and women’s intrasexual aggression. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22(2), 203214.Google Scholar
Campbell, A. (2004). Female competition: Causes, constraints, content, and contexts. Journal of Sex Research, 41, 1626.Google Scholar
Campbell, A. (2011) Ladies, choose your weapons. The Evolutionary Review, 2, 106112.Google Scholar
Campbell, A. (2013). The evolutionary psychology of women’s aggression. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 368.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Campbell, A. (2020). Survival, selection, and sex differences in fear. In Workman, L., Reader, W., & Barkow, J. (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of evolutionary perspectives on human behavior (pp. 313329). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cross, C. P., & Campbell, A. C. (2014). Violence and aggression in women. In Shackelford, T. K. & Hansen, R. D. (Eds.), Evolutionary psychology. The evolution of violence (pp. 211232). New York, NY: Springer Science and Business Media.Google Scholar
Darwin, C. R. (1871). The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. London: John Murray.Google Scholar
Davis, A. C., Dufort, C., Desrochers, J., Vaillancourt, T., & Arnocky, S. (2018). “Gossip as an intrasexual competition strategy: Sex differences in gossip frequency, content, and attitudes”: Correction. Evolutionary Psychological Science, 4(2), 154.Google Scholar
DelPriore, D. J., Bradshaw, H. K., & Hill, S. E. (2018). Appearance enhancement produces a strategic beautification penalty among women. Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences, 12(4), 348366.Google Scholar
Dijkstra, P., & Buunk, A. P. (2002). Sex differences in the jealousy-evoking effect of rival characteristics. European Journal of Social Psychology, 32, 829852.Google Scholar
Dillon, H., Adair, L., & Brase, G. (2017). Operational sex ratio and female competition: Scarcity breeds intensity. In Fisher, M. L. (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of women and competition. (pp. 265280). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Dubbs, S. L., Kelly, A. J., & Barlow, F. K. (2017). Ravishing rivals: Female intrasexual competition and cosmetic surgery. In Fisher, M. L. (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of women and competition. (pp. 597615). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ellis, B. J., Del Giudice, M., Dishion, T. J., Figueredo, A. J., Gray, P., Griskevicius, V. … & Wilson, D. S. (2012). The evolutionary basis of risky adolescent behavior: Implications for science, policy, and practice. Developmental Psychology, 48, 598623.Google Scholar
Etcoff, N. (1999). Survival of the prettiest. New York, NY: Anchor.Google Scholar
Fernández, A. M., Muñoz-Reyes, J. A., & Dufey, M. (2014). BMI, age, mate value, and intrasexual competition in Chilean women. Current Psychology, 33, 435450.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, M. (2004). Female intrasexual competition decreases female facial attractiveness. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences (Supplemental), 271, S283–285.Google Scholar
Fisher, M. L. (2017). The Oxford handbook of women and competition. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fisher, M. L. (in press). Emotion and women’s intrasexual mating competition. In Al-Shawaf, L. & Shackelford, T. K. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of evolution and emotions. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fisher, M., & Archibald, N. (2019). A thousand times more beautiful: Priming competitor derogation in women. Current Psychology. doi: 10.1007/s12144-019-00551-zGoogle Scholar
Fisher, M. L., Burch, R. L., Sokol-Chang, R., & Salmon, C. (in preparation). The myth of the maternal instinct. Evolutionary Psychological Science.Google Scholar
Fisher, M. L., Burch, R., Sokol-Chang, R., Wade, T. J., & Widman, D. (2022). Sexuality and gender in prehistory. In Henley, T. B. & Rossano, M. (Eds.), Psychology and cognitive archaeology: An interdisciplinary approach to the study of the human mind. Abingdon, UK: Taylor & Francis.Google Scholar
Fisher, M., & Cox, A. (2009). The influence of female attractiveness on competitor derogation. Journal of Evolutionary Psychology, 7, 141155.Google Scholar
Fisher, M., & Cox, A. (2011). Four strategies used during intrasexual competition for mates. Personal Relationships, 18, 2038.Google Scholar
Fisher, M., Cox, A., & Gordon, F. (2009). Self-promotion versus competitor derogation: The influence of sex and romantic relationship status on intrasexual competition strategy selection. Journal of Evolutionary Psychology, 7, 287308.Google Scholar
Fisher, M. L., & Fernández, A. M. (2017). The influence of women’s mate value on intrasexual competition. In Fisher, M. (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of women and competition (pp. 281299). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fisher, M. L., Shaw, S., Worth, K., Smith, L., & Reeve, C. (2010). How we view those who derogate: Perceptions of female competitor derogators. Journal of Social, Evolutionary, and Cultural Psychology, 4(4), 265276.Google Scholar
Frederick, D. A., & Jenkins, B. N. (2015). Height and body mass on the mating market associations with number of sex partners and extra-pair sex among heterosexual men and women aged 18–65. Evolutionary Psychology, 13, 114.Google Scholar
Furnham, A. (2009). Sex differences in mate selection preferences. Personality and Individual Differences, 47, 622627.Google Scholar
Gallant, S., Williams, L., Fisher, M., & Cox, A. (2011). Mating strategies and self-presentation in online personal advertisement photographs. Journal of Social, Evolutionary, and Cultural Psychology, 5(1), 106121.Google Scholar
Gallup, A. C., O’Brien, D. T., & Wilson, D. S. (2011). Intrasexual peer aggression and dating behavior during adolescence: An evolutionary perspective. Aggressive Behaviour, 37, 258267.Google Scholar
Gorelik, G., & Bjorklund, D. F. (2015). The effect of competition on men’s self-reported sexual interest. Evolutionary Psychological Science, 1, 141149.Google Scholar
Gowaty, P. A. (2013). A sex-neutral theoretical framework for making strong inferences about the origins of sex roles. In Fisher, M. L., Garcia, J. R., & Sokol Chang, R. (Eds.), Evolution’s empress: Darwinian perspectives on the nature of women (pp. 85112). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Haselton, M. G., Buss, D. M., Oubaid, V., & Angleitner, A. (2005). Sex, lies, and strategic interference: The psychology of deception between the sexes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 323.Google Scholar
Hawley, P. H. (2003). Prosocial and coercive configurations of resource control in early adolescence: A case for the well-adapted Machiavellian. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 49(3), 279309.Google Scholar
Hawley, P. H., & Vaugh, B. E. (2003). Aggression and adaptive functioning: The bright side to bad behavior. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 49(3), 239242.Google Scholar
Hess, N., & Hagen, E. (2019). Gossip, reputation, and friendship in within-group competition: An evolutionary perspective. In Giardini, F. & Wittek, R. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of gossip and reputation (pp. 275302). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Heywood, L. L. (2013). The quick and the dead: Gendered agency in the history of Western science and evolutionary theory. In Fisher, M. L., Garcia, J. R., & Sokol- Chang, R. (Eds.), Evolution’s empress: Darwinian perspectives on the nature of women (pp. 439461). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hill, R. (1945). Campus values in mate selection. Journal of Home Economics, 37, 554558.Google Scholar
Hill, S. E., & Durante, K. M. (2011). Courtship, competition, and the pursuit of attractiveness: Mating goals facilitate health-related risk taking and strategic risk suppression in women. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37(3), 383394.Google Scholar
Hrdy, S. B. (1986). Empathy, polyandry, and the myth of the coy female. In Bleier, R. (Ed.), Feminist approaches to science (pp. 119146). New York, NY: Pergamon.Google Scholar
Hrdy, S. (1999). The women that never evolved. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Republished from 1981.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hrdy, S. B. (2009). Mothers and others: The evolutionary origins of mutual understanding. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Hudders, L., De Backer, C., Fisher, M. L., & Vyncke, P. (2014). The rival wears Prada: Luxury consumption as a female competition strategy. Evolutionary Psychology, 12(3), 570587.Google Scholar
Hughes, S., Champion, A., Brown, K., Hesse, C., & Pedersen, C. L. (2020). The influence of sexual orientation on reputational punishment of other women’s behaviour. Journal of Psychology and Sexuality. doi: 10.1080/19419899.2020.1728366Google Scholar
Kamble, S., Shackelford, T. K., Pham, M., & Buss, D. M. (2014). Indian mate preferences: Continuity, sex differences, and cultural change across a quarter of a century. Personality and Individual Differences, 70, 150155.Google Scholar
Klug, H. (2016). A brief history of mating systems. In Kliman, R. M. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of evolutionary biology (pp. 459464). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Kokko, H., & Jennions, M. D. (2008). Parental investment, sexual selection and sex ratios. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 21(4), 919948.Google Scholar
Krasnec, M. O., Cook, C. N., & Breed, M. D. (2012). Mating systems in sexual animals. Nature Education Knowledge, 3(10), 72.Google Scholar
Krems, J. A., Claessens, S., Fales, M. R., Campenni, M., Haselton, M. G., & Aktipis, A. (2021). An agent-based model of the female rivalry hypothesis for concealed ovulation in humans. Nature Human Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-01038-9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krems, J. A., Williams, K. E. G., Aktipis, A., & Kenrick, D. T. (2021). Friendship jealousy: One tool for maintaining friendships in the face of third-party threats? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 120(4), 9771012. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000311Google Scholar
Kvarnemo, C., & Simmons, L. W. (2013). Polyandry as a mediator of sexual selection before and after mating. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 368(1613), 20120042.Google Scholar
Li, N. P., Smith, A. R., Yong, J. C., & Brown, T. A. (2014). Intrasexual competition and other theories of eating restriction. In Weekes-Shackelford, V. & Shackelford, T. (Eds.), Evolutionary perspectives on human sexual psychology and behavior (pp. 323346). New York, NY: Springer.Google Scholar
Liesen, L. (2013). The tangled web she weaves. In Fisher, M., Garcia, J., & Sokol-Chang, R. (Eds.), Evolution’s empress: Darwinian perspectives on the nature of women (pp. 4362). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mace, R. (2013). Cooperation and conflict between women in the family. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews, 22(5), 251258.Google Scholar
Mafra, A. L., Varella, M. A. C., Defelipe, R. P., Anchieta, N. M., de Almeida, C. A. G., & Valentova, J. V. (2020). Makeup usage in women as a tactic to attract mates and compete with rivals. Personality and Individual Differences, 163, 110042.Google Scholar
Martin, W. (2016). The primates of Park Avenue: A memoir. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
Mattison, S., Scelza, B., & Blumenfield, T. (2014). Paternal investment and the positive effects of fathers among the matrilineal Mosuo of Southwest China. American Anthropologist, 116(3), 591610.Google Scholar
Mesnick, S. L., & Ralls, K. (2018). Mating systems. In Würsig, B., Thewissen, J. G. M., & Kovacs, K. M. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of marine mammals, 3rd ed. (pp. 586592). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mogilski, J. K., & Wade, T. J. (2013). Friendship as a relationship infiltration tactic during human mate poaching. Evolutionary Psychology, 11(4), 926943.Google Scholar
Moss, J. H., & Maner, J. K. (2016). Biased sex ratios influence fundamental aspects of human mating. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 42(1), 7280.Google Scholar
Owens, L., Shute, R., & Slee, P. (2000). “Guess what I just heard!”: Indirect aggression among teenage girls in Australia. Aggressive Behaviour, 26, 6783.Google Scholar
Palombit, R. A. (2015). Infanticide as sexual conflict: Coevolution of male strategies and female counterstrategies. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, 7(6), a017640.Google Scholar
Parker, G. A., & Pizzari, T. (2015) Sexual selection: The logical imperative. In Hoquet, T. (Ed.), Current perspectives on sexual selection (pp. 119163). Netherlands: Springer.Google Scholar
Polo, P., Fernández, A. M., Muñoz-Reyes, J. A., Dufey, M., & Buunk, A. P. (2018, January–March). Intrasexual competition and height in adolescents and adults. Evolutionary Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474704917749172CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prokop, P., & Švancárová, J. (2020). Wearing high heels as female mating strategy. Personality and Individual Differences, 152, 109558.Google Scholar
Prokosch, M., Coss, R., Scheib, J., & Blozis, S. (2009). Intelligence and mate choice: Intelligent men are always appealing. Evolution and Human Behavior, 30, 1120.Google Scholar
Reynolds, T. A. (2018). Bless her heart! Does apparent concern help women in reputational competition? Dissertation, Department of Psychology. Florida State University.Google Scholar
Reynolds, T. A. (2021). Our grandmothers’ legacy: Challenges faced by female ancestors leaves traces in modern women’s same-sex relationships. Archives of Sexual Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01768-xGoogle Scholar
Reynolds, T., Baumeister, R. F., & Maner, J. K. (2018). Competitive reputation manipulation: Women strategically transmit social information about romantic rivals. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 78, 195209.Google Scholar
Roughgarden, J. (2007). Challenging Darwin’s theory of sexual selection. Daedalus, 136(2), 114.Google Scholar
Roughgarden, J. (2015). Sexual selection: Is anything left? In Hoquet, T. (Ed.), Current perspectives on sexual selection: What’s left after Darwin? (pp. 85102). New York, NY: Springer Verlag.Google Scholar
Schmitt, D. P., & Buss, D. M. (1996). Strategic self-promotion and competitor derogation: Sex and context effects on the perceived effectiveness of mate attraction tactics. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(6), 11851204.Google Scholar
Sear, R., & Mace, R. (2008). Who keeps children alive? A review of the effects of kin on child survival. Evolution and Human Behavior, 29, 118.Google Scholar
Shanks, D. R., & Vadillo, M. A. (2019). Still no evidence that risk-taking and consumer choices can be primed by mating motives: Reply to Sundie, Beal, Neuberg, and Kenrick (2019). Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 148(4), e12e 22.Google Scholar
Shanks, D. R., Vadillo, M. A., Riedel, B., Clymo, A., Govind, S., Hickin, N. … & Puhlmann, L. M. C. (2015). Romance, risk, and replication: Can consumer choices and risk-taking be primed by mating motives? Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 144(6), e142e158.Google Scholar
Stulp, G., Pollet, T. V., Verhulst, S., & Buunk, A. P. (2012). A curvilinear effect of height on reproductive success in human males. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 66, 375384.Google Scholar
Sundie, J. M., Beal, D. J., Neuberg, S. L., & Kenrick, D. T. (2019). Moving beyond unwise replication practices: The case of romantic motivation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 148(4), e1e11.Google Scholar
Trivers, R. (1972). Parental investment and sexual selection. In Campbell, B. (Ed.), Sexual selection and the descent of man 1871–1971 (pp. 139179). Chicago, IL: Aldine.Google Scholar
Vaillancourt, T. (2013). Do human females use indirect aggression as an intrasexual competition strategy? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 368(1631), 20130080.Google Scholar
Vaillancourt, T., & Sharma, A. (2011). Intolerance of sexy peers: Intrasexual competition among women. Aggressive Behavior, 37, 569577.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×