Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-7cvxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T03:47:38.343Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

6.6 - Forensic Case Formulation

from Part VI - Professional Practices

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 December 2021

By
Leam A. Craig  and
Martin Rettenberger
Edited by
Jennifer M. Brown  and
Miranda A. H. Horvath
Jennifer M. Brown
Affiliation:
London School of Economics and Political Science
Miranda A. H. Horvath
Affiliation:
University of Suffolk
Get access

Summary

Case formulations (CF) have been the cornerstone of effective practice in clinical psychology since the 1950s and now forms one of the core competencies in clinical and forensic training. The use of CFs within forensic settings is becoming more relevant when working with offenders who have experienced significant trauma, suffer from personality disorder, or who have displayed sexually abusive or violent behaviour.By integrating risk relevant information into the CF provides a conceptually robust link between the etiologically development of the problematic behaviour and effective assessment and risk management of violent offenders.In this chapter, we present an etiological framework for understanding risk by integrating a case formulation model to include the use of (static, stable, and acute) actuarial and forensic risk assessment measures as well as protective risk factors.

Keywords

Case FormulationForensic Risk Assessment
Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Handbook of Forensic Psychology , pp. 835 - 858
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Akerman, G., Craig, L. A., & Beech, A. R. (2015). Treating child sex abusers: A person centered approach. In Wilcox, D., Garrett, T., & Harkins, L. (Eds.), Case studies in sex offender treatment (pp. 65–85). Wiley‐Blackwell.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
Anda, R. F., Felitti, V.J., Bremner, J.D., Walker, J.D., Whitfield, C., Perry, B.D., Dube, S.R., & Giles, W.H. (2006). The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood. A convergence of evidence from neurobiology and epidemiology. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 256(3), 174–186.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andrews, D. A., & Bonta, J. (2010). The psychology of criminal conduct (5th ed.). Anderson.Google Scholar
Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1973). The development of infant-mother attachment. In Cardwell, B. & Ricciuti, H. (Eds.), Review of child development research (Vol. 3, pp. 1–94). University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Ardino, V. (2011). Post-traumatic stress in antisocial youth: A multifaceted reality. In Ardino, V. (Ed.), Post-traumatic syndromes in children and adolescents (pp. 211–229). Wiley/Blackwell.Google Scholar
Bailey, T., Alvarez-Jimenez, M., Garcia-Sanchez, A.M., Hulbert, C., Barlow, E., & Bendall, S. (2018). Childhood trauma is associated with severity of hallucinations and delusions in psychotic disorders: A systematic and meta-analysis, Schizophrenia Bulletin, 44(5), 1111–1122.Google Scholar
Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Bartholomew, K. (1990). Avoidance of intimacy: An attachment perspective. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 7, 147–178.Google Scholar
Beech, A. R., Carter, A. J., Mann, R. E., & Rotshtein, P. (2018). The Wiley Blackwell handbook of forensic neuroscience. John Wiley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beech, A. R., Nordstrom, N., & Raine, A. (2018). Developmental risk factors. In Beech, A. R., Carter, A. J., Mann, R. E., & Rothstein, P. (Eds.), The Wiley Blackwell handbook of forensic neuroscience (Vol. 2, pp. 505–529). John Wiley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beech, A. R., & Ward, T. (2004). The integration of etiology and risk in sexual offenders: A theoretical framework. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 10, 31–63.Google Scholar
Boer, D.P., Hart, S.D., Kropp, P.R., & Webster, C.D. (1997). Manual for the Sexual Violence Risk-20: Professional guidelines for assessing risk of sexual violence. The Mental Health, Law and Policy Institute.Google Scholar
Boer, D.P., Hart, S.D., Kropp, P.R., & Webster, C.D. (2018). Sexual Violence Risk-20 Version 2: Users guide. PAR Inc.Google Scholar
Boland, F. J., Chudley, A. E., & Grant, B. A. (2002). The challenge of fetal alcohol syndrome in adult offender populations. Forum on Corrections Research 14. www.csc-scc.gc.ca/research/forum/e143/e143s-eng.shtmlGoogle Scholar
Bonta, J., & Andrews, D. A. (2006). Risk-Need-Responsivity model for offender assessment and rehabilitation (User Report No. 2007–04). Public Safety Canada. www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/rsk-nd-rspnsvty/index-eng.aspxGoogle Scholar
Bonta, J., & Andrews, D. A. (2017). The psychology of criminal conduct (6th ed.). Routledge.Google Scholar
Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Loss. Basic Books.Google Scholar
Chartrand, L. N., & Forbes-Chilibeck, E. M. (2003). The sentencing of offenders with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. Health Law Journal, 11, 35–91.Google Scholar
Chu, C. M., Yu, H., Lee, Y., & Zeng, G. (2014). The utility of YLS/CMI‐SV for assessing youth offenders in Singapore. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 41(12), 1437–1457.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clark, S., & Chuan, J. (2016). Evaluation of the impact personality disorder project – A psychologically informed consultation, training and mental health collaboration approach to probation offender management. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 26, 186–195.Google Scholar
Craig, L. A., Browne, K. D., & Stringer, I. (2003). Treatment and sexual offence recidivism. Trauma, Violence, and Abuse, 4, 1, 70–89.Google Scholar
Craig, L. A., Dixon, L., & Gannon, T. A. (2013). What works in offender rehabilitation: An evidenced based approach to assessment and treatment. Wiley-Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Craig, L. A., & Rettenberger, M. (2016). A brief history of sexual offender risk assessment. In Laws, D. R. & O’Donohue, W. (Eds.), Treatment of sexual offenders: Strengths and weaknesses in assessment and intervention (pp. 19–44). Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Craig, L. A., & Rettenberger, M. (2017). Risk assessment for sexual offenders: Where to from here? In Craig, L & Rettenberger, M. (Eds.), The Wiley handbook on the theories, assessment and treatment of sexual offending: Vol. 2: Assessment (pp. 609–642). Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Craig, L. A., & Rettenberger, M. (2018). An etiological approach to sexual offender assessment: CAse Formulation Incorporating Risk Assessment (CAFIRA). Current Psychiatry Reports, 20, 6, 20–43.Google Scholar
Craig, L. A., Rettenberger, M., & Beech, A. R. (2020). Neurobiological considerations on the etiological approach to sexual offender assessment: CAse Formulation Incorporating Risk Assessment–Version 2 (CAFIRA–v2). In Proulx, J., Cortoni, F., Craig, L. A., & Letourneau, E. (Eds.), The Wiley handbook on what works with sexual offender: contemporary perspectives in theory, assessment, treatment and prevention (pp. 153–173). Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Craig, L. A., Thornton, D., Beech, A., & Browne, K. D. (2007). The relationship of statistical and psychological risk markers to sexual reconviction in child molesters. Criminal Justice & Behavior, 34(3), 314–329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crellin, C. (1998). Origins and social contexts of the term “formulation” in psychological case reports. Clinical Psychology Forum, 112, 18–28.Google Scholar
Coid, J.W., Kllis, C., Doyle, M., Shaw, J., & Ullrich, S. (2015). Identifying causal risk factors for violence among discharged patients. PLoS One, 11, 1–17.Google Scholar
Coupland, R.B.A. (2015). An examination of dynamic risk, protective factors, and treatment-related change in violent offenders (Doctoral thesis). University of Saskatchewan.Google Scholar
DeNeve, K, M., & Cooper, H. (1998). The happy personality: A meta-analysis of 137 personality traits and subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 197–229.Google Scholar
DeWall, C. N., Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. (2011). The General Aggression Model: Theoretical extensions to violence. Psychology of Violence, 1(3), 245–258.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dilliën, T., Gorthals, K., Sabbe, B., & Brazil, I. (2020, February 4–5). The neuropsychology of child sexual offending: A systematic review. Poster presentation at the Crossroads 2.0: Future Directions in Sex Offender Treatment and Assessment conference, Antwerp, Belgium.Google Scholar
Division of Clinical Psychology. (2011). Good practice guidelines on the use of psychological formulation. British Psychological Society. www.sisdca.it/public/pdf/DCP-Guidelines-for-Formulation-2011.pdfGoogle Scholar
de Vogel, V., de Ruiter, C., Bouman, Y. H., de Vries Robbe, M. (2009). SAPROF: Guidelines for the assessment of protective factors for violence risk. Forum Educatief.Google Scholar
de Vries Robbé, M., de Vogel, V., Koster, K., & Bogaerts, S. (2015). Assessing protective factors for sexually violent offending with the SAPROF. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 27, 51–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Vries Robbé, M., de Vogel, V., & de Spa, E. (2011). Protective factors for violence risk in forensic psychiatric patients: A retrospective validation study of the SAPROF. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 10(3), 178–186.Google Scholar
Dong, M., Anda, R. F., Felitti, V., Dube, J. S. R., Williamson, D. F., et al. (2004). The interrelatedness of multiple forms of childhood abuse, neglect and household dysfunction. Child Abuse & Neglect, 28, 771–784.Google Scholar
Douglas, K. S., Reeves, K. A. (2010). Historical-Clinical-Risk Management-20 (HCR-20) Violence Risk Assessment Scheme: Rationale, application and empirical overview. In Otto, R. K. & Douglas, K. S. (Eds.), Handbook of violence risk assessment (pp. 147–185). Routledge.Google Scholar
Doyle, M., et al. (2014). Discharges to prison from medium secure psychiatric units in England and Wales. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 205, 177–182.Google Scholar
Dutton, D. G. (1995). Trauma symptoms and PTSD-like profiles in perpetrators of intimate abuse. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 8, 299–316.Google Scholar
Dziuba-Leatherman, J., & Finkelhor, D. (1994). How does receiving information about sexual abuse influence boys’ perceptions of their risk? Child Abuse & Neglect, 18(7), 557–568.Google Scholar
Eher, R., Matthes, A., Schilling, F. Haubner-MacLean, T., & Rettenberger, M. (2012). Dynamic risk assessment in sexual offenders using STABLE-2000 and the STABLE-2007: An investigation of predictive and incremental validity. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 24, 5–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eells, T. D. (2015). Psychotherapy case formulation. American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Eells, T. D., & Lombart, K. G. (2011). Theoretical and evidence‐based approaches to case formulation. In Sturmey, P. & McMurran, M. (Eds.), Forensic case formulation (pp. 3–32). Wiley.Google Scholar
Etzler, S., Eher, R., & Rettenberger, M. (2020). Dynamic risk assessment of sexual offenders: Validity and dimensional structure of the Stable-2007. Assessment, 27(4), 822–839.Google Scholar
Farrall, S., & Bowling, B. (1999). Structuration, human development and desistance from crime. British Journal of Criminology, 39, 252–267.Google Scholar
Finkelhor, D. (1984). Child sexual abuse: New theory and research. Free Press.Google Scholar
Finkelhor, D. (2008). Childhood victimisation. Violence, crime and abuse in the lives of young people. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Foa, E. B., Ehlers, A., Clark, D. M., Tolin, D. F., & Orsillo, S. M. (1999). The Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory (PTCI): Development and validation. Psychological Assessment, 11, 303–314.Google Scholar
Fox, B. H., Perez, N., Cass, E., Baglivio, M. T., & Epps, N. (2015). Trauma changes everything: Examining the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and serious, violent and chronic juvenile offenders. Child Abuse & Neglect, 46, 163–173.Google Scholar
Foy, D. W., Furrow, J., & McManus, S. (2011). Exposure to violence, post-traumatic symptomatology, and criminal behaviors. In Ardino, V. (Ed.), Post-traumatic syndromes in children and adolescents (pp. 199–210). Wiley/Blackwell.Google Scholar
Freeman, D., Brugha, T., Meltzer, H., Jenkins, R., & Stahl, D. (1998). Persecutory ideation and insomnia: Findings from the second British National Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity. Journal Psychiatry Research, 44(15–13), 1021–1026.Google Scholar
Gannon, T. A., Ciardha, Ó, Doley, C., R. M., & Alleyne, E. (2012). The Multi-Trajectory Theory of Adult Firesetting (M-TTAF). Aggression and Violent Behaviour, 17(2), 107–121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garbarino, J. (2002). Foreward: Pathways from childhood trauma to adolescent violence and delinquency. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment, and Trauma, 6(1), xxv–xxxi.Google Scholar
Glaser, D. (1964). The effectiveness of a prison and parole system. Bobbs-Merrill.Google Scholar
Gray, N. S., Carman, N. G., Rogers, P., MacCulloch, M. J., Hayward, P., & Snowden, R. J. (2003). Post-traumatic stress disorder caused in mentally disordered offenders by the committing of a serious violent or sexual offence. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 14(1), 27–43,Google Scholar
Haaven, J. L., & Coleman, E. M. (2000). Treatment of the developmentally disabled sex offender. In Laws, D. R., Hudson, S. M., & Ward, T. (Eds.), Remaking relapse prevention with sex offenders: A sourcebook (pp. 369–388). SAGE.Google Scholar
Hall, G, C. N., & Hirschman, R. (1991). Towards a theory of sexual aggression: A quadripartite model. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 111–112.Google Scholar
Hanson, R. K., Bourgon, G., Helmus, L., & Hodgson, S. (2009). The principles of effective correctional treatment also apply to sexual offenders: A meta-analysis. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 36, 865–891.Google Scholar
Hanson, R. K., & Harris, A. J. R. (2000). ACUTE-2000. Unpublished manuscript. Department of the Solicitor General Canada. Available from the authors.Google Scholar
Hanson, R. K., & Harris, A. J. R. (2007). Assessing the risk of sexual offenders on community supervision: The Dynamic Supervision Project. Unpublished manuscript. www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/ssssng-rsk-sxl-ffndrs/index-en.aspxGoogle Scholar
Hanson, R. K., Harris, A. J. R, Scott, T. L., & Helmus, L. (2007). Assessing the risk of sexual offenders on community supervision: The Dynamic Supervision Project (Corrections Research User Report No. 2007–05). Public Safety Canada. www.publicsafety.gc.ca/res/cor/rep/_fl/crp2007–05-en.pdfGoogle Scholar
Hanson, R. K., & Thornton, D. (2000). Improving risk assessment for sex of- fenders: a comparison of three actuarial scales. Law and Human Behavior, 24, 119–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanson, R.K., & Thornton, D. (2003). Notes on the Development of Static‐2002. Department of the Solicitor General of Canada. www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/nts-dvlpmnt-sttc/index-en.aspxGoogle Scholar
Hart, S. D., Douglas, K. S., & Guy, L. S. (2017). The Structured Professional Judgement approach to violence risk assessment: Origins, nature, and advances. In Craig, L. A. & Rettenberger, M. (Eds.), The Wiley-Blackwell handbook on the theories, assessment, and treatment of sexual offending: Vol. 2. Assessment (pp. 643–666). Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Hart, S. D., Kropp, P. R., Laws, D. R., Klaver, J., Logan, C., & Watt, K. A. (2003). The Risk for Sexual Violence Protocol (RSVP): Structured professional guidelines for assessing risk of sexual violence. Mental Health, Law, and Policy Institute, Simon Fraser University.Google Scholar
Harris, G. T., Rice, M. E., Quinsey, V. L., & Cormier, C. A. (2015). Violent offenders: Appraising and managing risk (3rd ed.). American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
Helmus, L., Thornton, D., Hanson, R.K., & Babchishin, K.M. (2012). Improving the predictive accuracy of Static‐99 and Static‐2002 with older sex offenders: Revised age weights. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 24, 64–101.Google Scholar
Hilton, N. Z., Harris, G. T., Rice, M. E., Lang, C., Cormier, C. A., & Lines, K. J. (2004). A brief actuarial assessment for the prediction of wife assault recidivism: The Ontario Domestic Assault Risk Assessment. Psychological Assessment, 16, 267–275.Google Scholar
Holtzworth‐Munroe, A., Meehan, J.C., Herron, K., Rehman, U., & Stuart, G. (2003). Do subtypes of maritally violent men continue to differ over time? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 71, 728–740.Google Scholar
Hussey, J. M., Chang, J. J., & Kotch, J. B. (2006). Child maltreatment in the United States: Prevalence, risk factors, and adolescent. Health Consequences Pediatrics, 118(3), 933–942.Google Scholar
Hurrelmann, K. (1988). Social structure and personality development. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Huss, M. T., & Ralston, A. (2008). Do batterer subtypes actually matter? Treatment completion, treatment response, and recidivism across a batterer typology. Criminal Justice and Behaviour, 35, 710–724.Google Scholar
Ireland, C., & Craig, L. A. (2011). Adult sex offender assessment. In Boer, D. P., Eher, R., Miner, M. H., Pfafflin, F., & Craig, L. A. (Eds.), International perspectives on the assessment and treatment of sexual offenders: Theory, practice and research (pp. 13–33). Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Johnstone, L., & Dallos, R. (2006). Formulation in psychology and psychotherapy: Making sense of people’s problems. Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kazdin, A. E. (2007). Mediators and mechanisms of change in psychotherapy research. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 3, 1–27.Google Scholar
Kahr, B. (2007). Sex and the psyche: The truth about our most secret fantasies. Penguin.Google Scholar
Kenworthy, T., Adams, C.E., Bilby, C., Brooks-Gordon, B., & Fenton, M. (2008). Psychological interventions for those who have sexually offended or are at risk of offending. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 4, 1–49.Google Scholar
Klein, V., Rettenberger, M., Yoon, D., Köhler, N., & Briken, P. (2015). Protective factors and recidivism in accused juveniles who sexually offended. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 27, 71–90.Google Scholar
Kodituwakku, P. W., Handmaker, N. S., Cutler, S. K., Weathersby, E K., & Handnaker, S. D (1995). Specific impairments in self-regulation in children exposed to alcohol prenatally. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 19, 1558–1564.Google Scholar
Kropp, P.R. and Hart, S.D. (2015). SARA‐V3: User Manual for Version 3 of the Spousal Assault Risk Assessment Guide. Proactive Resolutions.Google Scholar
Lannert, B. K., Garcia, A. M., Smagur, K. E., Yalch, M. A., Levendosky, A. A., Anne Bogat, C., & Lonstein, J. S. (2014). Relational trauma in the context of intimate partner violence. Child Abuse & Neglect, 38(12), 1966–1975.Google Scholar
Laws, D. R., & Ward, T., (2010). Desistance from sex offending alternatives to throwing away the keys. Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Linley, P. A., & Joseph, S. (2004). Positive psychology in practice. John Wiley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, J. (2004). Childhood externalizing behavior. Theory and implications. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 17, 93–103.Google Scholar
Looman, J., Dickie, I., & Abracen, J. (2005). Responsivity in the treatment of sexual offenders. Trauma, Violence, and Abuse, 6, 330–353.Google Scholar
Mann, R. E., Hanson, R. K., & Thornton, D. (2010). Assessing risk for sexual recidivism: Some proposals on the nature of psychologically meaningful risk factors. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 22(2), 191–217.Google Scholar
Macneil, C. A., Hasty, M. K., Conus, P., & Berk, M. (2012). Is diagnosis enough to guide interventions in mental health? Using case formulation in clinical practice. BMC Medicine, 10, 1–3.Google Scholar
Marshall, W.L., & Barbaree, H. E. (1990). An integrated theory of the etiology of sexual offending. In Marshall, W. L, Laws, D. R., & Barbaree, H. E. (Eds.), Handbook of sexual assault: Issues, theories, and treatment of the offender (pp. 257–275). Plenum.Google Scholar
Marshall, L. E., & Marshall, W. L. (2011). Role of attachment in sexual offending: An examination of preoccupied-attachment-style offending behavior. In Schwartz, B. K. (Ed.), Handbook of sex offender treatment (pp. 12-1–12-9). Civic Research Institute.Google Scholar
Marshall, W. L., Marshall, L. E., Serran, G. A., & Fernandez, Y. M. (2006). Treating sexual offenders: An integrated approach. Routledge.Google Scholar
Marshall, W. L., Ward, T., Mann, R. E., Moulden, H., Fernandez, Y. M., Serran, G., & Marshall, L. E. (2005). Working positively with sexual offenders: Maximizing the effectiveness of treatment. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 20, 1096–1114.Google Scholar
Maruna, S. (2001) Making good: How ex-convicts reform and rebuild their lives. American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Masten, A. S., & Reed, M-G. J. (2002). Resilience in development. In Snyder, C. R., & Lopez, A. J. (Eds.), The handbook of positive psychology (pp. 74–88). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mattson, S. N., Goodman, A. M., Caine, C., Delis, D. C., & Riley, E. P. (1999). Executive functioning in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 23, 1808–1815.Google Scholar
Mattson, S. N., Schoenfeld, A. M., & Riley, E. P. (2001). Teratogenic effects of alcohol on brain and behavior. Alcohol Research & Health, 25(3),185–91.Google ScholarPubMed
Matza, D. (1964). Delinquency and drift. John Wiley.Google Scholar
McCallion, K. (2016). The history and future of case formulation (Unpublished thesis). www.researchgate.net/publication/309511503_The_History_and_Future_of_Case_FormulationGoogle Scholar
McKillop, N., Brown, S. J., Smallbone, S., & Wortley, R. (2016). Sexual offenders’ parental and adult attachments and preferences for therapists’ interpersonal qualities. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 22, 177–191.Google Scholar
Meloy, J.R., Hoffmann, J., Guldimann, A., & James, D. (2012). The role of warning behaviors in threat assessment: An exploration and suggested typology. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 30, 256–279.Google Scholar
Mrazek, P. J., & Haggerty, R. J. (1994). Reducing risks for mental disorders: Frontiers for preventive intervention. National Academies Press.Google Scholar
Negele, A., Kaufhold, J., Kallenbach, L., & Leuzinger-Bohleber, , (2015). Childhood trauma and its relation to chronic depression in adulthood. Depression Research and Treatment, 650804.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, D. (2020). Aggression from a psychobiologicval perspective: Implications for enhanced violent risk assessment and intervention. In, Wormith, J. S., Craig, L. A., & Hogue, T. E. (Eds.), The Wiley Handbook of what works in violence risk management: theory, research and practice (pp. 315–348). Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Olson, H. C., Streissguth, A. P., Sampson, P. D., Barr, H. M., Bookstein, F. L., & Thiede, K. (1997). Association of prenatal alcohol exposure with behavioral and learning problems in early adolescence. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 1187–1194.Google Scholar
Olver, M. E. Wong, S. C. P., Nicholaichuk, T., & Gordon, A. (2007). The validity and reliability of the Violence Risk Scale – Sexual Offender Version: assessing sex offender risk and evaluating therapeutic change. Psychological Assessment, 19, 318–29.Google Scholar
Pennington, B. F. (2002). The development of psychopathology: Nature and nurture. Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Persons, J. B., Roberts, N. A., Zalecki, C. A., & Brechwald, W. A. G. (2006). Naturalistic outcome of case formulation-driven cognitive-behavior therapy for anxious depressed outpatients. Behavior Research and Therapy, 44(7), 1041–1051.Google Scholar
Piaget, J. (1990). The child’s conception of the world. Littlefield Adams.Google Scholar
Proulx, J., Cortoni, F., Craig, L. A., & Letourneau, E. (Eds.). (2020). The Wiley Handbook on what works with sexual offender: contemporary perspectives in theory, assessment, treatment and prevention. Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Quinsey, V. L., Harris, G. T., Rice, M. E., & Cormier, C. A. (1998). Violent offenders: appraising and managing risk. American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
Raine, A., Brennan, P., & Mednick, S. A. (1994). Birth complications combined with early maternal rejection at age 1 year predispose to violent crime at age 18 years. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 984–988.Google Scholar
Rettenberger, M., & Craig, L. A. (2017). Actuarial risk assessment of sexual offenders. In Craig, L. A. & Rettenberger, M. (Eds.), The Wiley-Blackwell handbook on the theories, assessment, and treatment of sexual offending: Vol. 2. Assessment (pp. 609–641). Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Rettenberger, M., & Craig, L. A. (2020). Sexual violence risk assessment. In Wormith, J. S., Craig, L. A., & Hogue, T. E. (Eds.), The Wiley handbook of what works in violence risk management: theory, research and practice (p. 183–202). Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Roebuck, T. M., Mattson, S. N., & Riley, E.P. (1999). Behavioral and psychosocial profiles of alcohol-exposed children. Alcoholism. Clinical and Experimental Research, 23, 1070–1076.Google Scholar
Rice, M. E., & Harris, G. T. (2003). The size and sign of treatment effects in sex offender therapy. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 989, 428–440.Google Scholar
Rosenzweig, S. (1942). The photoscope as an objective device for evaluating sexual interest. Psychosomatic Medicine, 4, 150–157.Google Scholar
Roth, S., Newman, E., Pelcovitz, D., Van der Kolk, B. A., & Mandel, F. S. (1997). Complex PTSD in victims exposed to sexual and physical abuse: Results from the DSM-IV field trial for posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 10(4):539–555.Google Scholar
Shalev, I., Entringer, S., Wadhwa, P. D., Wolkowitz, O. M., Puterman, E., Lin, J., & Epel, E. S. (2013). Stress and telomere biology: A lifespan perspective. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 38(9), 1835–1842.Google Scholar
Shin, L. M., Kosslyn, S. M., McNally, R. J., Alpert, N. M., Thompson, W. L., Rauch, S. L., Macklin, M. L., & Pitman, R. K. (1997). Visual imagery and perception in posttraumatic stress disorder: A positron emission tomographic investigation. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54(3), 233–241.Google Scholar
Shover, N. (1996). Great pretenders: Pursuits and careers of persistent thieves. Westview Press.Google Scholar
Skowyra, K. R., & Cocozza, J. J. (2006). Blueprint for change: A comprehensive model for the identification and treatment of youth with mental health needs in contact with the juvenile justice system. National Center for Mental Health and Juvenile Justice and Policy Research Associates.Google Scholar
Shuker, R., & Kennedy, J. (2012, June 26–28). Post-traumatic stress and offender needs: A study of the impact of trauma on criminal thinking and offender risk. Division of Forensic Psychology Annual Conference, Cardiff Metropolitan University (UWIC).Google Scholar
Smallbone, S., & Dadds, M. R. (1998). Childhood attachment and adult attachment in incarcerated adult male sex offenders. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 13, 555–573.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, C. A., Ireland, T. O., & Thornberry, T. P. (2005). Adolescent maltreatment and its impact on young adult antisocial behavior. Child Abuse and Neglect, 29(10), 1099–1119.Google Scholar
Streissguth, A. P., & Kanter, J. (Eds.). (1997). The challenge of fetal alcohol syndrome: Overcoming secondary disabilities. University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Sturmey, P. (2009). Clinical case formulation: Varity of approaches. John Wiley.Google Scholar
Thakker, J. (2017). Case formulation. In Craig, L. A. & Rettenberger, M. (Eds.), The Wiley Handbook on the theories, assessment and treatment of sexual offending: Vol. 2. Assessment (pp. 737–751). Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Teicher, M. H., Andersen, S. L., Polcari, A., Anderson, C. M., Navalta, C. P., & Kim, D. M. (2003). The neurobiological consequences of early stress and childhood maltreatment. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 27(1–2), 33–44.Google Scholar
Teicher, M. H., Dumont, N. L., Ito, Y., Vaituzis, C., Giedd, J. N., & Andersen, S. L. (2004). Childhood neglect is associated with reduced corpus callosum area. Biological Psychiatry, 15(2), 80–85.Google Scholar
Thornton, D. (2016). Developing a theory of dynamic risk. Psychology, Crime and Law, 22, 138–150.Google Scholar
Thornton, D., & Knight, R. A. (2015). Construction and validation of SRA-FV Need Assessment. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 27, 360–375.Google Scholar
Vess, J., Ward, T., & Collie, R. (2008). Case formulation with sex offenders: An illustration of individualized risk assessment. The Journal of Behavior Analysis of Offender and Victim Treatment and Prevention, 1, 284–295.Google Scholar
Ward, T., & Beech, A.R. (2006). An integrated theory of sex offending. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 11, 44–63.Google Scholar
Ward, T., & Beech, A. (2017). The explanation of sexual offending. In Francis, B. & Sanders, T. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook on sex offences and sex offenders: confronting and challenging the issues. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ward, T., & Gannon, T. A. (2006). Rehabilitation, etiology, and self-regulation: The comprehensive Good Lives Model of treatment for sexual offenders. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 11, 77– 94.Google Scholar
Ward, T., Hudson, S. A., & Marshall, W. L. (1996). Attachment style in sex offenders: A preliminary study. Journal of Sex Research, 33, 17–26.Google Scholar
Ward, T., & Keenan, T. R. (1999). Child molesters’ implicit theories. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 14(8), 821–838.Google Scholar
Ward, T., Mann, R., & Gannon, T. A. (2007). The good lives model of offender rehabilitation: Clinical implications. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 12, 87–107.Google Scholar
Ward, T., Nathan, P., Drake, C. R., Lee, J. K., & Pathé, M. (2000). The role of formulation-based treatment for sexual offenders. Behavior Change, 17, 251–264.Google Scholar
Ward, T., & Siegert, R. J. (2002). Toward a comprehensive theory of child sexual abuse: A theory knitting perspective. Psychology, Crime and Law, 8, 319–351.Google Scholar
Weeks, R., & Widom, C. S. (1998). Self-reports of early childhood victimization among incarcerated adult male felons. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 13, 346–361.Google Scholar
Widom, C. S. (1989). Child abuse, neglect, and adult behavior: Research design and findings on criminality, violence, and child abuse. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 59(3), 355–367.Google Scholar
Widom, C. S., DuMont, K., & Czaja, S. J. A. (2007). Prospective investigation of major depressive disorder and comorbidity in abused and neglected children grown up. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(1), 49–56.Google Scholar
Widom, C. S., & Maxfield, M. G. (2001). An update on the “cycle of violence” (Research in Brief). National Institute of Justice. www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/184894.pdfGoogle Scholar
Williams, F., & Carter, A. J. (2018). Engaging with forensic populations: A biologically informed approach. In Beech, A. R., Carter, A. J., Mann, R. E., & Rothstein, P. (Eds.), The Wiley Blackwell handbook of forensic neuroscience (pp. 577–600). John Wiley.Google Scholar
Williams, K. R., & Grant, S. R. (2006). Empirically examining the risk of intimate partner violence: the Revised Domestic Violence Screening Instrument (DVSI‐R). Public Health Reports, 121, 400–408.Google Scholar
Williams, K. R., & Houghton, A. B. (2004). Assessing the risk of domestic violence reoffending: a validation study. Law and Human Behavior, 28, 437–455.Google Scholar
Willis, G. M., Prescott, D. S., & Yates, P. M. (2017). Application of an integrated Good Lives Model to sexual offending treatment. In Boer, D. P., Marshall, L. E., & Marshall, W. L. (Eds.), Theories, assessment and treatment of sexual offending (Vol. 3, pp. 1355–1386). Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Willis, G. M., Ward, T., & Levenson, J. S. (2014). The good lives model (GLM): An evaluation of GLM operationalization in North American treatment programs. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 26(1), 58–81.Google Scholar
Wood, H. (2013). The nature of the addiction in ‘sex addiction’ and paraphilias. In Browne, M., Hale, R., & Wood, H. (Eds.), Addictive states of mind (pp. 151–174). Karnac.Google Scholar
Wormith, S., Craig, L. A., & Hogue, T. (2020). The Wiley handbook on what works in violence risk management: theory, assessment and treatment. Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Wormith, S. J., Hogg, S., & Guzzo, L. (2012). The predictive validity of a general risk/needs assessment inventory on sexual offender recidivism and an exploration of the professional override. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 39, 1511–1538.Google Scholar
Yates, P. M., Prescott, D., & Ward, T. (2010). Applying the good lives and self-regulation models to sex offender treatment. Safer Society.Google Scholar
Yoon, D., Turner, D., Klein, V., Rettenberger, M., Eher, R., & Briken, P. (2018). Factors predicting desistance from reoffending: A validation study of the SAPROF in sexual offenders. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 62, 697–716.Google Scholar
Zeng, G., Chu, C. M., & Lee, Y. (2015). Assessing protective factors of youth who sexually offended in Singapore: Preliminary evidence on the utility of the DASH-13 and the SAPROF. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 27, 91–108.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×