Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-g7gxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-13T03:41:36.429Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

11 - Authoritarianism

Conceptualisation, Research, and New Developments

from Part II - The Politics of Intergroup Attitudes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 February 2022

By
John Duckitt
Edited by
Danny Osborne  and
Chris G. Sibley
Danny Osborne
Affiliation:
University of Auckland
Chris G. Sibley
Affiliation:
University of Auckland
Get access

Summary

New research emphasises the need to conceptually differentiate authoritarianism on right and left from conventional conservatism and liberalism. It is therefore argued that authoritarianism is best conceptualised as an intolerant and morally absolutist motive to coercively impose particular values, way of life, and social organisation on individuals. Research on likely causes and consequences has thus far focused almost entirely on authoritarianism of the right, and indicates that two distinct dimensions, best captured by Right Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) and Social Dominance Orientation (SDO), have different genetic, dispositional, and situational origins. In addition, despite having broadly similar likely effects on anti-democratic attitudes, prejudice, nationalism, political intolerance, and extremism, they are differently motivated; RWA by perceived threats to safety and security, and SDO by competitive threats to the social hierarchy. Emerging research on LWA also suggests that authoritarianism of both right and left are rooted in similar personal characteristics and have similar effects on attitudes and behaviour.

Keywords

AuthoritarianismRight-Wing AuthoritarianismLeft-Wing AuthoritarianismConservatismSocial Dominance Orientation
Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Handbook of Political Psychology , pp. 177 - 197
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adorno, T., Frenkel-Brunswik, E., Levinson, D., & Sanford, N. (1950). The authoritarian personality. Harper.Google Scholar
Aichholzer, J., & Zandonella, M. (2016). Psychological bases of support for radical right parties. Personality and Individual Differences, 96, 185–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.02.072CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Altemeyer, B. (1981). Right-wing authoritarianism. University of Manitoba Press.Google Scholar
Altemeyer, B. (1996). The authoritarian specter. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Altemeyer, B. (1998). The other ‘authoritarian personality’. In Zanna, M. (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 30, pp. 47–92). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60382-2Google Scholar
Bakker, B. (2017). Personality traits, income, and economic ideology. Political Psychology, 38(6), 1025–1041. https://www.jstor.org/stable/45094406Google Scholar
Bakker, B. N., Schumacher, G., Gothreau, C., & Arceneaux, K. (2020). Conservatives and liberals have similar physiological responses to threats. Nature Human Behaviour, 4(6), 613–621. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-0823-zGoogle Scholar
Berggren, M., Akrami, N., Bergh, R., & Ekehammar, B. (2019). Motivated social cognition and authoritarianism: Is it all about closed-mindedness? Journal of Individual Differences, 40(4), 204–212. https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000293Google Scholar
Boer, D., & Fischer, R. (2013). How and when do personal values guide our attitudes and sociality? Explaining cross-cultural variability in attitude–value linkages. Psychological Bulletin, 139(5), 1113–1147. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031347CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brandt, M., & Crawford, J. (2019). Studying a heterogeneous array of target groups can help us understand prejudice. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 28(3), 292–298. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721419830382CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brandt, M., Reyna, C., Chambers, J., Crawford, J., & Wetherell, G. (2014). The ideological-conflict hypothesis: Intolerance among both liberals and conservatives. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23(1), 27–34. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721413510932Google Scholar
Burger, A., Pfattheicher, S., & Jauch, M. (2020). The role of motivation in the association of political ideology with cognitive performance. Cognition, 195, Article 104124. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2019.104124Google Scholar
Caprara, C., Vecchione, M., & Schwartz, S. (2009). Mediational role of values in linking personality traits to political orientation. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 12(2), 82–94. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-839X.2009.01274.xGoogle Scholar
Carl, N. (2014). Verbal intelligence is correlated with socially and economically liberal beliefs. Intelligence, 44(1), 142–148. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2014.03.005Google Scholar
Cheon, B., & Esposito, G. (2020). Brief exposure to infants activates social and intergroup vigilance. Behavioral Sciences, 10(4), Article 72. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs10040072Google Scholar
Choma, B., & Hanoch, Y. (2017). Cognitive ability and authoritarianism: Understanding support for Trump and Clinton. Personality and Individual Differences, 106, 287–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PAID.2016.10.054Google Scholar
Choma, B., & Hodson, G. (2017). Right-wing ideology: Positive (and negative) relations to threat. Social Cognition, 35(4), 415–432. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2017.35.4.415CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Choma, B., Sumantry, D., & Hanoch, Y. (2019). Right-wing ideology and numeracy: A perception of greater ability, but poorer performance. Judgment and Decision Making, 14(4), 412–422.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Claassen, C. (2020). Does public support help democracy survive? American Journal of Political Science, 64(4), 118–134. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12452Google Scholar
Clifton, J., & Kerry, N. (2020). Conservatives do not see the world as more dangerous and decades of research suggesting otherwise can be explained [Manuscript submitted for publication].Google ScholarPubMed
Cohrs, C., Kielmann, S., Maes, J., & Moschner, B. (2005). Effects of right-wing authoritarianism and threat from terrorism on restriction of civil liberties. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 5(1), 263–276. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-2415.2005.00071.xGoogle Scholar
Conway, L., Houck, S., Gornick, L., & Repke, M. (2018). Finding the Loch Ness monster: Left-wing authoritarianism in the United States. Political Psychology, 39(5), 1049–1069. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12470Google Scholar
Conway, L., & McFarland, J. (2019). Do right-wing and left-wing authoritarianism predict election outcomes? Support for Obama and Trump across two United States presidential elections. Personality and Individual Differences, 138, 84–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.09.033CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Costello, T., Bowes, S., Malka, A., Baldwin, M., & Lilienfeld, S. (2020). Thinking, left and right: Revisiting the rigidity-of-the-right hypothesis [Manuscript submitted for publication].Google Scholar
Costello, T., Bowes, S., Stevens, S., Waldman, I., & Lilienfeld, S. (in press). Clarifying the structure and nature of left-wing authoritarianism [Manuscript submitted for publication].CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crowson, H. (2009). Right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation as mediators of worldview beliefs on attitudes related to the war on terror. Social Psychology, 40(2), 93–103. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335.40.2.93Google Scholar
De Oliveira, P., Guimond, S., & Dambrun, M. (2012). Power and legitimising ideologies in hierarchy-enhancing vs. hierarchy-attenuating environments. Political Psychology, 33(2), 867–885. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2012.00909.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dhont, K., Roets, A., & Van Hiel, A. (2013). The intergenerational transmission of need for closure underlies the transmission of authoritarianism and anti-immigrant prejudice. Personality and Individual Differences, 54(6), 779–784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.12.016CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dhont, K., Van Hiel, A., & Hewstone, M. (2014). Changing the ideological roots of prejudice: Longitudinal effects of ethnic intergroup contact on social dominance orientation. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 17(1), 27–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430213497064CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duckitt, J. (2009). Authoritarianism and dogmatism. In Leary, M. & Hoyle, R. (Eds.), Handbook of individual differences in social behavior (pp. 298–317). Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Duckitt, J., & Fisher, K. (2003). The impact of social threat on worldview and ideological attitudes. Political Psychology, 24(1), 199–222. https://doi.org/10.1111/0162-895X.00322CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duckitt, J., & Sibley, C. G. (2017). The dual process motivational model of prejudice. In Sibley, C. G. and Barlow, F. K. (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of the psychology of prejudice (pp. 188–221). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316161579.009Google Scholar
Duriez, B., Van Hiel, A., & Kossowska, M. (2005). Authoritarianism and social dominance in Western and Eastern Europe: The importance of the sociopolitical context and of political interest and involvement. Political Psychology, 26(2), 299–320. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2005.00419.xGoogle Scholar
Federico, C., & Malka, A. (2018). The contingent, contextual nature of the relationship between needs for security and certainty and political preferences: Evidence and implications. Advances in Political Psychology, 39(S1), 3–48. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12477Google Scholar
Federico, C., Weber, C., Ergun, D., & Hunt, C. (2013). Mapping the connections between politics and morality: The multiple sociopolitical orientations involved in moral intuition. Political Psychology, 34(4), 589–610. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12006Google Scholar
Feldman, S. (2003). Enforcing social conformity: A theory of authoritarianism. Political Psychology, 24(1), 41–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/0162-895X.00316Google Scholar
Feldman, S., & Huddy, L. (2014). Not so simple: The multidimensional nature and diverse origins of political ideology. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 37(3), 312–313. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X13002562Google Scholar
Feldman, S., & Stenner, K. (1997). Perceived threat and authoritarianism. Political Psychology, 18(4), 741–770. https://doi.org/10.1111/0162-895X.00077Google Scholar
Fischer, R., Hanke, K., & Sibley, C. G. (2012). Cultural and institutional determinants of social dominance orientation: A cross-cultural meta-analysis of 27 societies. Political Psychology, 33(4), 437–467. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2012.00884.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Funk, C., Smith, K., Alford, J., et al. (2013). Genetic and environmental transmission of political orientations. Political Psychology, 34(6), 805–819. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2012.00915.xGoogle Scholar
Gaughan, E., Miller, J., & Lynam, D. (2012). Examining the utility of general models of personality in the study of psychopathy: A comparison of the HEXACO-PI-R and NEO PI-R. Journal of Personality Disorders, 26(4), 513–523. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.2012.26.4.513Google Scholar
Guimond, S., Dambrun, M., Michinov, N., & Duarte, S. (2003). Does social dominance generate prejudice? Integrating individual and contextual determinants of intergroup cognitions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 697–721. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.697Google Scholar
Hadarics, M., & Kende, A. (2018). The dimensions of generalized prejudice within the dual-process model: The mediating role of moral foundations. Current Psychology, 37(4), 731–739. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-016-9544-xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hatemi, P., & McDermott, R. (2012). The genetics of politics: Discovery, challenges, and progress. Trends in Genetics, 28(10), 525–533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tig.2012.07.004CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heaven, P., Ciarrochi, J., & Leeson, P. (2011). Cognitive ability, right-wing authoritarianism, and social dominance orientation: A five-year longitudinal study amongst adolescents. Intelligence, 39(1), 15–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2010.12.001Google Scholar
Hetherington, M., & Suhay, E. (2011). Authoritarianism, threat, and Americans’ support for the war on terror. American Journal of Political Science, 55(3), 546–560. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2011.00514.xGoogle Scholar
Hibbing, J., Smith, K., & Alford, J. (2014). Differences in negativity bias underlie variations in political ideology. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 37(3), 297–350. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X13001192CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Houtman, D. (2003). Lipset and ‘working-class’ authoritarianism. The American Sociologist, 34(1), 85–103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12108-003-1008-8Google Scholar
Hufer, A., Kornadt, A., Kandler, C., & Riemann, R. (2020). Genetic and environmental variation in political orientation in adolescence and early adulthood: A nuclear twin family analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 118(4), 762–776. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000258Google Scholar
Hurley, D., & Hurley, M. (2015). Education alone is not the answer: The specter of right-wing authoritarianism for criminal justice majors at three institutions. Journal of Criminal Justice Education, 26(4), 371–389. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511253.2015.1049629Google Scholar
Jackson, L., & Gaertner, L. (2010). Mechanisms of moral disengagement and their differential use by right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation in support of war. Aggressive Behavior, 36(4), 238–250. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.20344Google Scholar
Jost, J., Glaser, J., Kruglanski, A., & Sulloway, F. (2003). Political conservatism as motivated social cognition. Psychological Bulletin, 129(3), 339–375. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.3.339Google Scholar
Jost, J., Sterling, J., & Stern, C. (2017). Getting closure on conservatism, or the politics of epistemic and existential motivation. In Kopetz, C. & Fishbach, A. (Eds), The motivation-cognition interface: From the lab to the real world: A festschrift in honor of Arie W. Kruglanski (pp. 56–87). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315171388_4Google Scholar
Jost, J., Stern, C., Rule, N., & Sterling, J. (2017). The politics of fear: Is there an ideological asymmetry in existential motivation? Social Cognition, 35(4), 324–353. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2017.35.4.324Google Scholar
Jugert, P., & Duckitt, J. (2009). A motivational model of authoritarianism: Integrating personal and situational determinants. Political Psychology, 30(5), 693–719. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41502456Google Scholar
Kahn, D., Björklund, F., & Hirschberger, G. (2020). The intent and extent of collective threats: A data-driven conceptualization of collective threats and their relation to political preferences. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/evxu6Google Scholar
Kandler, C., Bell, E., & Riemann, R. (2016). The structure and sources of right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation. European Journal of Personality, 30(4), 406–420. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2061CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kandler, C., Bleidorn, W., & Riemann, R. (2012). Left or right? Sources of political orientation: The roles of genetic factors, cultural transmission, assortative mating, and personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102(3), 633–645. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025560Google Scholar
Kerry, N., & Murray, D. (2018). Conservative parenting: Investigating the relationships between parenthood, moral judgment, and social conservatism. Personality and Individual Differences, 134, 88–96. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550619853598Google Scholar
Kleppestø, T., Czajkowskia, N., Vassend, O., et al. (2019). Correlations between social dominance orientation and political attitudes reflect common genetic underpinnings. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(36), 17741–17746. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1818711116Google Scholar
Laustsen, L., & Petersen, M. (2016). Winning faces vary by ideology: Nonverbal source cues influence election and communication success in politics. Political Communication, 33(2), 188–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2015.1050565Google Scholar
Laustsen, L., & Petersen, M. (2017). Perceived conflict and leader dominance: Individual and contextual factors behind preferences for dominant leaders. Political Psychology, 38(6), 1083–1101. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12403Google Scholar
Lee, K., Ashton, M. C., Ogunfowora, B., Bourdage, J., & Shin, K.-H. (2010). The personality bases of socio-political attitudes: The role of honesty-humility and openness to experience. Journal of Research in Personality, 44(1), 115–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2009.08.007CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, G. (2018). Early-childhood conduct problems predict economic and political discontent in adulthood: Evidence from two large, longitudinal UK cohorts. Psychological Science, 29(5), 711–722. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797617742159Google Scholar
Lewis, G., & Bates, T. (2018). Higher levels of childhood intelligence predict increased support for economic conservatism in adulthood. Intelligence, 70, 36–41. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797617742159Google Scholar
Ludeke, S., & Rasmussen, S. (2018). Different political systems suppress or facilitate the impact of intelligence on how you vote: A comparison of the U.S. and Denmark. Intelligence, 70, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2018.06.003Google Scholar
Ludeke, S., Tagar, M., & DeYoung, C. (2016). Not as different as we want to be: Attitudinally consistent trait desirability leads to exaggerated associations between personality and sociopolitical attitudes. Political Psychology, 37(1), 125–135. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12221Google Scholar
Malka, A., Letes, Y., & Soto, C. (2019). Are cultural and economic conservatism positively correlated? A large-scale cross-national test. British Journal of Political Science, 49(3), 1045–1069. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123417000072Google Scholar
Miller, S. (2017). Economic threats or societal turmoil? Understanding preferences for authoritarian political systems. Political Behavior, 39(2), 457–478. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-016-9363-7Google Scholar
Nagoshi, J., Terrell, H., & Nagoshi, C. (2007). Changes in authoritarianism and coping in college students immediately after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. Personality and Individual Differences, 43(7), 1722–1732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2007.05.010Google Scholar
Napier, J., & Jost, J. (2008). The ‘antidemocratic personality’ revisited: A cross-national investigation of working-class authoritarianism. Journal of Social Issues, 64(3), 595–617. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2008.00579.xGoogle Scholar
Onraet, E., Van Hiel, A., & Cornelis, I. (2013). Threat and right-wing attitudes: A cross-national approach. Political Psychology, 34(5), 791–803. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43783736CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Onraet, E., Van Hiel, A., De Keersmaecker, J., & Fontaine, J. (2017). The relationship of trait emotional intelligence with right-wing attitudes and subtle racial prejudice. Personality and Individual Differences, 110, 27–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.01.017Google Scholar
Onraet, E., Van Hiel, A., & Dhont, K. (2013). The relationship between right-wing ideological attitudes and psychological wellbeing. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39(4), 509–522. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167213478199CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Onraet, E., Van Hiel, A., Dhont, K., Hodson, G., Schitterkatte, M., & De Pauw, S. (2015). The association of cognitive ability with right-wing ideological attitudes and prejudice: A meta-analytic review. European Journal of Personality, 29(6), 599–622. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2027Google Scholar
Osborne, D., Milojev, P., & Sibley, C. G. (2017). Authoritarianism and national identity: Examining the longitudinal effects of SDO and RWA on nationalism and patriotism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 43(8), 1086–1099. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167217704196Google Scholar
Osmundsen, M., Hendry, D., Laustsen, L., Smith, K., & Petersen, M. (in press). The psychophysiology of political ideology: Replications, reanalysis and recommendations. Journal of Politics. https://doi.org/10.1086/714780Google Scholar
Perry, R., & Sibley, C. G. (2012). Big-Five personality prospectively predicts social dominance orientation and right-wing authoritarianism. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(1), 3–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.08.009Google Scholar
Perry, R., Sibley, C. G., & Duckitt, J. (2013). Dangerous and competitive worldviews: A meta-analysis of their associations with social dominance orientation and right-wing authoritarianism. Journal of Research in Personality, 47(1), 116–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2012.10.004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peterson, M., & Laustsen, L. (2019). Upper-body strength and political egalitarianism: Twelve conceptual replications. Political Psychology, 40(2), 375–393. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12505Google Scholar
Pratto, F., Sidanius, J., Stallworth, L., & Malle, B. (1994). Social dominance orientation: A personality variable predicting social and political attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(4), 741–763. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.67.4.741Google Scholar
Roccato, M., & Ricolfi, L. (2005). On the correlation between right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation. Basic & Applied Social Psychology, 27(3), 187–200. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324834basp2703_1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rokeach, M. (1954). The nature and meaning of dogmatism. Psychological Review, 61(3), 194–204. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0060752Google Scholar
Ruffman, T., Wilson, M., Henry, J., et al. (2016). Age differences in right-wing authoritarianism and their relation to emotion recognition. Emotion, 16(2), 226–236. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000107Google Scholar
Russo, S., Roccato, M., & Mosso, C. (2019). Authoritarianism, societal threat, and preference for antidemocratic political systems. Testing, Psychometrics, Methodology in Applied Psychology, 26(3), 419–429. https://doi.org/10.4473/TPM26.3.7Google Scholar
Šerek, J., & Lomičova, L. (2020). Adolescents’ transitions between different views on democracy: Examining individual-level moderators. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 66(101104), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2019.101104Google Scholar
Shils, E. (1954). Authoritarianism: ‘Right’ and ‘left’. In Christie, R. & Jahoda, M. (Eds.), Studies in the scope and method of ‘the authoritarian personality’ (pp. 24–49). Free Press.Google Scholar
Shook, N., Hopkins, P., & Koech, J. (2016). The effect of intergroup contact on secondary group attitudes and social dominance orientation. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 19(3), 328–342. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430215572266Google Scholar
Sibley, C. G., & Duckitt, J. (2008). Personality and prejudice: A meta-analysis and theoretical review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 12(3), 248–279. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868308319226Google Scholar
Sibley, C. G., & Duckitt, J. (2010). The personality bases of social dominance orientation and right-wing authoritarianism: A one-year longitudinal study. Journal of Social Psychology, 150, 540–559. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224540903365364Google Scholar
Sibley, C. G., & Duckitt, J. (2013). The dual process model of ideology and prejudice: A longitudinal test during a global recession. The Journal of Social Psychology, 153(4), 448–466. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2012.757544Google Scholar
Sidanius, J., Feshbach, S., Levin, S., & Pratto, F. (1997). The interface between ethnic and national attachment: Ethnic pluralism or ethnic dominance? Public Opinion Quarterly, 61(1), 103–133. https://doi.org/10.1086/297789CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sidanius, J., Levin, S., Liu, J., & Pratto, F. (2000). Social dominance orientation, antiegalitarianism, and the political psychology of gender: An extension and cross-cultural replication. European Journal of Social Psychology, 30(1), 41–67. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0992(200001/02)30:1<41::AID-EJSP976>3.0.CO;2-OGoogle Scholar
Stenner, K. (2005). The authoritarian dynamic. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511614712Google Scholar
Stern, C., & Crawford, J. (2020). Ideological conflict and prejudice: An adversarial collaboration examining correlates and ideological (a)symmetries. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 12(1), 42–53. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550620904275Google Scholar
Van Assche, J., Asbrock, F., Dhont, K., & Roets, A. (2018). The diversity challenge for high and low authoritarians: Multilevel and longitudinal effects through intergroup contact and threat. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 44(8), 1163–1179. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167218764653Google Scholar
Van Assche, J., Dhont, K., & Pettigrew, T. (2019). The social‐psychological bases of far‐right support in Europe and the United States. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 29(5), 385–401. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.2407Google Scholar
Van Assche, J., Van Hiel, A., Dhont, K., & Roets, A. (2019). Broadening the individual differences lens on party support and voting behavior: Cynicism and prejudice as relevant attitudes referring to modern-day political alignments. European Journal of Social Psychology, 49(1), 190–199. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2377Google Scholar
Van Hiel, A., De Keersmaecker, J., Onraet, E., Haesevoets, T., Roets, A., & Fontaine, J. (2019). The relationship between emotional abilities and right-wing and prejudiced attitudes. Emotion, 19(5), 917–922. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000497Google Scholar
Van Hiel, A., Duriez, B., & Kossowska, M. (2006). The presence of left-wing authoritarianism in Western Europe and its relationship with conservative ideology. Political Psychology, 27(5), 769–793. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2006.00532.xGoogle Scholar
Van Hiel, A., Onraet, E., Bostyn, D., et al. (2020). A meta-analytic integration of research on the relationship between right-wing ideological attitudes and aggressive tendencies. European Review of Social Psychology, 31(1), 183–221. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463283.2020.1778324Google Scholar
Van Hiel, A., Onraet, E., Crowson, H., & Roets, A. (2016). The relationship between rightwing attitudes and cognitive style: A comparison of self‐ report and behavioural measures of rigidity and intolerance of ambiguity. European Journal of Personality, 30(6), 523–531. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2082Google Scholar
Van Hiel, A., Onraet, E., & De Pauw, S. (2010). The relationship between social‐cultural attitudes and behavioral measures of cognitive style: A meta‐ analytic integration of studies. Journal of Personality, 78(6), 1765–1800. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00669.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Hiel, A., Pandelaere, M., & Duriez, B. (2004). The impact of need for closure on conservative beliefs and racism: Differential mediation by authoritarian submission and authoritarian dominance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(7), 824–837. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167204264333Google Scholar
van Prooijen, J., & Krouwel, A. (2019). Psychological features of extreme political ideologies. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 28(2), 159–163. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721418817755Google Scholar
Vize, C., Lynam, D., Miller, J., & Collison, K. (2018). Differences among dark triad components: A meta-analytic investigation. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research & Treatment, 9(2), 101–111. https://doi.org/10.1037/per0000222Google Scholar
Welzel, C. (2013). Freedom rising: Human empowerment and the quest for emancipation. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139540919Google Scholar
Wilson, G. (1973). A dynamic theory of conservatism. In Wilson, G. (Ed.), The psychology of conservatism (pp. 257–267). Academic.Google Scholar
Zettler, I., Thielmann, I., Hilbig, B., & Moshagen, M. (2020). The nomological net of the HEXACO model of personality: A large-scale meta-analytic investigation. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 15(3), 723–760. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691619895036Google Scholar
Zmigrod, L. (2020). The role of cognitive rigidity in political ideologies: Theory, evidence, and future directions. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 34, 34–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2019.10.016Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×