Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gbm5v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T00:36:45.707Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

20 - The Political Psychology of National Identity

from Part II - The Politics of Intergroup Attitudes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 February 2022

Danny Osborne
Affiliation:
University of Auckland
Chris G. Sibley
Affiliation:
University of Auckland
Get access

Summary

National identity represents one of the most central and defining group identities in the modern world with important implications in everyday life. In the current chapter, we review the extant literature from political psychology on nationhood by considering two key dimensions of national identity: (a) identification and attachment; and (b) its content. First, we explore the vast literature on national identification, and consider two forms of national attachment (patriotism and nationalism) alongside its societal implications. Within this focus, we consider national identification and disidentification and its consequences among majority, minority, and immigrant groups. We then review the political psychology literature on the content and meaning of nationhood by distinguishing between ethnic and civic national character, consider its societal implications, and consider research on implicit and explicit psychological representations of nationhood. We conclude by highlighting some key directions for future research on national identity within political psychology.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anderson, B. (1983). Imagined communities: Reflections on the origins and spread of nationalism. Verso.Google Scholar
Ariely, G. (2012). Globalization, immigration, and national identity: How the level of globalization affects the relations between nationalism, constructive patriotism and attitudes toward immigrants? Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 15(4), 539557. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430211430518Google Scholar
Bar-Tal, D., & Staub, E. (Eds.). (1997). Patriotism: In the lives of individuals and nations. Nelson-Hall Publishers.Google Scholar
Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497529. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497Google Scholar
Baumeister, R. F., Smart, L., & Boden, J. M. (1996). Relation of threatened egotism to violence and aggression: The dark side of high self-esteem. Psychological Review, 103(1), 533. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.103.1.5Google Scholar
Blank, T., & Schmidt, P. (2003). National identity in a united Germany: Nationalism or patriotism? An empirical test with representative data. Political Psychology, 24(2), 289312. https://doi.org/10.1111/0162-895X.00329CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonikowski, B., & DiMaggio, P. (2016). Varieties of American popular nationalism. American Sociological Review, 81(5), 949980. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122416663683Google Scholar
Borgida, E., Federico, C. M., & Sullivan, J. L. (2009). The political psychology of democratic citizenship. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Billig, M. (1995). Banal nationalism. Sage.Google Scholar
Brubaker, R. (2009). Ethnicity, race, and nationalism. Annual Review of Sociology, 35, 2142. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-070308-115916Google Scholar
Butz, D. A., Plant, E., & Doerr, C. E. (2007). Liberty and justice for all? Implications of exposure to the U.S. flag for intergroup relations. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(3), 396408. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167206296299Google Scholar
Cichocka, A. (2016). Understanding defensive and secure ingroup positivity: The role of collective narcissism. European Review of Social Psychology, 27(1), 283317. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463283.2016.1252530Google Scholar
Citrin, J., Johnston, R., & Wright, M. (2012). Do patriotism and multiculturalism collide? Competing perspectives in Canada and the United States. Canadian Journal of Political Science, 45(3), 531552. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008423912000704CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crocker, J., & Park, L. E. (2004). The costly pursuit of self-esteem. Psychological Bulletin, 130(3), 392414. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.130.3.392Google Scholar
Davidov, E. (2009). Measurement equivalence of nationalism and patriotism in the ISSP: 34 countries in a comparative perspective. Political Analysis, 17(1), 6482. https://doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpn014Google Scholar
Davidov, E. (2010). Nationalism and constructive patriotism: A longitudinal test of comparability in 22 countries with the ISSP. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 23(1), 88103. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edq031Google Scholar
De Figueiredo, R. J., & Elkins, Z. (2003). Are patriots bigots? An inquiry into the vices of ingroup pride. American Journal of Political Science, 47(1), 171188. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-5907.00012Google Scholar
de Zavala, A. G., Cichocka, A., Eidelson, R., & Jayawickreme, N. (2009). Collective narcissism and its social consequences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97(6), 10741096. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016904Google Scholar
de Zavala, A. G., Cichocka, A., & Iskra-Golec, I. (2013). Collective narcissism moderates the effect of in-group image threat on intergroup hostility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104(6), 10191039. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032215Google Scholar
Devos, T. (2008). Implicit attitudes 101: Theoretical and empirical insights. In Crano, W. & Prislin, R. (Eds.), Attitudes and attitude change (pp. 6186). Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Devos, T., & Banaji, M. R. (2005). American = White? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(3), 447466. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.88.3.447Google Scholar
Devos, T., Gavin, K., & Quintana, F. J. (2010). Say ‘adios’ to the American dream? The interplay between ethnic and national identity among Latino and Caucasian Americans. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 16(1), 3749. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015868Google Scholar
Devos, T., & Ma, D. S. (2013). How ‘American’ is Barack Obama? The role of national identity in a historic bid for the White House. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43(1), 214226. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12069Google Scholar
Devos, T., Yogeeswaran, K., Milojev, P., & Sibley, C. (2020). Conceptions of national identity and opposition to bicultural policies in New Zealand: A comparison of majority and minority perspectives. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 78, 33–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2020.04.004Google Scholar
Elkins, Z., & Sides, J. (2007). Can institutions build unity in multiethnic states? American Political Science Review, 101(4), 693708. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055407070505Google Scholar
Erikson, E. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. W.W. Norton & Company.Google Scholar
Fox, J., & Miller-Idriss, C. (2008). Everyday nationhood. Ethnicities, 8(4), 536563. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796808088925CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gawronski, B., & Payne, K. (Eds.). (2011). Handbook of implicit social cognition: Measurement, theory, and applications. Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Gellner, E. (1983). Nations and nationalism. Blackwell.Google Scholar
Green, E., Sarrasin, O., Fasel, N., & Staerkle, C. (2011). Nationalism and patriotism as predictors of immigration attitudes in Switzerland: A municipality-level analysis. Swiss Political Science Review, 17(4), 369393. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1662-6370.2011.02030.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenwald, A., & Banaji, M. (1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102(1), 427. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.102.1.4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(6), 14641480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1464CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heath, A., & Roberts, J. (2006). British identity: Its sources and possible implications for civic attitudes and behaviour. University of Oxford.Google Scholar
Hindriks, P., Verkuyten, M., & Coenders, M. (2014). Inter-minority attitudes: The roles of ethnic and national identification, contact, and multiculturalism. Social Psychology Quarterly, 77(1), 5474. https://doi.org/10.1177/0190272513511469Google Scholar
Hogg, M. A. (2007). Uncertainty–identity theory. In Zanna, M. P. (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 39, pp. 69126). Elsevier Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(06)39002-8Google Scholar
Huddy, L., & Del Ponte, A. (2020). National identity, pride, and chauvinism: Their origins and consequences for globalization attitudes. In Gustavsson, G. & Miller, D. (Eds.), Liberal nationalism and empirical questions. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Huddy, L., & Khatib, N. (2007). American patriotism, national identity, and political involvement. American Journal of Political Science, 51(1), 6377. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2007.00237.xGoogle Scholar
Janmaat, J. (2006). Popular conceptions of nationhood in old and new European member states: Partial support for the ethnic-civic framework. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 29(1), 5078. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870500352363CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jasinskaja-Lahti, I., Liebkind, K., & Solheim, E. (2009). To identify or not to identify? National disidentification as an alternative reaction to perceived ethnic discrimination. Applied Psychology, 58(1), 105128. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2008.00384.xGoogle Scholar
Jasinskaja-Lahti, I., Renvik, T. A., Van der Noll, J., Eskelinen, V., Rohmann, A., & Verkuyten, M. (2020). Dual citizenship and perceived loyalty of immigrants. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 23(7), 9961013. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430219872809Google Scholar
Kemmelmeier, M., & Winter, D. (2008). Sowing patriotism, but reaping nationalism? Consequences of exposure to the American flag. Political Psychology, 29(6), 859879. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2008.00670.xGoogle Scholar
Khan, S., Garnett, N., Khazaie, D., Liu, J., & de Zuniga, H. (2020). Opium of the people? National identification predicts well-being over time. British Journal of Social Psychology, 111(2), 200214. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12398Google Scholar
Kjærvik, S. L., & Bushman, B. J. (2021). The link between narcissism and aggression: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 147(5), 477503. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000323CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kohn, H. (1944). The idea of nationalism: A study in its origins and background. Macmillan.Google Scholar
Kosterman, R., & Feshbach, S. (1989). Toward a measure of patriotic and nationalistic attitudes. Political Psychology, 10(2), 257274. https://doi.org/10.2307/3791647Google Scholar
Kunst, J. R., Thomsen, L., & Dovidio, J. F. (2019). Divided loyalties: Perceptions of disloyalty underpin bias toward dually-identified minority-group members. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 117(4), 807838. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000168Google Scholar
Kymlicka, W. (2001). Politics in the vernacular: Nationalism, multiculturalism, and citizenship. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/3654684Google Scholar
Larsen, C. (2017). Revitalizing the ‘civic’ and ‘ethnic’ distinction: Perceptions of nationhood across two dimensions, 44 countries and two decades. Nations and Nationalism, 23(4), 970993. https://doi.org/10.1111/nana.12345Google Scholar
Levanon, A., & Lewin-Epstein, N. (2010). Grounds for citizenship: Public attitudes in comparative perspective. Social Science Research, 39(3), 419431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2009.12.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lubbers, M., & Coenders, M. (2017). Nationalistic attitudes and voting for the radical right. European Union Politics, 18(1), 98118. https://doi.org/10.1177/1465116516678932CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ma, D., & Devos, T. (2014). Every heart beats true, for the red, white and blue: National identity predicts voter support. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 14(1), 2245. https://doi.org/10.1111/asap.12025Google Scholar
Mackie, D., Smith, E., & Ray, D. (2008). Intergroup emotions and intergroup relations. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2(5), 18661880. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00130.xGoogle Scholar
Maliepaard, M., & Verkuyten, M. (2018). National disidentification and minority identity: A study among Muslims in Western Europe. Self & Identity, 17(1), 7591. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2017.1323792CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marcia, J. E. (1966). Development and validation of ego-identity status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3(5), 551558. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0023281Google Scholar
Meeus, J., Duriez, B., Vanbeselaere, N., & Boen, F. (2010). The role of national identity representation in the relation between in-group identification and out-group derogation: Ethnic versus civic representation. British Journal of Social Psychology, 49(2), 305320. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466609X451455CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, D., & Ali, S. (2014). Testing the national identity argument. European Political Science Review, 6(2), 237259. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755773913000088CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mummendey, A., Klink, A., & Brown, R. (2001). Nationalism and patriotism: National identification and out‐group rejection. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40(2), 159172. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466601164740CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nijs, T., Martinovic, B., Verkuyten, M., & Sedikides, C. (2020). ‘This country is OURS’: The exclusionary potential of collective psychological ownership. British Journal of Social Psychology, 60(1), 171195. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12386CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Osborne, D., Milojev, P., & Sibley, C. (2017). Authoritarianism and national identity: Examining the longitudinal effects of SDO and RWA on nationalism and patriotism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 43(8), 10861099. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167217704196Google Scholar
Pehrson, S., Brown, R., & Zagefka, H. (2009). When does national identification lead to the rejection of immigrants? Cross-sectional and longitudinal evidence for the role of essentialist in-group definitions. British Journal of Social Psychology, 48(1), 6176. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466608X288827Google Scholar
Pehrson, S., & Green, E. T. (2010). Who we are and who can join us: National identity content and entry criteria for new immigrants. Journal of Social Issues, 66(4), 695716. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2010.01671.xGoogle Scholar
Pehrson, S., Vignoles, V. L., & Brown, R. (2009). National identification and anti-immigrant prejudice: Individual and contextual effects of national definitions. Social Psychology Quarterly, 72(1), 2438. https://doi.org/10.1177/019027250907200104Google Scholar
Phinney, J., Ferguson, D., & Tate, J. (1997). Intergroup attitudes among ethnic minority adolescents: A causal model. Child Development, 68(5), 955969. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1997.tb01973.xGoogle Scholar
Politi, E., Roblain, A., Gale, J., Licata, L., & Staerkle, C. (2020). If you want to be one of us, then become like us: The evaluation of naturalization applicants by host nationals. European Journal of Social Psychology, 50(4), 839856. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2663Google Scholar
Reeskens, T., & Hooghe, M. (2010). Beyond the civic-ethnic dichotomy: Investigating the structure of citizenship concepts across 33 countries. Nations and Nationalism, 16(4), 579597. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8129.2010.00446.xGoogle Scholar
Reeskens, T., & Wright, M. (2011). Subjective well-being the national satisfaction: Taking seriously the ‘proud of what?’ question. Psychological Science, 22(11), 14601462. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611419673Google Scholar
Reeskens, T., & Wright, M. (2013). Nationalism and the cohesive society: A multilevel analysis of diversity, national identity, and social capital across 27 European societies. Comparative Political Studies, 46(2), 153181. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414012453033Google Scholar
Reicher, S., & Hopkins, N. (2001). Self and nation. Sage.Google Scholar
Reijerse, A., Van Acker, K., Vanbeselaere, N., Phalet, K., & Duriez, B. (2013). Beyond the ethnic-civic dichotomy: Cultural citizenship as a new way of excluding immigrants. Political Psychology, 34(4), 611630. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2012.00920.xGoogle Scholar
Roccas, S., Klar, Y., & Liviatan, I. (2006). The paradox of group-based guilt: Modes of national identification, conflict vehemence, and reactions to ingroup’s moral violations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91(4), 698711. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.91.4.698Google Scholar
Sapountzis, A. (2008). Towards a critical social psychological account of national sentiments: Patriotism and nationalism revisited. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2(1), 3450. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2007.00050.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Satherley, N., Yogeeswaran, K., Osborne, D., & Sibley, C. (2019). Differentiating between pure patriots and nationalistic patriots: A model of national attachment profiles and their sociopolitical attitudes. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 72, 1324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2019.06.005Google Scholar
Schatz, R. T., & Staub, E. (1997). Manifestations of blind and constructive patriotism: Personality correlates and individual-group relations. In Bar-Tal, D. & Staub, E. (Eds.), Patriotism in the lives of individuals and nations (pp. 229245). Nelson-Hall Publishers.Google Scholar
Schildkraut, D. (2007). Defining American identity in the twenty-first century: How much ‘there’ is there? Journal of Politics, 69(3), 597615. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2508.2007.00562.xGoogle Scholar
Schildkraut, D. (2014). Boundaries of American identity: Evolving understandings of ‘us’. Annual Review of Political Science, 17(1), 441460. https://doi.org/annurev-polisci-080812-144642CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SCP. (2019). Denkend aan Nederland [Thinking about the Netherlands]. Social and Cultural Planning Office, The Hague, Netherlands. https://www.scp.nl/publicaties/monitors/2019/06/26/denkend-aan-nederlandGoogle Scholar
Sedikides, C., Gaertner, L., & Cai, H. (2015). On the panculturality of self-enhancement and self-protection motivation: The case for the universality of self-esteem. In Elliot, A. J. (Ed.), Advances in motivation science (Vol. 2, pp. 185241). Elsevier Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.adms.2015.04.002Google Scholar
Shulman, S. (2002). Challenging the civic/ethnic and west/east dichotomies in the study of nationalism. Comparative Political Studies, 35(5), 554585. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414002035005003Google Scholar
Sibley, C. G., & Liu, J. H. (2007). New Zealand = bicultural? Implicit and explicit associations between ethnicity and nationhood in the New Zealand context. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37(6), 12221243. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.459CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simon, B., & Ruhs, D. (2008). Identity and politicization among Turkish migrants in Germany: The role of dual identification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(6), 13541366. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012630Google Scholar
Smeekes, A., & Verkuyten, M. (2015). The presence of the past: Identity continuity and group dynamics. European Review of Social Psychology, 26, 162202. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463283.2015.1112653Google Scholar
Smeekes, A., Verkuyten, M., & Poppe, E. (2012). How a tolerant past affects the present: Historical tolerance and the acceptance of Muslim expressive rights. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38(11), 14101422. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167212450920Google Scholar
Smith, A. D. (1991). National identity. University of Nevada Press.Google Scholar
Smith, A. D. (2001). Nationalism: Theory, ideology, history. Polity Press.Google Scholar
Spiegler, O., Christ, O., & Verkuyten, M. (2021). National identity exploration attenuates the identification-prejudice link. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430221990093Google Scholar
Staerklé, C., Sidanius, J., Green, E. T., & Molina, L. E. (2010). Ethnic minority-majority asymmetry in national attitudes around the world: A multilevel analysis. Political Psychology, 31(4), 491519. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2010.00766.xGoogle Scholar
Stevenson, C., Dixon, J., Hopkins, N., & Luyt, R. (2015). The social psychology of citizenship, participation and social exclusion: Introduction to the special thematic section. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 3(2), 119. https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v3i2.579Google Scholar
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In Austin, W. G. & Worchel, S. (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 3348). Brooks-Cole.Google Scholar
Tamir, Y. (2019). Not so civic: Is there a difference between ethnic and civic nationalism? Annual Review of Political Science, 22(1), 419434. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-022018-024059Google Scholar
Theiss-Morse, E. (2009). Who counts as an American? The boundaries of national identity. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Torgler, B., & Schneider, F. (2007). What shapes attitudes toward paying taxes? Evidence from multicultural European countries. Social Science Quarterly, 88(2), 443470. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6237.2007.00466.xGoogle Scholar
Turner, J., Hogg, M., Oakes, P., Reicher, S., & Wetherell, M. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. Blackwell.Google Scholar
Van Bavel, J., Cichocka, A., Capraro, V., et al. (2021). National identity predicts public health support during a global pandemic: Results from 67 nations. Nature Communications.Google Scholar
Van der Werf, F., Verkuyten, M., & Martinovic, B. (2020). Balancing national and ethno-cultural belonging: State recognition and perceived government performance in Mauritius. International Journal of Sociology, 50(3), 163178. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207659.2020.1726026Google Scholar
Verkuyten, M., & Martinovic, B. (2012). Immigrants’ national identification: Meanings, determinants, and consequences. Social Issues and Policy Review, 6(1), 82112. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-2409.2011.01036.xGoogle Scholar
Verkuyten, M., & Martinovic, B. (2015). Behind the ethnic-civic distinction: Public attitudes toward immigrants’ political rights in the Netherlands. Social Science Research, 53, 3444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2015.05.002Google Scholar
Verkuyten, M., & Martinovic, B. (2016). Dual identity, ingroup projection, and outgroup feelings among ethnic minority groups. European Journal of Social Psychology, 46(1), 112. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2131Google Scholar
Verkuyten, M., & Martinovic, B. (2017). Collective psychological ownership and intergroup relations. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(6), 10211039. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617706514Google Scholar
Verkuyten, M., & Yildiz, A. (2007). National (dis)identification and ethnic and religious identity: A study of Turkish Dutch Muslims. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(10), 14481462. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167207304276Google Scholar
Viki, T., & Calitri, R. (2008). Infrahuman outgroup or suprahuman ingroup: The role of nationalism and patriotism in the infrahumanization of outgroups. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38(6), 10541061. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.495Google Scholar
Wagner, U., Becker, J. C., Christ, O., Pettigrew, T. F., & Schmidt, P. (2012). A longitudinal test of the relation between German nationalism, patriotism, and outgroup derogation. European Sociological Review, 28(3), 319332. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcq066Google Scholar
Wakefield, J. H., Hopkins, N., Cockburn, C., et al. (2011). The impact of adopting ethnic or civic conceptions of national belonging for others’ treatment. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37(12), 15991610. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167211416131Google Scholar
Weiss, H. (2003). Cross-national comparison of nationalism in Austria, Czech, and Slovac Republics, Hungary, and Poland. Political Psychology, 24(2), 377401. https://doi.org/10.1111/0162-895X.00332Google Scholar
Weldon, S. (2006). The institutional context of tolerance for ethnic minorities: A comparative, multilevel analysis of western Europe. American Journal of Political Science, 50(2), 331349. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00187.xGoogle Scholar
Wenzel, M., Mummendey, A., & Waldzus, S. (2008). Superordinate identities and intergroup conflict: The ingroup projection model. European Review of Social Psychology, 18(1), 331372. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463280701728302Google Scholar
Wright, M., Citrin, J., & Wand, J. (2012). Alternative measures of American national identity: Implications for the civic-ethnic distinction. Political Psychology, 33(4), 469482. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2012.00885.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, M., & Reeskens, T. (2013). Of what cloth are the ties that bind? National identity and support for the welfare state across 29 European countries. Journal of European Public Policy, 20(10), 14431463. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2013.800796Google Scholar
Yogeeswaran, K., Afzali, U., Andrews, N., et al. (2019). Exploring New Zealand national identity and its importance for attitudes toward Muslims and support for diversity. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 48(1), 2935. https://www.psychology.org.nz/journal-archive/NZJP-Issue-481.pdfGoogle Scholar
Yogeeswaran, K., & Dasgupta, N. (2010). Will the ‘real’ American please stand up? The effect of implicit national prototypes on discriminatory behavior and judgments. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36(10), 13321345. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167210380928Google Scholar
Yogeeswaran, K., & Dasgupta, N. (2014). Conceptions of national identity in a globalised world: Antecedents and consequences. European Review of Social Psychology, 25(1), 189227. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463283.2014.972081CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yogeeswaran, K., Dasgupta, N., Adelman, L., Eccleston, A., & Parker, M. T. (2011). To be or not to be (ethnic): Public vs. private expressions of ethnic identification differentially impact national inclusion of White and non-White groups. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47(5), 908914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2011.03.010Google Scholar
Yogeeswaran, K., Dasgupta, N., & Gomez, C. (2012). A new American dilemma? The effect of ethnic identification and public service on the national inclusion of ethnic minorities. European Journal of Social Psychology, 42(6), 691705. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.1894Google Scholar
Zagefka, H., & Brown, R. (2002). The relationship between acculturation strategies, relative fit and intergroup relations: Immigrant-majority relations in Germany. European Journal of Social Psychology, 32(2), 171188. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.73Google Scholar
Zimmermann, L., Zimmermann, K., & Constant, A. (2007). Ethnic self-identification of first- generation immigrants. International Migration Review, 41(3), 769781. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27645692Google Scholar
Zou, L. X., & Cheryan, S. (2017). Two axes of subordination: A new model of racial position. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 112(5), 696717. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000080Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×