Book contents
- The Cambridge Handbook of Psychology and Legal Decision-Making
- Cambridge Handbooks in Psychology
- The Cambridge Handbook of Psychology and Legal Decision-Making
- Copyright page
- Dedication
- Contents
- Figures
- Tables
- Editors
- Contributors
- Part I Introduction Chapters
- Part II Pretrial Phase Decision-Making
- Part III Trial Phase Decision-Making
- Part IV Postconviction Phase Decisions
- Part V Other Legal Decision-Making
- Part VI Perspectives from the Field
- Part VII Conclusion
- Index
- References
Part I - Introduction Chapters
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 22 February 2024
Book contents
- The Cambridge Handbook of Psychology and Legal Decision-Making
- Cambridge Handbooks in Psychology
- The Cambridge Handbook of Psychology and Legal Decision-Making
- Copyright page
- Dedication
- Contents
- Figures
- Tables
- Editors
- Contributors
- Part I Introduction Chapters
- Part II Pretrial Phase Decision-Making
- Part III Trial Phase Decision-Making
- Part IV Postconviction Phase Decisions
- Part V Other Legal Decision-Making
- Part VI Perspectives from the Field
- Part VII Conclusion
- Index
- References
Summary
A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2024
References
References
Galanter, M. (2004). The Vanishing trial: An examination of trials and related matters in Federal and State courts. Journal of Empirical Legal Studies, 1(3), 459–570.Google Scholar
United States Sentencing Commission. (2017). 2017 Sourcebook of Federal sentencing statistics. The Commission.Google Scholar
References
Arenella, P. (1983). Rethinking the functions of criminal procedure. The Warren and Burger Courts’ competing ideologies. Georgetown Law Journal, 72(2), 185–248.Google Scholar
Braithwaite, J. (1999). Restorative justice: Assessing optimistic and pessimistic accounts. Crime & Justice, 25, 1–127. https://doi.org/10.1086/449287.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brookbanks, W. (2001). Therapeutic jurisprudence: Conceiving an ethical framework. Journal of Law & Medicine, 8(3), 328–341. https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/agispt.20010938.Google Scholar
Burns, J. (2014). A restorative justice model for mental health courts. Southern California Review of Law & Social Justice, 23(3), 427–455.Google Scholar
Bushnell, S. (2017). Bob Dylan’s Workingman’s Blues #2 – The definitive interpretation … The Medium, Jan. 2. https://medium.com/@Chingachgook/bob-dylans-workingman-s-blues-2-the-definitive-interpretation-6f9b7b3c6915.Google Scholar
Butcher, M. (2003). Using mediation to remedy civil rights violations when the defendant is not an intentional perpetrator: The problems of unconscious disparate treatment and unjustified disparate impacts. Hamline Journal of Public Law & Policy, 24(2), 225–292.Google Scholar
Conway, E. A. (2011). Ineffective assistance of counsel: How Illinois has used the “prejudice” prong of Strickland to lower the floor on performance when defendants plead guilty. Northwestern University Law Review, 105(4), 1707–1737.Google Scholar
Cucolo, H. E., & Perlin, M. L. (2013). “They’re planting stories in the press”: The impact of media distortions on sex offender law and policy. University of Denver Criminal Law Review, 3, 185–246.Google Scholar
Cucolo, H. E., & Perlin, M. L. (2019). “The strings in the books ain’t pulled and persuaded”: How the use of improper statistics and unverified data corrupts the judicial process in sex offender cases. Case Western Law Reserve, 69(3), 637–667.Google Scholar
Daicoff, S. (2009). Collaborative law: A new tool for the lawyer’s toolkit. University of Florida Journal of Law & Public Policy, 20(1), 113–145.Google Scholar
Dancig-Rosenberg, H., & Gal, T. (2013). Restorative criminal justice. Cardozo Law Review, 34(6), 2313–2346.Google Scholar
Des Rosiers, N. (2000). From Québec veto to Québec secession: The evolution of the Supreme Court of Canada on Québec-Canada disputes. Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence, 13(2), 171–183. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0841820900000382.Google Scholar
Dickie, I. (2008). Ethical dilemmas, forensic psychology, and therapeutic jurisprudence. Thomas Jefferson Law Review, 30(2), 455–461.Google Scholar
Duncan v. Louisiana, 391 U.S. 145 (1968).Google Scholar
Erez, E. (2004). Victim voice, impact statements and sentencing: Integrating restorative justice and therapeutic jurisprudence principles in adversarial proceedings. Criminal Law Bulletin, 40(5), 483–500.Google Scholar
Finkel, N. J. (2000). But it’s not fair! Commonsense notions of unfairness. Psychology, Public Policy & Law, 6(4), 898–950. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8971.6.4.898.Google Scholar
Fisler, C. (2015). When research challenges policy and practice: Toward a new understanding of mental health courts. Judges’ Journal, 54(2), 8–13.Google Scholar
Fraser, S. (2017). A cloak of many philosophies: Restorative justice, therapeutic jurisprudence, and family empowerment in Aotearoa New Zealand’s youth justice system. International Journal of Therapeutic Jurisprudence, 2(2), 157–193.Google Scholar
Freckelton, I. (2008). Therapeutic jurisprudence misunderstood and misrepresented: The price and risks of influence. Thomas Jefferson Law Review, 30(2), 575–595.Google Scholar
Fritzler, R. (2003). How one misdemeanor mental health court incorporates therapeutic jurisprudence, preventive law, and restorative justice. In Moore, J. (Ed.), Management and administration of correctional health care: Policy, practice, administration (pp. 14-1 to 14-20). Civic Research Institute.Google Scholar
Gabbay, Z. D. (2005). Justifying restorative justice: A theoretical justification for the use of restorative justice practices. Journal of Dispute Resolution, 2(2), 349–397.Google Scholar
Gal, T. (2020). Restorative justice myopia. International Journal of Restorative Justice, 3(3), 341–355. https://doi.org/10.5553/IJRJ.000051.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gal, T., & Shidlo-Hezroni, V. (2011). Restorative justice as therapeutic jurisprudence: The case of child victims. In Erez, E, Kilching, M., & Wemmers, J. (Eds.), Therapeutic jurisprudence and victim participation in justice (pp. 139–168). Carolina Academic Press.Google Scholar
Gallagher, J. M., & Ashford, J. B. (2021). Perceptions of legal legitimacy in veterans treatment courts: A test of a modified version of procedural justice theory.Law & Human Behavior, 45(2), 152–163.https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000441.Google Scholar
Garner, S. G., & Hafemeister, T. L. (2003). Restorative justice, therapeutic jurisprudence, and mental health courts: Finding a better means to respond to offenders with a mental disorder. Developments in Mental Health Law, 22(2), 1–15.Google Scholar
Garrity-Rokous, G., & Brescia, R. H. (1993). Procedural justice and human rights: Towards a procedural jurisprudence for human rights tribunals. Yale Journal of International Law, 18(2), 559–605.Google Scholar
Gelb, K. (2019). Understanding family violence in the court: Applying a TJ lens to courtroom research. In Stobbs, N., Bartels, L., & Vols, M. (Eds.), The methodology of therapeutic jurisprudence (pp. 273–286). Carolina Academic Press.Google Scholar
Hafemeister, T. L., Garner, S. G., & Bath, V. E. (2012). Forging links and renewing ties: Applying the principles of restorative and procedural justice to better respond to criminal offenders with a mental disorder. Buffalo Law Review, 60(1), 147–223.Google Scholar
Harris, A. P. (2011). Heteropatriarchy kills: Challenging gender violence in a prison nation. Washington University Journal of Law & Policy, 37, 13–65.Google Scholar
Hollander-Blumoff, R. (2011). The psychology of procedural justice in the federal courts. Hastings Law Journal, 63(1), 127–178.Google Scholar
Johnsen, P., & Robertson, E. (2016). Protecting, restoring, improving: Incorporating therapeutic jurisprudence and restorative justice concepts into civil domestic violence cases. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 164(6), 1557–1585.Google Scholar
Jones, M. D. (2012). Mainstreaming therapeutic jurisprudence into the traditional courts: Suggestions for judges and practitioners. Phoenix Law Review, 5(4), 753–775.Google Scholar
Kahler v. Kansas, 140 S. Ct. 1021 (2020).Google Scholar
Kim, M. (2013). Give me back my big gulp! The constitutionality of obesity regulations under the due process clause. Tennessee Law Review, 80(4), 847–881.Google Scholar
Kitai-Sangero, R. (2016). Plea bargaining as dialogue. Akron Law Review, 49(1), 63–89.Google Scholar
Kondo, L. (2001). Advocacy of the establishment of mental health specialty courts in the provision of therapeutic justice for mentally ill offenders. American Journal of Criminal Law, 28(3), 255–336.Google Scholar
Lamparello, A. (2009). Incorporating the procedural justice model into federal sentencing jurisprudence in the aftermath of United States v. Booker: Establishing United States Sentencing Courts. NYU Journal of Law & Liberty, 4(1), 112–137.Google Scholar
Lanni, A. (2021). Taking restorative justice seriously. Buffalo Law Review, 69(3), 635–681.Google Scholar
Lassiter v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 452 U.S. 18 (1981).Google Scholar
Leben, S. (2020). Getting it right isn’t enough: The appellate court’s role in procedural justice. University of Kansas Law Review, 69(1), 13–44.Google Scholar
Loi, Y., & Chin, S. (2021). Therapeutic justice – What it means for the family justice system in Singapore. Family Court Review, 59(3), 423–440. https://doi.org/10.1111/fcre.12587.Google Scholar
Lynch, A. J., Perlin, M. L., & Cucolo, H. E. (2021). “My bewildering brain toils in vain”: Traumatic brain injury, the criminal trial process, and the case of Lisa Montgomery. Rutgers Law Review, 74(1), 215–270.Google Scholar
Marder, I. D., & Wexler, D. B. (2021). Mainstreaming restorative justice and therapeutic jurisprudence through higher education. University of Baltimore Law Review, 50(3), 399–423.Google Scholar
Mather, L. (2008). Law and society. In Whittington, K. E., Kelemen, R. D., & Calderira, G. A., (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of law and politics (pp. 681–697). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
O’Hear, M. M. (2009). Explaining sentences. Florida State University Law Review, 36(3), 459–486.Google Scholar
Perlin, M. L. (1994). The sanist lives of jurors in death penalty cases: The puzzling role of mitigating mental disability evidence. Notre Dame Journal and Law, Ethics & Public Policy, 8(1), 239–279.Google Scholar
Perlin, M. L. (1997a). “Make promises by the hour”: Sex, drugs, the ADA, and psychiatric hospitalization. DePaul Law Review, 46(4), 947–985.Google Scholar
Perlin, M. L. (1997b). “The borderline which separated you from me”: The insanity defense, the authoritarian spirit, the fear of faking, and the culture of punishment. Iowa Law Review, 82(5), 1375–1426.Google Scholar
Perlin, M. L. (1999). “Half-wracked prejudice leaped forth”: Sanism, pretextuality, and why and how mental disability law developed as it did. Journal of Contemporary Legal Issues, 10, 3–36.Google Scholar
Perlin, M L. (2000). A law of healing. University of Cincinnati Law Review, 68(2), 407–433.Google Scholar
Perlin, M. L. (2003). “She breaks just like a little girl”: Neonaticide, the insanity defense, and the irrelevance of ordinary common sense. William & Mary Journal of Women & Law, 10(1), 1–31.Google Scholar
Perlin, M. L. (2005). “And my best friend, my doctor/ won’t even say what it is I’ve got”: The role and significance of counsel in right to refuse treatment cases. San Diego Law Review, 42(2), 735–754.Google Scholar
Perlin, M. L. (2009). “His brain has been mismanaged with great skill”: How will jurors respond to neuroimaging testimony in insanity defense cases. Akron Law Review, 42(3), 885–916.Google Scholar
Perlin, M. L. (2010). “Too stubborn to ever be governed by enforced insanity”: Some therapeutic jurisprudence dilemmas in the representation of criminal defendants in incompetency and insanity cases. International Journal of Law & Psychiatry, 33(5–6), 475–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2010.09.017.Google Scholar
Perlin, M. L. (2013). A prescription for dignity: Rethinking criminal justice and mental disability law. Ashgate.Google Scholar
Perlin, M. L. (2016). “Your corrupt ways had finally made you blind”: Prosecutorial misconduct and the use of “ethnic adjustments” in death penalty cases of defendants with intellectual disabilities. American University Law Review, 65(6), 1437–1459.Google Scholar
Perlin, M. L. (2017). “God said to Abraham/Kill me a son”: Why the insanity defense and the incompetency status are compatible with and required by the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and basic principles of therapeutic jurisprudence. American Criminal Law Review, 54(2), 477–519.Google Scholar
Perlin, M. L. (2018a). “Who will judge the many when the game is through?”: Considering the profound differences between mental health courts and “traditional” involuntary civil commitment courts. Seattle University Law Review, 41(3), 937–963.Google Scholar
Perlin, M. L. (2018b). “Your road is/rapidly agin’”: International human rights standards and their impact on forensic psychologists, the practice of forensic psychology, and the conditions of institutionalization of persons with mental disabilities. Washington University Global Studies Law Review, 17(1), 79–111.Google Scholar
Perlin, M. L. (2019). Dignity and therapeutic jurisprudence: How we can best end shame and humiliation. In Chowdhury, C., Britton, M., & Hartling, L. (Eds.), Human dignity: practices, discourses and transformations (pp. 113–124). Human Dignity Press.Google Scholar
Perlin, M. L. (2020). “Deceived me into thinking/I had something to protect”: A therapeutic jurisprudence analysis of when multiple experts are necessary in cases in which fact-finders rely on heuristic reasoning and “ordinary common sense.” Law Journal of Social Justice, 13, 88–120.Google Scholar
Perlin, M. L. (2022). “In these times of compassion when conformity’s in fashion”: How therapeutic jurisprudence can root out bias, limit polarization and support vulnerable persons in the legal process. Texas A&M Law Review, 11, (Winter), pp. 219–268. Draft accessible at https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3961674.Google Scholar
Perlin, M. L., & Cucolo, H. E. (2016; spring 2023 update). Mental disability law: Civil and criminal. Lexis Law Publishing.Google Scholar
Perlin, M. L., & Cucolo, H. E. (2017). “Tolling for the aching ones whose wounds cannot be nursed”: The marginalization of racial minorities and women in institutional mental disability law. Journal of Gender, Race & Justice, 20(3), 431–458.Google Scholar
Perlin, M. L., & Cucolo, H. E. (2021). “Something’s happening here/But you don’t know what it is”: How jurors (mis)construe autism in the criminal trial process. University of Pittsburgh Law Review, 82(3), 585–623.Google Scholar
Perlin, M. L., Cucolo, H. E. & Lynch, A. J. (2019). A TJ approach to mental disability rights research: On sexual autonomy and sexual offending. In Stobbs, N., Bartels, L., & Vols, M. (Eds.), The methodology of therapeutic jurisprudence (pp. 129–148). Carolina Academic Press.Google Scholar
Perlin, M. L., Dorfman, D. A., & Weinstein, N. M. (2018). “On desolation row”: The blurring of the borders between civil and criminal mental disability law, and what it means for all of us. Texas Journal on Civil Liberties & Civil Rights, 24(1), 59–117.Google Scholar
Perlin, M. L., Gould, K. K., & Dorfman, D. A. (1995). Therapeutic jurisprudence and the civil rights of institutionalized mentally disabled persons: Hopeless oxymoron or path to redemption? Psychology, Public Policy & Law, 1(1), 80–119. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8971.1.1.80.Google Scholar
Perlin, M. L., Harmon, T. R. & Chatt, S. (2019). “A world of steel-eyed death”: An empirical evaluation of the failure of the Strickland standard to ensure adequate counsel to defendants with mental disabilities facing the death penalty. University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, 53(2), 261–336.Google Scholar
Perlin, M. L. & Lynch, A. J. (2014). “All his sexless patients”: Persons with mental disabilities and the competence to have sex. Washington Law Review, 89(2), 257–300.Google Scholar
Perlin, M. L. & Lynch, A. J. (2016). “Mr. bad example”: Why lawyers need to embrace therapeutic jurisprudence to root out sanism in the representation of persons with mental disabilities. Wyoming Law Review, 16(2), 299–323.Google Scholar
Perlin, M. L. & Lynch, A. J. (2021). “Some mother’s child has gone astray”: Neuroscientific approaches to a therapeutic jurisprudence model of juvenile sentencing. Family Court Review, 59(3), 478–484. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3729503.Google Scholar
Perlin, M. L., Lynch, A. J. & McClain, V. R. (2019). “Some things are too hot to touch”: Competency, the right to sexual autonomy, and the roles of lawyers and expert witnesses. Touro Law Review, 35(1), 405–434.Google Scholar
Perlin, M. L. & Weinstein, N. M. (2016). “Said I, ‘but you have no choice’”: Why a lawyer must ethically honor a client’s decision about mental health treatment even if it is not what s/he would have chosen. Cardozo Public Law, Policy & Ethics Journal, 15(1), 73–116.Google Scholar
Perlmutter, B. P. (2005). George’s story: Voice and transformation through the teaching and practice of therapeutic jurisprudence in a law school child advocacy clinic. St. Thomas Law Review, 17(3), 561–621.Google Scholar
Petrucci, C. J. (2021). If we measure it, they will come: A realist evaluation approach in a therapeutic jurisprudence context. Family Court Review, 59(3), 521–533. https://doi.org/10.1111/fcre.12592.Google Scholar
Petrila, J. (1993). Paternalism and the unrealized promise of essays in therapeutic jurisprudence. New York Law School Journal of Human Rights, 10(3), 877–905.Google Scholar
Poulson, B. (2003). A third voice: A review of empirical research on the psychological outcomes of restorative justice. Utah Law Review, 2003(3), 167–203.Google Scholar
Quintanilla, V. D. (2017). Human-centered civil justice design. Penn State Law Review, 121(3), 745–906.Google Scholar
Ronner, A. D., (2008). The learned-helpless lawyer: Clinical legal education and therapeutic jurisprudence as antidotes to Bartleby Syndrome. Touro Law Review, 24(4), 601–696.Google Scholar
Schulhofer, S. J., Tyler, T. R., & Huq, A. Z. (2011). American policing at a crossroads: Unsustainable policies and the procedural justice alternative. Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology, 101(2), 335–374.Google Scholar
Sellers, B. G., & Arrigo, B. A. (2009). Adolescent transfer, developmental maturity, and adjudicative competence: An ethical and justice policy inquiry. Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology, 99(2), 435–487.Google Scholar
Sellers, B. G., & Arrigo, B. A. (2018). Virtue jurisprudence and the case of zero-tolerance discipline in US public education policy: An ethical and humanistic critique of captivity’s laws. New Criminal Law Review, 21(4), 514–544.Google Scholar
Shapira, O. (2008). Joining forces in search for answers: The use of therapeutic jurisprudence in the realm of mediation ethics. Pepperdine Dispute Resolution Journal, 8(2), 243–272.Google Scholar
Shea, H. J. (2020). Restorative justice, law, and healing. University of St. Thomas Law Journal, 17(1), 1–7.Google Scholar
Simon, J., & Rosenbaum, S. (2015). Dignifying madness: Rethinking commitment law in an age of mass incarceration. University of Miami Law Review, 70(1), 1–52.Google Scholar
Slobogin, C. (1995). Therapeutic jurisprudence: Five dilemmas to ponder. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 1(1), 193–219.Google Scholar
Stobbs, N. (2019). Therapeutic jurisprudence as theoretical and applied research. In Stobbs, N., Bartels, L., & Vols, M. (Eds.), The methodology of therapeutic jurisprudence (pp. 29–58). Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press.Google Scholar
Stobbs, N., Bartels, L., & Vols, M. (2019). Therapeutic jurisprudence: A strong community and maturing discipline. In Stobbs, N., Bartels, L., & Vols, M. (Eds.), The methodology of therapeutic jurisprudence (pp. 15–28). Carolina Academic Press.Google Scholar
Triggs, T., & Sharp, J. (2018). Restorative justice in the Northern Territory: The future is looking bright for a pre-sentence conferencing revolution. International Journal of Therapeutic Jurisprudence, 3(1), 175–197.Google Scholar
Tyler, T. R. (1992). The psychological consequences of judicial procedures: Implications for civil commitment hearings. SMU Law Review, 46(2), 433–445.Google Scholar
Tyler, T. R., & Lind, E. A. (2001). Procedural justice. In Sanders, J & Hamilton, V. L (Eds.), Handbook of justice research in law (pp. 65–92). Springer Books.Google Scholar
Tyler, T. R., & Huo, Y. (2002). Trust in the law: Encouraging public cooperation with the police and courts. Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Welsh, D. (2011). Procedural justice post-9/11: The effects of procedurally unfair treatment of detainees on perceptions of global legitimacy. University of New Hampshire Law Review, 9(2), 261–296.Google Scholar
Wexler, D. B. (1993). Therapeutic jurisprudence and changing concepts of legal scholarship. Behavioral Sciences & Law, 11(1), 17–29. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.2370110103.Google Scholar
Wexler, D. B. (2014). New wine in new bottles: The need to sketch a therapeutic jurisprudence “code” of proposed criminal processes and practices. Arizona Summit Law Review, 7(3), 463–479.Google Scholar
Wexler, D. B. (2015). Moving forward on mainstreaming therapeutic jurisprudence: An ongoing process to facilitate the therapeutic design and application of the law. Therapeutic Jurisprudence: New Zealand Perspectives v (Warren Brookbanks ed., 2015), Arizona Legal Studies Discussion Paper, 15-10).Google Scholar
Wexler, D. B. (2016). Guiding court conversation along pathways conductive to rehabilitation: Integrating procedural justice and therapeutic jurisprudence. International Journal of Therapeutic Jurisprudence, 1, 367–372.Google Scholar
Wexler, D. B. (2019). The DNA of therapeutic jurisprudence. In Stobbs, N., Bartels, L., & Vols, M. (Eds.), The methodology of therapeutic jurisprudence (pp. 3–14). Carolina Academic Press.Google Scholar
Wexler, D. B. (April 16, 2020). Law reform the TJ way: Integrating the therapeutic design and application of the law (power points presented to the UK chapter of the International Society for Therapeutic Jurisprudence, University of Plymouth (UK) [on file with author].Google Scholar
Wexler, D. B., & Margetic, S. M. (Nov. 27, 2021). Overcoming myopia in RJ and TJ. The ISTJ Blog, accessible at https://mainstreamtj.com/2021/11/27/overcoming-myopia-in-rj-and-tj/.Google Scholar
Wexler, D. B., & Winick, B. J. (1991). Therapeutic jurisprudence as a new approach to mental health law policy analysis and research. University of Miami Law Review, 45, 979–1004.Google Scholar
Winick, B. J. (2003). Outpatient commitment: A therapeutic jurisprudence analysis. Psychology, Public Policy & Law, 9(1–2), 107–144. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8971.9.1-2.107.Google Scholar
Winick, B. J., & Wexler, D. B. (2006). The use of therapeutic jurisprudence in law school clinical education: Transforming the criminal law clinic. Clinical Law Review, 13(1), 605–632.Google Scholar
Yamada, D. C. (2021). Teaching therapeutic jurisprudence. University of Baltimore Law Review, 50(3), 425–464.Google Scholar
References
Abshire, J., & Bornstein, B. H. (2003). Juror sensitivity to the cross-race effect. Law and Human Behavior, 27(5), 471–480. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1025481905861.Google Scholar
ACLU. (2022). Mapping attacks on LGBTQ rights in US state legislatures. www.aclu.org/legislation-affecting-lgbtq-rights-across-country.Google Scholar
Alexander, M. (2010). The new Jim Crow: Mass incarceration in the age of colorblindness. The New Press.Google Scholar
Anderson, L. A., O’Brien Caughy, M., & Owen, M. T. (2021). “The talk” and parenting while Black in America: Centering race, resistance, and refuge. Journal of Black Psychology, 48(3–4), 475–506. https://doi.org/10.1177/00957984211034294.Google Scholar
Armenta, A., & Vega, I. I. (2017). Latinos and the crimmigration system. Sociology of Crime, Law and Deviance, 22, 221–236. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1521-613620170000022017.Google Scholar
Baumgartner, F. R., Epp, D. A., & Shoub, K. (2018). Suspect citizens: What 20 million traffic stops tell us about policing and race. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bostock v. Clayton County, 590 ___ (Supreme Court 2020).Google Scholar
Bottoms, B. L., Peter‐Hagene, L. C., Stevenson, M. C., et al. (2014). Explaining gender differences in jurors’ reactions to child sexual assault cases. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 32(6), 789–812. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.2147.Google Scholar
Bowers, W. J., Brewer, T. W., & Sandys, M. (2004). Crossing racial boundaries: A closer look at the roots of racial bias in capital sentencing when the defendant is black and the victim is white. DePaul Law Review, 53(4), 1497–1538.Google Scholar
Bowers, W. J., Steiner, B. D., & Sandys, M. (2001). Death sentencing in black and white: An empirical analysis of the role of jurors’ race and jury racial composition. University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law, 3, 171–274.Google Scholar
Bradbury, M. D., & Williams, M. R. (2013). Diversity and citizen participation: The effect of race on juror decision making. Administration & Society, 45(5), 563–582. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095399712459729.Google Scholar
Brassel, S. T., Davis, T. M., Jones, M. K., et al. (2020). The importance of intersectionality for research on the sexual harassment of Black queer women at work. Translational Issues in Psychological Science, 6(4), 383–391. https://doi.org/10.1037/tps0000261.Google Scholar
Caravelis, C., Chiricos, T., & Bales, W. (2011). Static and dynamic indicators of minority threat in sentencing outcomes: A multi-level analysis. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 27(4), 405–425. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-011-9130-1.Google Scholar
Carson, E. A. (2021). Prisoners in 2020 – Statistical tables (NCJ 302776). Bureau of Justice Statistics. https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/p20st.pdf.Google Scholar
Catalyst. (2020). Women in the Workforce: United States. www.catalyst.org/research/women-in-the-workforce-united-states/Google Scholar
Clair, M. (2020). Privilege and punishment: How race and class matter in criminal court. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Crenshaw, K. W. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A Black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory, and antiracist politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 1989, 139–167.Google Scholar
Davis, A. Y., Dent, G., Meiners, E. R., & Richie, B. E. (2022). Abolition. Feminism. Now. Haymarket Books.Google Scholar
Delgado, R., & Stefancic, J. (2017). Critical race theory: An introduction (3rd ed.). New York University Press.Google Scholar
Desmond, M., & Western, B. (2018). Poverty in America: New directions and debates. Annual Review of Sociology, 44, 305–318. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-060116-053411.Google Scholar
Devine, D. J., & Caughlin, D. E. (2014). Do they matter? A meta-analytic investigation of individual characteristics and guilt judgments. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 20(2), 109–134. https://doi.org/10.1037/law0000006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dobbs v. Jackson’s Women’s Health Organization, 597 ___ (Supreme Court 2022).Google Scholar
Edkins, V. A. (2011). Defense attorney plea recommendations and client race: Does zealous representation apply equally to all? Law and Human Behavior, 35(5), 413–425. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10979-010-9254-0.Google Scholar
Eubanks, V. (2018). Automating inequality: How high-tech tools profile, police, and punish the poor. Picador.Google Scholar
Frase, R. S. (2019). Forty years of American sentencing guidelines: What have we learned? Crime and Justice, 48, 79–129. https://doi.org/10.1086/701503.Google Scholar
Freiburger, T. L., & Sheeran, A. M. (2020). The joint effects of race, ethnicity, gender, and age on the incarceration and sentence length decisions. Race and Justice, 10(2), 203–222. https://doi.org/10.1177/2153368717739676.Google Scholar
Glaser, J., Martin, K. D., & Kahn, K. B. (2015). Possibility of death sentence has divergent effect on verdicts for Black and White defendants. Law and Human Behavior, 39(6), 539–546. https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000146.Google Scholar
Gonzalez Van Cleve, N. (2016). Crook county: Racism and injustice in America’s largest criminal court. Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Goodman, J. D. (2022, March 11, 2022). How medical care for transgender youth became “child abuse” in Texas. New York Times. www.nytimes.com/2022/03/11/us/texas-transgender-youth-medical-care-abuse.html?searchResultPosition=7.Google Scholar
Goodwin, M. (2020). Policing the womb: Invisible women and the criminalization of motherhood. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Herek, G. M., & McLemore, K. A. (2013). Sexual prejudice. Annual Review of Psychology, 64, 309–333. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143826.Google Scholar
Hoekstra, M. S., & Sloan, C. W. (2022). Does race matter for police use of force? Evidence from 911 calls. American Economic Review, 112(3), 827–860. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20201292.Google Scholar
Hunt, J. S. (2021, May). Documenting racial bias: The gap between experimental and archival research on criminal verdicts and sentencing. [Paper presentation]. Law and Society Association, virtual meeting.Google Scholar
Hunt, J. S. (2023). Injustice in the courtroom: How race and ethnicity affect legal outcomes. In DeMatteo, D. & Scherr, K. (Eds.), Oxford handbook of psychology and law (Vol. 2, pp. 742–765). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hunt, J. S., Jenkins, B., & LeGrand, A. (2022, March). A terrible loss or a crime? How mock jurors think about the criminalization of miscarriage. American Psychology-Law Society.Google Scholar
Johnson, J. D., Adams, M. S., Hall, W., & Ashburn, L. (1997). Race, media, and violence: Differential racial effects of exposure to violent news stories. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 19(1), 81–90. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324834basp1901_6.Google Scholar
Johnson, S. L. (2020). The influence of Latino ethnicity on the imposition of the death penalty. Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 16, 421–431. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-042220-111211.Google Scholar
Kahn, K. B., & Davies, P. G. (2017). What influences shooter bias? The effects of suspect race, neighborhood, and clothing on decisions to shoot. Journal of Social Issues, 73(4), 723–743. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12245.Google Scholar
Kahn, K. B., Steele, J. S., McMahon, J. M., & Stewart, G. (2017). How suspect race affects police use of force in an interaction over time. Law and Human Behavior, 41(2), 117–126. https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000218.Google Scholar
Kang, J., Bennett, M., Carbado, D., et al. (2012). Implicit bias in the courtroom. UCLA Law Review, 59, 1124–1186.Google Scholar
King, R. D., & Light, M. T. (2019). Have racial and ethnic disparities in sentencing declined? Crime & Justice, 48, 365–437. https://doi.org/10.1086/701505.Google Scholar
Kirk, D. S., & Wakefield, S. (2018). Collateral consequences of punishment: A critical review and path forward. Annual Review of Criminology, 1, 171–194. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-criminol-032317-092045.Google Scholar
Koch, A. J., D’Mello, S. D., & Sackett, P. R. (2015). A meta-analysis of gender stereotypes and bias in experimental simulations of employment decision making. Journal of Applied Psychology, 100(1), 128–161. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036734.Google Scholar
Kurlychek, M. C., & Johnson, B. D. (2019). Cumulative disadvantage in the American criminal justice system. Annual Review of Criminology, 2, 291–319. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-criminol-011518-024815.Google Scholar
Lawrence III, C. R. (1987). The id, the ego, and equal protection: Reckoning with unconscious racism. Stanford Law Review, 39, 317–388. https://doi.org/10.2307/1228797.Google Scholar
Lehmann, P. S., & Gomez, A. I. (2021). Split sentencing in Florida: Race/ethnicity, gender, age, and the mitigation of prison sentence length. American Journal of Criminal Justice: AJCJ, 46(2), 345–376. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-020-09550-4.Google Scholar
Levinson, J. D., Smith, R. J., & Young, D. M. (2014). Devaluing death: An empirical study of implicit racial bias on jury-eligible citizens in six death penalty states. New York University Law Review, 89, 513–581.Google Scholar
Levinson, J. D., & Young, D. M. (2010). Different shades of bias: Skin tone, implicit racial bias, and judgments of ambiguous evidence. West Virginia Law Review, 112, 307–350.Google Scholar
Lynch, M., & Haney, C. (2009). Capital jury deliberation: Effects on death sentencing, comprehension, and discrimination. Law and Human Behavior, 33(6), 481–496. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10979-008-9168-2.Google Scholar
Lynch, M., & Haney, C. (2011). Mapping the racial bias of the white male capital juror: Jury composition and the “empathic divide.” Law & Society Review, 45(1), 69–102. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5893.2011.00428.x.Google Scholar
Ma, D. S., Correll, J., Wittenbrink, B., et al. (2013). When fatigue turns deadly: The association between fatigue and racial bias in the decision to shoot. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 35(6), 515–524. https://doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2013.840630.Google Scholar
Maeder, E. M., Yamamoto, S., & McManus, L. A. (2015). Race salience in Canada: Testing multiple manipulations and target races. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 21(4), 442–451. https://doi.org/10.1037/law0000057.Google Scholar
Martinez, B. P., Petersen, N., & Omori, M. (2020). Time, money, and punishment: Institutional racial-ethnic inequalities in pretrial detention and case outcomes. Crime and Delinquency, 66(6–7), 837–863. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128719881600.Google Scholar
Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission, 584 ___ (Supreme Court 2017).Google Scholar
McCormick-Huhn, K., Warner, L. R., Settles, I. H., & Shields, S. A. (2019). What if psychology took intersectionality seriously? Changing how psychologists think about participants. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 43(4), 445–456. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684319866430.Google Scholar
Mekawi, Y., & Bresin, K. (2015). Is the evidence from racial bias shooting task studies a smoking gun? Results from a meta-analysis. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 61, 120–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2015.08.002.Google Scholar
Mekawi, Y., Bresin, K., & Hunter, C. D. (2019). Dehumanization of African-Americans influences racial shooter biases. Race and Social Problems, 11(4), 299–307. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12552-019-09267-y.Google Scholar
Mitchell, T. L., Haw, R. M., Pfeifer, J. E., & Meissner, C. A. (2005). Racial bias in mock juror decision-making: A meta-analytic review of defendant treatment. Law and Human Behavior, 29(6), 621–637. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10979-005-8122-9.Google Scholar
Movement Advancement Project. (2022). Identity document laws and policies. www.lgbtmap.org/equality-maps/identity_document_laws/birth_certificate.Google Scholar
New York Civil Liberties Union. (2019). Stop-and-frisk in the de Blasio era. www.nyclu.org/sites/default/files/field_documents/20190314_nyclu_stopfrisk_singles.pdf.Google Scholar
Nosek, B. A., Smyth, F. L., Hansen, J. J., et al. (2007). Pervasiveness and correlates of implicit attitudes and stereotypes. European Review of Social Psychology, 18, 36–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463280701489053.Google Scholar
O’Brien, B., & Grosso, C. M. (2020). Criminal trials and reforms intended to reduce the impact of race: A review. Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 16, 117–130. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-042020-111040.Google Scholar
O’Brien, B., Grosso, C. M., Woodworth, G., & Taylor, A. (2016). Untangling the role of race in capital charging and sentencing in North Carolina. North Carolina Law Review, 94, 1997–2045.Google Scholar
Obergefell v. Hodges, 576 644 (Supreme Court 2015).Google Scholar
Page, J., & Scott-Hayward, C. S. (2022). Bail and pretrial justice in the United States: A field of possibility. Annual Review of Criminology, 5(1), 91–113. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-criminol-030920-093024.Google Scholar
Peck, J. H. (2015). Minority perceptions of the police: A state-of-the-art review. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 38(1), 173–203. https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-01-2015-0001.Google Scholar
Phelan, J. E., & Rudman, L. A. (2010). Prejudice toward female leaders: Backlash effects and women’s impression management dilemma. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 4(10), 807–820. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00306.x.Google Scholar
Quinn, E. A., Skinner‐Dorkenoo, A. L., & Wages III, J. E. (2021). Affective disgust predicts blame for gay male homicide victims. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 51(11), 1049–1060. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12820.Google Scholar
Redlich, A. D., Bibas, S., Edkins, V. A., & Madon, S. (2017). The psychology of defendant plea decision making. American Psychologist, 72(4), 339–352. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0040436.Google Scholar
Rehavi, M. M., & Starr, S. B. (2014). Racial disparity in federal criminal sentences. Journal of Political Economy, 122(6), 1320. https://doi.org/10.1086/677255.Google Scholar
Roe v. Wade, 410 113 (Supreme Court 1973).Google Scholar
Rotundo, M., Nguyen, D.-H., & Sackett, P. R. (2001). A meta-analytic review of gender differences in perceptions of sexual harassment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(5), 914–922. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.5.914.Google Scholar
Saguy, A. C., & Rees, M. E. (2021). Gender, power, and harassment: Sociology in the #MetToo era. Annual Review of Sociology, 47, 417–435. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-090320-031147.Google Scholar
Salerno, J. M. (2021). The impact of experienced and expressed emotion on legal factfinding. Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 17(1), 181–203. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-021721-072326.Google Scholar
Salerno, J. M., Kulak, K., Smalarz, L., et al. (2023). The role of social desirability and establishing non-racist credentials on mock juror decisions about Black defendants. Law and Human Behavior, 47(1), 100–118. https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000496.Google Scholar
Salerno, J. M., Peter-Hagene, L. C., & Jay, A. C. V. (2019). Women and African Americans are less influential when they express anger during group decision making. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 22(1), 57–79. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430217702967.Google Scholar
Salter, P. S., Adams, G., & Perez, M. J. (2018). Racism in the structure of everyday worlds: A cultural-psychological perspective. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 27(3), 150–155. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721417724239.Google Scholar
Schlesinger, T. (2011). The failure of race neutral policies: How mandatory terms and sentencing enhancements contribute to mass racialized incarceration. Crime & Delinquency, 57(1), 56–81. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128708323629.Google Scholar
Semel, E., Downard, D., Tolman, E., et al. (2020). Whitewashing the jury box: How California perpetuates the discriminatory exclusion of Black and Latinx jurors. www.law.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Whitewashing-the-Jury-Box.pdfGoogle Scholar
Shatz, S. F., Pierce, G. L., & Radelet, M. L. (2020). Race, ethnicity, and the death penalty in San Diego County: The predictable consequences of excessive discretion. Columbia Human Rights Law Review, 51, 1070–1098.Google Scholar
Shaw, E. V., Lynch, M., Laguna, S., & Frenda, S. J. (2021). Race, witness credibility, and jury deliberation in a simulated drug trafficking trial. Law and Human Behavior, 45(3), 215–228. https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000449.Google Scholar
Skorinko, J. L., & Spellman, B. A. (2013). Stereotypic crimes: How group-crime associations affect memory and (sometimes) verdicts and sentencing. Victims & Offenders, 8(3), 278–307. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2012.755140.Google Scholar
Sommers, S. R., & Ellsworth, P. C. (2001). White juror bias: An investigation of prejudice against Black defendants in the American courtroom. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 7(1), 201–229. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8971.7.1.201.Google Scholar
Steffensmeier, D., Ulmer, J., & Kramer, J. (1998). The interaction of race, gender, and age in criminal sentencing: The punishment cost of being young, Black and male. Criminology, 36(4), 763–797. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1998.tb01265.x.Google Scholar
Thuma, E. L. (2019). All our trials: Prisons, policing, and the feminist fight to end violence. University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Ulmer, J. T., & Konefal, K. (2019). Sentencing the other: Punishment of Latinx defendants. UCLA Law Review, 66, 1716–1761.Google Scholar
Welch, K. (2007). Black criminal stereotypes and racial profiling. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 23(3), 276–288. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043986207306870.Google Scholar
Yamamoto, S., & Maeder, E. M. (2017). Defendant and juror race in a necessity case: An ultimate attribution error. Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice, 15(3), 270–284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15377938.2017.1347542.Google Scholar
References
Abrams, D. S., Bertrand, M. & Mullainathan, S. (2012). Do judges vary in their treatment of race? The Journal of Legal Studies, 41(2), 347–383.Google Scholar
Ashcroft v. Iqbal (2009), 556 US 662.Google Scholar
Barden, J., Maddux, W. W., Petty, R. E., & Brewer, M. B. (2004). Contextual moderation of racial bias: The impact of social roles of controlled and automatically activated attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 5–22. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.87.1.5.Google Scholar
Bennett, M. W. (2017). The implicit racial bias in sentencing: The next frontier. Yale Law Journal: Forum, 126, 391–405.Google Scholar
Boyd, C. L. (2016). Representation on the courts? The effects of trial judges’ sex and race. Political Research Quarterly, 69(4), 788–799. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912916663653.Google Scholar
Boyd, C. L., Epstein, L. & Martin, A. D. (2010). Untangling the causal effects of sex on judging. American Journal of Political Science, 54(3), 389–411. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00437.x.Google Scholar
Breyer, S. B. (2021). The authority of the court and the peril of politics. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Bystranowski, P., Janik, B., Próchnicki, M., & Skórska, P. (2021). Anchoring effect in legal decision-making: A meta-analysis. Law and Human Behavior, 45(1), 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000438.Google Scholar
Cantone, J. A. & Wiener, R. L. (2017). Religion at work: Evaluating hostile work environment religious discrimination claims. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 23(3), 351–366. https://doi.org/10.1037/law0000132.Google Scholar
Casey, P., Warren, R. K., Cheesman II, F. L., & Elek, J. K. (2012). Helping courts address implicit bias. National Center for State Courts. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.259.1089&rep=rep1&type=pdf.Google Scholar
Chew, P. K. & Kelley, R. E. (2009). Myth of the color-blind judge: An empirical analysis of racial harassment cases. Washington University Law Review, 86(5), 1117–1166.Google Scholar
Chew, P. K. & Kelley, R. E. (2012). The realism of race in judicial decision making: An empirical analysis of plaintiffs’ race and judges’ race. Harvard Journal on Racial & Ethnic Justice, 28, 91–115.Google Scholar
Clarke, J. A. (2018). Explicit bias. Northwestern University Law Review, 113(3), 505–586.Google Scholar
Cox, A. B. & Miles, J. (2008). Judging the voting rights act. Columbia Law Review, 108(1), 1–54.Google Scholar
D’Ailly, H. H., Murray, H. G., & Corkill, A. (1995) Cognitive effects of self-referencing. Continuing Educational Psychology, 20(1), 88–113. https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.1995.1005.Google Scholar
Dasgupta, N. & Greenwald, A. G. (2001). On the malleability of automatic attitudes: Combating automatic prejudice with images of admired and disliked individuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(5), 800–814. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.81.5.800.Google Scholar
Dasgupta, N. & Rivera, L. M. (2006). From automatic antigay prejudice to behavior: The moderating role of conscious beliefs about gender and behavioral control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91(2), 268–280.Google Scholar
Devine, P. G., Forscher, P. S., Austin, A. J., & Cox, W. T. (2012). Long-term reduction in implicit race bias: A prejudice habit-breaking intervention. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48(6), 1267–1278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2012.06.003Google Scholar
Donald, B. B., Rachlinski, J., & Wistrich, A. J. (2020). Mindfulness and judging. Judicature 104(3): 75–80Google Scholar
Drápal, J. & Pina-Sánchez, J. (2022). What is the value of judicial experience? Exploring judge trajectories using longitudinal data. Justice Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2022.2051585.Google Scholar
Eberhardt, J. L. (2016). Strategies for change: Research initiatives and recommendations to improve police-community relations in Oakland, Calif. Stanford University, SPARQ: Social Psychological Answers to Real-world Questions. https://sparq.stanford.edu/strategies-for-change.Google Scholar
Eberhardt, J. L. (2019). Biased: Uncovering the hidden prejudice that shapes what we see, think, and do. Viking.Google Scholar
Edwards, C. P. & Miller, M. K. (2019). An assessment of judges’ self-reported experiences of secondary traumatic stress. Juvenile & Family Court Journal, 70(2), 7–29.Google Scholar
Farhang, S. & Wawro, G. (2004). Institutional dynamics on the US Courts of Appeals: Minority representation under panel decision making. Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, 20(2), 299–330.Google Scholar
Fogel, J. (2021). Judicial decision-making and civic education. Judicature, 105(2), 21–28. https://judicature.duke.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Fogel-et-al-Summer-2021.pdf.Google Scholar
Forscher, P. S., Lai, C. K., Axt, J. R., et al. (2019). A meta-analysis of procedures to change implicit measures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 117(3), 522–559. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000160.Google Scholar
Forscher, P. S., Mitamura, C., Dix, E. L., Cox, W. T. L., & Devine, P. G. (2017). Breaking the values of judicial independence, Judicature, 105(2), 21–28.Google Scholar
Gigerenzer, G., Herwig, R., & Pachur, T. (2011). Heuristics: The foundations of adaptive behavior. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Glaser, J. & Knowles, E. D. (2008). Implicit motivation to control prejudice, Experimental Social Psychology 44(1), 164–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2007.01.002.Google Scholar
Glynn, A. N. & Sen, M. (2015). Identifying judicial empathy: Does having daughters cause judges to rule for women’s issues? American Journal of Political Science 59(1): 37–54.Google Scholar
Green, T. L. & Haiwara, M. (2020). The problem with implicit bias training. Scientific American, August 28. www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-problem-with-implicit-bias-training/.Google Scholar
Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(6), 1464–1480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1464.Google Scholar
Greenwald, A. G., Poehlman, T. A., Uhlmann, E. L., & Banaji, M. R. (2009). Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: III. Meta-analysis of predictive validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97(1), 17–41. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015575.Google Scholar
Guthrie, C., Rachlinksi, J. R., & Wistrich, A. J. (2001). Inside the judicial mind. Cornell Law Review, 86, 777–830.Google Scholar
Guthrie, C., Rachlinski, J. R., & Wistrich, A. J. (2007). Blinking on the bench: How judges decide cases. Cornell Law Review, 93(1), 1–43.Google Scholar
Guthrie, C., Rachlinski, J. R., & Wistrich, A. J. (2009). The “hidden judiciary”: An empirical examination of executive branch justice. Duke Law Journal, 58, 1477–1530.Google Scholar
Harris, A. P. (2019). Can racial diversity among judges affect sentencing outcomes? Working paper, Yale University. www.allisonpharris.com/uploads/1/0/7/3/107342067/harris_divsent-4-2019.pdf.Google Scholar
Harris, A. P., & Sen, M. (2019). Bias and judging. Annual Review of Political Science, 22(1), 241–259. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-051617-090650.Google Scholar
Johnson, L. P. Q., Harner, M., & Cantone, J. A. (2012). Gender and securities law in the Supreme Court. Women’s Rights Law Reporter, 33, 1–42.Google Scholar
Kahneman, D., & Frederick, S. (2002). Representativeness revisited: Attribute substitution in intuitive judgment. In Gilovich, T., Griffin, D. & Kahneman, D. (Eds.), Heuristics and biases (pp. 49–81). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511808098.004.Google Scholar
Kahneman, D., Sibony, O. & Sunstein, C. R. (2021). Noise: A flaw in human judgment. Little Brown, Spark.Google Scholar
Kaiser, C. R., Major, B., Jurcevic, I., et al. (2013). Presumed fair: Ironic effects of organizational diversity structures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104(3), 504–519. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030838.Google Scholar
Kang, J., Bennett, M., Carbado, D., et al. (2012). Implicit bias in the courtroom. UCLA Law Review, 59, 1124–1186.Google Scholar
Kirshenbaum, J. M. & Miller, M. K. (2020). Judges’ experiences with mitigating jurors’ implicit biases. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 28(5), 683–693. https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2020.1837029.Google Scholar
Kurdi, B., Seitchik, A. E., Axt, J. R., et al. (2018). Relationship between the Implicit Association Test and intergroup behavior: A meta-analysis. The American Psychologist, 74(5), 569–586. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000364.Google Scholar
Lai, C. K., Marini, M., Lehr, S. A., et al. (2014). Reducing implicit racial preferences: I. A comparative investigation of 17 interventions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143(4), 1765–1785. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036260.Google Scholar
Lai, C. K., Skinner, A. L., Cooley, E., et al. (2016). Reducing implicit racial preferences: II. Intervention effectiveness across time. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 145(8), 1001–1016. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000179.Google Scholar
Lerner, J. S., Li, Y., Valdesolo, P., & Kassam, K. S. (2015). Emotion and decision making. Annual Review of Psychology, 66: 799–823. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115043.Google Scholar
Levinson, J. D., Bennett, M. W., & Hioki, K. (2017). Judging implicit bias: A national empirical study of judicial stereotypes. Florida Law Review, 69(1), 63, 68–69.Google Scholar
Liptak, A. (2010, April 3). At 89, Stevens contemplates law, and how to leave it. The New York Times. www.nytimes.com/2010/04/04/us/04stevens.html.Google Scholar
Maroney, T. A. (2011). Emotional regulation and judicial behavior. California Law Review, 99(6), 1485–1556.Google Scholar
Maroney, T. A. (2013). Judges and their emotions. Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly, 64(1), 11–24.Google Scholar
Maroney, T. A. (2020). What we talk about when we talk about judicial temperament. Boston College Law Review, 61(6), 2085–2153.Google Scholar
Neal, T. M. S., Lienert, P., Denne, E., & Singh, J. P. (2022). A general model of cognitive bias in human judgment and systematic review specific to forensic mental health. Law and Human Behavior, 46(2), 99–120. https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000482.Google Scholar
Nørretranders, T. (1999). The user illusion: Cutting consciousness down to size. Penguin Press.Google Scholar
Office of Workplace Relations, United States Courts for the Ninth Circuit. (2019). www.ca9.uscourts.gov/workplace/director-of-workplace-relations/.Google Scholar
Onyeador, I. N., Hudson, S. T. J., & Lewis, N. A. (2021). Moving beyond implicit bias training: Policy insights for increasing organizational diversity. Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 8(1): 19–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/2372732220983840.Google Scholar
Oswald, F. L., Mitchell, G., Blanton, H., Jaccard, J., & Tetlock, P. E. (2013). Predicting ethnic and racial discrimination: A meta-analysis of IAT Criterion Studies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 105(2), 171–173. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032734.Google Scholar
Paluck, E. L. & Green, D. P. (2009). Prejudice reduction: What works? A critical look at evidence from the field and the laboratory. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 339–367. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163607.Google Scholar
Peer, E., & Gamliel, E. (2013). Heuristics and biases in judicial decisions. Court Review: The Journal of the American Judges Association, 49(2), 114.Google Scholar
Pettigrew, T. F. & Tropp, L. (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(5), 751–783. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.751.Google Scholar
Pronin, E., Lin, D. Y., & Ross, L. (2002). The bias blind spot: Perceptions of bias in self versus others. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(3), 369–381. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167202286008.Google Scholar
Rachlinski, J. J., Guthrie, C., & Wistrich, A. J. (2006). Inside the bankruptcy judge’s mind. Boston University Law Review, 86(5), 1227.Google Scholar
Rachlinski, J. J., Guthrie, C., & Wistrich, A. J. (2015). Can judges make reliable numeric judgments? Distorted damages and skewed sentences. Indiana Law Review, 90, 6.Google Scholar
Rachlinski, J. J., Johnson, S. L., Wistrich, A. J., & Guthrie, C. (2009). Does unconscious bias affect trial judges? Notre Dame Law Review, 84, 1195–1197.Google Scholar
Rees, L., Rothman, N. B., Lehavy, R., & Sanchez-Burks, J. (2013). The ambivalent mind can be a wise mind: Emotional ambivalence increases judgment accuracy. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49, 360–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2012.12.017.Google Scholar
Roberts, A. (2016). Reclaiming the importance of the defendant’s testimony: Prior conviction impeachment and the fight against implicit stereotyping. University of Chicago Law Review, 83(2), 835–891.Google Scholar
Root, D., Faleschini, J., & Oyenubi, G. (2019, October 3). Building a more inclusive federal judiciary. www.americanprogress.org/article/building-inclusive-federal-judiciary/.Google Scholar
Schmader, T., Dennehy, T. C., & Baron, A. S. (2022). Why antibias interventions (need not) fail. Perspectives on Psychological Science 17(5), 1381–1403. https://doi.org/10.1177/17456916211057565.Google Scholar
Simon, D. (1998). Psychological model of judicial decision making. Rutgers Law Journal, 30(1), 1–142.Google Scholar
Spencer, A. B. (2020). Pleading conditions of the mind: Rule 9(b) rightly understood. Cardozo Law Review, 41, 1015–1056.Google Scholar
Staats, C., Capatosto, K., Tenney, L., & Mamo, S. (2017). State of the Science: Implicit Bias Review. Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race and Ethnicity. https://kirwaninstitute.osu.edu/implicit-bias-module-series; https://kirwaninstitute.osu.edu/research/state-science-reports.Google Scholar
Steffensmeier, D. & Britt, C. (2001). Judge’s race and judicial decision making: Do black judges sentence differently? Social Science Quarterly, 82(4): 749–765. https://doi.org/10.1111/0038-4941.00057.Google Scholar
Sunstein, C. R. (2005). Moral heuristics. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 28(4), 531–542. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.387941.Google Scholar
Swensen, D. L. P., Bibelhausen, J. D., Buchanan, B., Shaheed, D., & Yetter, K. (2020). Stress and resiliency in the US judiciary. Journal of the Professional Lawyer, 1–65. www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/administrative/professional_responsibility/journal-of-the-professional-lawyer-2020.pdf.Google Scholar
Thornburg, E. (2019). (Un)Conscious judging. Washington and Lee University Law Review, 76(4), 1567–1665.Google Scholar
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science, 185(4157), 1124–1131. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.185.4157.1124.Google Scholar
Uhlmann, E. L., & Cohen, G. L. (2007). “I think it, therefore it’s true”: Effects of self-perceived objectivity on hiring discrimination. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 104(2), 207–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2007.07.001.Google Scholar
Vitriol, J. A. & Moskowitz, G. B. (2021). Reducing defensive responding to implicit bias feedback: On the role of perceived moral threat and efficacy to change. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 96(8), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2021.104165.Google Scholar
Vuletich, H. A. & Payne, B. J. (2019). Stability and change in implicit bias. Psychological Science, 30, 854–862. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797619844270.Google Scholar
Wistrich, A. J., Guthrie, C., & Rachlinski, J. J. (2005). Can judges ignore inadmissible information? The difficulty of deliberately disregarding. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 153, 1251–1345.Google Scholar
Wistrich, A. J., & Rachlinski, J. J. (2017). Implicit bias sin judicial decision making: How it affects judgment and what judges can do about it. In Redfield, S. (Ed.), Enhancing justice: reducing bias (pp. 87–130). American Bar Association, Judicial Division.Google Scholar
Zimmerman, I. M. (2000). Isolation in the judicial career. Court Review [online], Winter, 406. http://louisianajlap.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/IsolationintheJudicialCareer.pdf.Google Scholar