The Cambridge Handbook of Research Methods and Statistics for the Social and Behavioral Sciences Volume 2: Performing Research
Book contents
- The Cambridge Handbook of Research Methods and Statistics for the Social and Behavioral Sciences
- Cambridge Handbooks in Psychology
- The Cambridge Handbook of Research Methods and Statistics for the Social and Behavioral Sciences
- Copyright page
- Dedication
- Contents
- Figures
- Tables
- Contributors
- Preface
- Part I Quantitative Data Collection Sources
- 1 Student Samples in Research
- 2 Mechanical Turk: A Versatile Tool in the Behavioral Scientist’s Toolkit
- 3 Social Media Research
- 4 Prolific: Crowdsourcing Academic Online Research
- 5 Field Research
- 6 Organizational Research
- 7 Integrating Culture in Research
- 8 Mixed Methods and Multimethod Research
- Part II Important Methodological Considerations
- Part III Self-Report Measures
- Part IV Behavioral Measures
- Part V Physiological Measures
- Part VI Qualitative Data Collection Sources
- Index
- References
7 - Integrating Culture in Research
from Part I - Quantitative Data Collection Sources
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 12 December 2024
Book contents
- The Cambridge Handbook of Research Methods and Statistics for the Social and Behavioral Sciences
- Cambridge Handbooks in Psychology
- The Cambridge Handbook of Research Methods and Statistics for the Social and Behavioral Sciences
- Copyright page
- Dedication
- Contents
- Figures
- Tables
- Contributors
- Preface
- Part I Quantitative Data Collection Sources
- 1 Student Samples in Research
- 2 Mechanical Turk: A Versatile Tool in the Behavioral Scientist’s Toolkit
- 3 Social Media Research
- 4 Prolific: Crowdsourcing Academic Online Research
- 5 Field Research
- 6 Organizational Research
- 7 Integrating Culture in Research
- 8 Mixed Methods and Multimethod Research
- Part II Important Methodological Considerations
- Part III Self-Report Measures
- Part IV Behavioral Measures
- Part V Physiological Measures
- Part VI Qualitative Data Collection Sources
- Index
- References
Summary
All social and behavioral sciences research is conducted within a cultural context. This chapter highlights the role of culture in research, focusing on important ethical and methodological considerations. It is important to explicitly define culture when conducting culturally focused research and to include researchers with significant knowledge of a cultural context as partners in identifying ethical concerns, designing research studies, and contextualizing research findings. We identify a number of ethical concerns that are foundational to the design of cultural research and yet are rarely included in research training, such as recognizing power differences, developing awareness of local sensitivities and vulnerabilities, identifying appropriate review boards to evaluate and oversee culturally focused research, and considering elements of consent when working with diverse populations. We discuss the importance of operationalizing culture, translating words, methods, or constructs across cultures, specific considerations associated with identifying and recruiting participants, and collecting and analyzing data. Although explicitly identified as cross-cultural concerns, we argue that considering these issues is important for all researchers working in human sciences.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- The Cambridge Handbook of Research Methods and Statistics for the Social and Behavioral SciencesVolume 2: Performing Research, pp. 140 - 162Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2024
References
Abbasi, G., Zadeh, S. S., Janfaza, E., Assemi, A., & Dehghan, S. S. (2012). Language, translation, and culture. International Conference on Language, Medias and Culture, 33(2), 83–87.Google Scholar
Adams, G., Dobles, I., Gómez, L. H., Kurtiş, T., & Molina, L. E. (2015). Decolonizing psychological science: Introduction to the special thematic section. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 3, 213–238. https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v3i1.564CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adams, V., Miller, S., Craig, S., Sonam, , Nyima, , Droyoung, , et al. (2007). Informed consent in cross-cultural perspective: Clinical research in the Tibetan Autonomous Region, PRC. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 31, 445–472. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11013-007-9070-2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Akaliyski, P., Welzel, C., Bond, M. H., & Minkov, M. (2021). On “nationology”: The gravitational field of national culture. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 52(8–9), 1–23. http://doi.org/10.1177/00220221211044780CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arnett, J. J. (2008). The neglected 95%: Why American psychology needs to become less American. American Psychologist, 63(7), 602–614. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0003-066X.63.7.602CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ashdown, B. K., Dixe, A., & Talmage, C. A. (2021). The potentially damaging effects of developmental aid and voluntourism on cultural capital and well-being. International Journal of Community Well-Being, 4(1), 113–131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42413-020-00079-2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barrett, H. C. (2020). Deciding what to observe: Thoughts for a post-WEIRD generation. Evolution and Human Behavior, 41(5), 445–453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2020.05.006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berry, J. W. (1999). Emics and etics: A symbiotic conception. Culture & Psychology, 5(2), 165–171. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354067X9952004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berry, J. W. (2013). Global psychology. South African Journal of Psychology, 43(4), 391–401. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0081246313504517CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boehnke, K., Lietz, P., Schreier, M., & Wilhelm, A. (2011). Sampling: The selection of cases for culturally comparative psychological research. In Matsumoto, & van de Vijver, (pp. 101–129).Google Scholar
Bou Zeineddine, F., Saab, R., Lášticová, B., Kende, A., & Ayanian, A. H. (2021). “Some uninteresting data from a faraway country”: Inequity and coloniality in international social psychological publication. Journal of Social Issues, 78(2), 320–345. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12481CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brislin, R. W. (1970). Back-translation for cross-cultural research. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1(3), 185–216. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F135910457000100301CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brislin, R. W., & Freimanis, C. (2001). Back-translation: A tool for cross-cultural research. In Sin-Wai, C. & Pollard, D. E. (eds.), An Encyclopedia of Translation (pp. 22–40). Chinese University Press.Google Scholar
Broesch, T., Crittenden, A. N., Beheim, B. A., Blackwell, A. D., Bunce, J. A., Colleran, H., et al. (2020). Navigating cross-cultural research: Methodological and ethical considerations. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 287(1935), 20201245. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.1245CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Broesch, T., Lew-Levy, S., Kärtner, J., Kanngiesser, P., & Kline, M. A. (2022). A roadmap to doing culturally grounded developmental science [Unpublished manuscript].CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brouwers, S. A., van Hemert, D. A., Breugelmans, S. M., & van de Vijver, F. J. R. (2004). A historical analysis of empirical studies published in the Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 1970–2004. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 35(3), 251–262. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022022104264121CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burton, M., & Kagan, C. (2005). Liberation social psychology: Learning from Latin America. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 15(1), 63–78. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.786CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cha, E.-S., Kim, K. H., & Erlen, J. A. (2007). Translation of scales in cross-cultural research: Issues and techniques. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 58(4), 386–395. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04242.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cheon, B. K., Melani, I., & Hong, Y. (2020). How USA-centric is psychology? An archival study of implicit assumptions of generalizability of findings to human nature based on origins of study samples. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 11(7), 928–937. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550620927269CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheung, F. M., van de Vijver, F. J. R., & Leong, F. T. L. (2011). Toward a new approach to the study of personality in culture. American Psychologist, 66(7), 593–603. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0022389CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2000). Assessing extreme and acquiescence response sets in cross-cultural research using structural equations modeling. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 31(2), 187–212. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022100031002003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clancy, K. B. H., & Davis, J. L. (2019). Soylent is people, and WEIRD is white: Biological anthropology, whiteness, and the limits of WEIRD. Annual Review of Anthropology, 48, 169–186. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-102218-01133CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, M. J. (2012). Cross-cultural research, challenge and competence. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 18(s2), 28–37. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-172X.2012.02026.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davidov, E., Meuleman, B., Cieciuch, J., Schmidt, P., & Billiet, J. (2014). Measurement equivalence in cross-national research. Annual Review of Sociology, 40, 55–75. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-071913-043137CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davies, S. E. H. (2020). The introduction of research ethics review procedures at a university in South Africa: Review outcomes of a social science research ethics committee. Research Ethics, 16(1–2), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747016119898408CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diener, E., & Diener, M. (1995). Cross-cultural correlates of life satisfaction and self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 653–663. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.68.4.653CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Douglas, S. P., & Craig, C. S. (2007). Collaborative and iterative translation: An alternative approach to back translation. Journal of International Marketing, 15(1), 30–43. https://doi.org/10.1509%2Fjimk.15.1.030CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dulin, M. F., Tapp, H., Smith, H. A., Urquieta de Hernandez, B., & Furuseth, O. J. (2011). A community based participatory approach to improving health in a Hispanic population. Implementation Science, 6, Article 38. https://doi.org/10.1186/1748-5908-6-38CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ebert, T., Gebauer, J. E., Brenner, T., Bleidorn, W., Gosling, S. D., Potter, J., & Rentfrow, P. J. (2022). Are regional differences in psychological characteristics and their correlates robust? Applying spatial-analysis techniques to examine regional variation in personality. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 17(2), 407–441. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691621998326CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ember, C. R., & Ember, M. (2009). Cross-Cultural Research Methods, 2nd ed. Altamira Press.Google Scholar
Fischer, R., & Fontaine, J. R. J. (2011). Methods for investigating structural equivalence. In Matsumoto, & van de Vijver, (pp. 179–215).Google Scholar
Fischer, R., & Poortinga, Y. H. (2018). Addressing methodological challenges in culture-comparative research. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 49(5), 691–712. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022117738086CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fontaine, J. R. J., & Fischer, R. (2011). Data analytic approaches for investigating isomorphism between the individual-level and the cultural-level internal structure. In Matsumoto, & van de Vijver, (pp. 273–298).Google Scholar
Foulks, E. F. (1989). Misalliances in the Barrow Alcohol Study. American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research, 2(3), 7–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fraser, G. (2018). Evaluating inclusive gender identity measures for use in quantitative psychology research. Psychology & Sexuality, 9(4), 343–357. https://doi.org/10.1080/19419899.2018.1497693CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freitag, M., & Bauer, P. C. (2013). Testing for measurement equivalence in surveys: Dimensions of social trust across cultural contexts. Public Opinion Quarterly, 77(S1), 24–44. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfs064CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friesen, P., Kearns, L., Redman, B., & Caplan, A. L. (2017). Rethinking the Belmont Report? American Journal of Bioethics, 17, 15–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2017.1329482CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gaines, S. O. Jr., Marelich, W. D., Bledsoe, K. L., Steers, W. N., Henderson, M. C., Granrose, C. S., et al. (1997). Links between race/ethnicity and cultural values as mediated by racial/ethnic identity and moderated by gender. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(6), 1460–1476. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.72.6.1460CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gjorgjioska, M. A., & Tomicic, A. (2019) The crisis in social psychology under neoliberalism: Reflections from social representations theory. Journal of Social Issues, 75, 169–188. https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v1i1.97CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gurven, M. D., & Lieberman, D. E. (2020). WEIRD bodies: Mismatch, medicine and missing diversity. Evolution and Human Behavior, 41(5), 330–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2020.04.001CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Halttunen, L. (2017). Whose culture? Monolithic cultures and subcultures in early childhood settings. Journal of Early Childhood Research, 15(1), 73–82. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1476718X15579742CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hambleton, R. K., & Zenisky, A. L. (2011). Translating and adapting tests for cross-cultural assessments. In Matsumoto, & van de Vijver, (pp. 46–70).Google Scholar
Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010). The weirdest people in the world? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33(2–3), 61–83. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X0999152XCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hofstede, G. (2011). Dimensionalizing cultures: The Hofstede Model in context. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.9707/2307-0919.1014CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hollins, E. A. (1990). Debunking the myth of a monolithic White American culture; or, moving toward cultural inclusion. American Behavioral Scientist, 34(2), 201–209. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0002764290034002008CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hruschka, D. J. (2020). “What we look with” is as important as “what we look at”. Evolution and Human Behavior, 41(5), 458–459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2020.07.011CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hruschka, D. J., Munira, S., Jesmin, K., Hackman, J., & Tiokhin, L. (2018). Learning from failures of protocol in cross-cultural research. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(45), 11428–11434. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1721166115CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, T. P., Shavitt, S., & Holbrook, A. L. (2011). Survey response styles across cultures. In Matsumoto, & van de Vijver, (pp. 130–175).Google Scholar
Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (1996). Family and Human Development across Cultures: A View from the Other Side. Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Kankaraš, M., & Moors, G. (2010). Researching measurement equivalence in cross-cultural studies. Psihologija, 43(2), 121–136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klausner, S., & Foulks, E. (1979). Alcohol and the Future of Ukpiagvik. Center for Research on the Acts of Man.Google Scholar
Klausner, S., & Foulks, E. (1980). Social Change and the Alcohol Problem in the Alaskan North Slope. Center for Research on the Acts of Man.Google Scholar
Klein, V., Savas, Ö., & Conley, T. D. (2022). How WEIRD and androcentric is sex research? Global inequities in study populations. Journal of Sex Research, 59(7), 810–817. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2021.1918050CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klitzman, R. (2011). How local IRBs view central IRBs in the US. BMC Medical Ethics, 12, Article 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6939-12-13CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klitzman, R. (2012). US IRBs confronting research in the developing world. Developing World Bioethics, 12(2), 63–73. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8847.2012.00324.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klitzman, R., Pivovarova, E., Murray, A., Appelbaum, P. S., Stiles, D. F., & Lidz, C. W. (2019). Local knowledge and single IRBs for multisite studies: Challenges and solutions. Ethics & Human Research, 41(1), 22–31. https://doi.org/10.1002/eahr.500003CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ledgerwood, A., da Silva Frost, A., Kadirvel, S., Maitner, A. T., Wang, Y. A., & Maddox, K. B. (in press). Methods for advancing an open, replicable, and inclusive science of social cognition. Chapter to appear in Hugenberg, K., Johnson, K., & Carlston, D. E. (eds.), Oxford Handbook of Social Cognition. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ledgerwood, A., Hudson, S. T. J., Lewis, N. A., Maddox, K. B., Pickett, C. L., Remedios, J. D., et al. (2022). The pandemic as a portal: Reimagining psychological science as truly open and inclusive. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 17(4), 937–959. https://doi.org/10.1177/17456916211036654CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leong, F. T. L., & Lyons, B. (2010). Ethical challenges for cross-cultural research conducted by psychologists from the United States. Ethics & Behavior, 20(3–4), 250–264. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508421003798984CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, C., Cox, R. B. Jr., Washburn, I. J., Croff, J. M., & Crethar, H. C. (2017). The effects of requiring parental consent for research on adolescents’ risk behaviors: A meta-analysis. Journal of Adolescent Health, 61(1), 45–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.01.015CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maitner, A. T., DeCoster, J., Andersson, P. A., Eriksson, K., Sherbaji, S., Giner-Sorolla, R., et al. (2022). Perceptions of emotional functionality: Similarities and differences among dignity, face, and honor cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 53(3–4), 263–288. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220221211065108CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matsumoto, D., Kim, J. J., Grissom, R. J., & Dinnel, D. L. (2011). Effect sizes in cross-cultural research. In Matsumoto, & van de Vijver, (pp. 244–272).Google Scholar
Matsumoto, D., & van de Vijver, F. J. R. (eds.). (2011). Cross-Cultural Research Methods in Psychology. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Metro, R. (2014). From the form to the face to face: IRBs, ethnographic researchers, and human subjects translate consent. Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 45(2), 167–184. https://doi.org/10.1111/aeq.12057CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morren, M., Gelissen, J. P. T. M., & Vermunt, J. K. (2012). Response strategies and response styles in cross-cultural surveys. Cross-Cultural Research, 46(3), 255–279. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1069397112440939CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. (1979). The Belmont Report: Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research. www.hhs.gov/ohrp/regulations-and-policy/belmont-reportGoogle Scholar
Neil, M., & Saenz, C. (2020). Advancing research ethics systems in Latin America and the Caribbean: A path for other LMICs? The Lancet: Global Health, 8(1), E23–E24. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30441-3Google ScholarPubMed
Newson, M., Buhrmester, M., Xygalatas, D., & Whitehouse, H. (2021). Go WILD, not WEIRD. Journal for the Cognitive Science of Religion, 6(1–2), 80–106. https://doi.org/10.1558/jcsr.38413CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nezlek, J. B. (2011). Multilevel modeling and cross-cultural research. In Matsumoto, & van de Vijver, (pp. 299–345).Google Scholar
Oishi, S., Diener, E. F., Lucas, R. E., & Suh, E. M. (1999). Cross-cultural variations in predictors of life satisfaction: Perspectives from needs and values. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 980–990. https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672992511006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ozolins, U., Hale, S., Cheng, X., Hyatt, A., & Schofield, P. (2020). Translation and back-translation methodology in health research – a critique. Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research, 20(1), 69–77. https://doi.org/10.1080/14737167.2020.1734453CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perry, K. H. (2011). Ethics, vulnerability, and speakers of other languages: How university IRBs (do not) speak to research involving refugee participants. Qualitative Inquiry, 17(10), 899–912. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1077800411425006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pratt, B., Van, C., Cong, Y., Rashid, H., Kumar, N., Ahmad, A., et al. (2014). Perspectives from South and East Asia on clinical and research ethics: A literature review. Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics, 9(2), 52–67. https://doi.org/10.1525/jer.2014.9.2.52CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues. (2011). Research across Borders: Proceedings of the International Research Panel of the Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues.Google Scholar
Putnick, D. L., & Bornstein, M. H. (2016). Measurement invariance conventions and reporting: The state of the art and future directions for psychological research. Developmental Review, 41, 71–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2016.06.004CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rad, M. S., Martingano, A. J., & Ginges, J. (2018). Toward a psychology of Homo sapiens: Making psychological science more representative of the human population. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115, 11401–11405. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1721165115CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rashwan, B., & Jenkins, J. C. (2017). Fatalism and revolution: Expanding our understanding of fatalism during a unique political opening in Egypt. Journal of North African Studies, 22(4), 645–664. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629387.2017.1316716CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rhodes, S. D., Daniel, J., & Alonzo, J. (2012). A systematic community-based participatory approach to refining an evidence-based community-level intervention: The HOLA intervention for Latino men who have sex with men. Health Promotion Practice, 14(4), 604–616. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1524839912462391Google ScholarPubMed
Ross, C. E., & Mirowsky, J. (1984). Socially-desirable response and acquiescence in a cross-cultural survey of mental health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 25(2), 189–197. https://doi.org/10.2307/2136668CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saab, R., Ayanian, A., & Hawi, D. (2020). The status of Arabic social psychology: A review of 21st-century research articles. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 11, 917–927. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550620925224CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schroeder, D., Chatfield, K., Singh, M., Chennells, R., & Herissone-Kelly, P. (2019). Equitable Research Partnerships: A Global Code of Conduct to Counter Ethics Dumping. Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shweder, R. A. (1990). Cultural psychology: What is it? In Stigler, J. E., Shweder, R. A., & Herdt, G. (eds.), Cultural psychology: Essays on Comparative Human Development (pp. 1–43). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sireci, S. G. (2011). Evaluating test and survey items for bias across languages and cultures. In Matsumoto, & van de Vijver, (pp. 216–240).Google Scholar
Skewes, M. C., & Lewis, J. P. (2016). Sobriety and alcohol use among rural Alaska Native elders. International Journal of Circumpolar Health, 75(1), Article 30476. https://doi.org/10.3402/ijch.v75.30476CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, P. B. (2002). Levels of analysis in cross-cultural psychology. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.9707/2307-0919.1018CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, P. B., & Fischer, R. (2008). Acquiescence, extreme response bias and culture: A multilevel analysis. In van de Vijver, F. J. R., Van Hemert, D. A., & Poortinga, Y. H. (eds.), Multilevel Analysis of Individuals and Cultures (pp. 285–314). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Smith, P. B., Vignoles, V. L., Becker, M., Owe, E., Easterbrook, M. J., Brown, R., et al. (2016). Individual and culture-level components of survey response styles: A multi-level analysis using cultural models of selfhood. International Journal of Psychology, 51(6), 453–463. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12293CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Solberg, B., & Eikemo, H. (2021, January 11). Passive consent for passive participation? Tidsskr Nor Legeforen, 141. https://doi.org/10.4045/tidsskr.20.0654Google ScholarPubMed
Son, J. (2018). Back translation as a documentation tool. Translation & Interpreting, 10(2), 89–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spence, S., White, M., Adamson, A. J., & Matthews, J. N. S. (2015). Does the use of passive or active consent affect consent or completion rates, or dietary data quality? Repeat cross-sectional survey among school children aged 11–12 years. BMJ Open, 5(1), Article e006457. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006457CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spencer-Oatey, H. (2008). Culturally speaking: Culture, Communication and Politeness Theory. Continuum.Google Scholar
Ssali, A., Poland, F., & Seeley, J. (2016). Exploring informed consent in HIV clinical trials: A case study in Uganda. Heliyon, 2(11), Article e00196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2016.e00196CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steltenpohl, C. N., Montilla Doble, L. J., Basnight-Brown, D. M., Dutra, N. B., Belaus, A., Kung, C.-C., et al. (2021). Society for the Improvement of Psychological Science Global Engagement Task Force Report. Collabra: Psychology, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.22968Google Scholar
Sun, H. (2011). On cultural differences and translation methods. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 2(1), 160–163. https://doi.org/10.4304/jltr.2.1.160-163CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tay, L., Newman, D. A., & Vermunt, J. K. (2011). Using mixed-method item response theory with covariates (MM-IRT-C) to ascertain observed and unobserved measurement equivalence. Organizational Research Methods, 14(1), 147–176. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1094428110366037CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thalmayer, A. G., Toscanelli, C., & Arnett, J. J. (2021). The neglected 95% revisited: Is American psychology becoming less American? American Psychologist, 76(1), 116–129. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/amp0000622CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tiokhin, L., Hackman, J., Munira, S., Jesmin, K., & Hruschka, D. (2019). Generalizability is not optional: Insights from a cross-cultural study of social discounting. Royal Society Open Science, 6(2), 181386. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.181386CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tremblay, M.-C., Martin, D. H., McComber, A. M., McGregor, A., & Macaulay, A. C. (2018). Understanding community-based participatory research through a social movement framework: A case study of the Kahnawake School Diabetes Prevention Project. BMC Public Health, 18, 487. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5412-yCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tucker, B. (2017). From risk and time preferences to cultural models of causality: On the challenges and possibilities of field experiments, with examples from rural southwestern Madagascar. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 64, 61–114.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tusino, S., & Furfaro, M. (2021). Rethinking the role of research ethics committees in the lift of Regulation (EU) No 536/2014 on clinical trials and the COVID-19 pandemic. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 88(1), 40–46. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.14871CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van de Vijver, F. J. R., & Leung, K. (2011). Equivalence and bias: A review of concepts, models, and data analytic procedures. In Matsumoto, & van de Vijver, (pp. 17–45).Google Scholar
van de Vijver, F. J. R., & Tanzer, N. K. (2004). Bias and equivalence in cross-cultural assessment: An overview. European Review of Applied Psychology / Revue Européenne de Psychologie Appliquée, 54(2), 119–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erap.2003.12.004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Hemert, D. A. (2011). Cross-cultural meta-analysis. In Matsumoto, & van de Vijver, (pp. 348–378).Google Scholar
Vargas, J. H., & Kemmelmeier, M. (2013). Ethnicity and contemporary American culture: A meta-analytic investigation of horizontal–vertical individualism–collectivism. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 44(2), 195–222. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022112443733CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Welzel, C., & Inglehart, R. F. (2016). Misconceptions of measurement equivalence: Time for a paradigm shift. Comparative Political Studies, 49(8), 1068–1094. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0010414016628275CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wexler, L. (2011). Intergenerational dialogue exchange and action: Introducing a community-based participatory approach to connect youths, adults, and elders in an Alaska Native community. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 10(3), 248–264. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F160940691101000305CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, M. T. (1999). Guidelines for IRB review of international collaborative medical research: A proposal. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 27(1), 87–94. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720X.1999.tb01440.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wong, J. P-H., & Poon, M. K-L. (2010). Bringing translation out of the shadows: Translation as an issue of methodological significance in cross-cultural qualitative research. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 21(2), 151–158. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1043659609357637CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wundt, W. (1900). Elemente der Völkerpsychologie / Elements of Folk Psychology, trans. Schaub, E. L.. George Allen & Unwin.Google Scholar