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1 - The Capabilities Approach and the History of Philosophy

from Part I - Historical Antecedents and Philosophical Debates

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 November 2020

By
Martha C. Nussbaum
Edited by
Enrica Chiappero-Martinetti ,
Siddiqur Osmani  and
Mozaffar Qizilbash
Enrica Chiappero-Martinetti
Affiliation:
University of Pavia
Siddiqur Osmani
Affiliation:
Ulster University
Mozaffar Qizilbash
Affiliation:
University of York
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Summary

Much of the existing literature on the philosophical antecedents of the capabilities approach focuses narrowly on well-known figures — such as Aristotle, Adam Smith, Karl Marx and J. S. Mill — in ‘Western’ philosophy and political economy. This chapter is chiefly concerned with influences on the works of Amartya Sen and Martha C. Nussbaum and the intellectual climate from which their works on capability emerged. It traces these to traditions — including those of Greek tragedy, Stoic and Buddhist thought — as well as particular influences on Sen’s and Nussbaum’s works from twentieth-century India, including the works of Rabindranath Tagore. In both these ways, this contribution makes a strong case for expanding the literature on the predecessors of, and influences on, contemporary work on the capabilities approach well beyond the ‘Western’ tradition of philosophy, and encourages researchers to consider the extent to which the roots of the capabilities approach can be found in ‘non-Western’ traditions and ideas which have been relatively neglected in the literature on Sen’s and Nussbaum’s works on capabilities. In making this case, the chapter also reiterates some differences between Sen’s and Nussbaum’s views.

Keywords

capabilities approachSenNussbaumRabindranath TagoreBuddhismStoicismAristotle
Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Handbook of the Capability Approach , pp. 13 - 39
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

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References

Primary Sources

Nussbaum, M. C. 1992. ‘Tragedy and Self-Sufficiency: Plato and Aristotle on Fear and Pity’. Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 10: 107–160. A shorter version is in A. Rorty (ed.). Essays on Aristotle’s Poetics. Princeton University Press: 261–290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. 2001. The Fragility of Goodness: Luck and Ethics in Greek Tragedy and Philosophy. Updated ed. New York and Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. 1988. ‘Nature, Function, and Capability: Aristotle on Political Distribution’. Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy l (suppl. vol.): 145–184.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. 1988. ‘Non-Relative Virtues: An Aristotelian Approach’. Midwest Studies in Philosophy 13: 32–53. Expanded version in Nussbaum, M. C. and A. K. Sen (eds.). 1993. The Quality of Life. Oxford: Clarendon Press: 242–269.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. 1990. ‘Aristotelian Social Democracy’, in Douglass, R. B., Mara, G and Richardson, H (eds.). Liberalism and the Good. New York: Routledge: 203–252. Repr. in Tessitore, A (ed.). 2002. Aristotle and Modern Politics. University of Notre Dame Press: 47–104.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. 1990.‘The Discernment of Perception: An Aristotelian Account of Private and Public Rationality’, in Nussbaum, M. C.. Love’s Knowledge: Essays on Philosophy and Literature. New York: Oxford University Press: 54–105.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. 1992. ‘Human Functioning and Social Justice: In Defense of Aristotelian Essentialism’. Political Theory 20: 202–246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. 1995. ‘Aristotle on Human Nature and the Foundations of Ethics’, in Altham, J. E. G. and Harrison, Ross (eds.). World, Mind, and Ethics: Essays on the Philosophy of Bernard Williams. New York and Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 86–131.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. 1998. ‘The Good as Discipline, the Good as Freedom’, in Crocker, D. A. and Linden, T (eds.). Ethics of Consumption: The Good Life, Justice, and Global Stewardship. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield: 312–341.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. 2001. The Fragility of Goodness: Luck and Ethics in Greek Tragedy and Philosophy. Updated ed. New York and Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. 1994. The Therapy of Desire: Theory and Practice in Hellenistic Ethics. Updated ed. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. 1997. ‘Kant and Stoic Cosmopolitanism’. Journal of Political Philosophy 5: 1–25; as ‘Kant und stoisches Weltbürgertum’, in Lutz-Bachmann, M and Bohman, J (eds.). 1996. Frieden durch Recht:Kants Friedensidee und das Problem einer neuen Weltordnung. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp: 45–75; and in English as Perpetual Peace. 1997. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press: 25–58.Google Scholar
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Nussbaum, M. C. 2002. ‘The Worth of Human Dignity: Two Tensions in Stoic Cosmopolitanism’, in Clark, G and Rajak, T (eds.). Philosophy and Power in the Graeco-Roman World: Essays in Honour of Miriam Griffin. Oxford: Clarendon Press: 31–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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Nussbaum, M. C. 2008. Liberty of Conscience: In Defense of America’s Tradition of Religious Equality. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Smith, A. 1981. The Wealth of Nations (ed. Campbell, R. H. and Skinner, A. S.), 2 vols. Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund (first published 1776).Google Scholar
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Sen, A 2009. ‘Capitalism Beyond the Crisis’. The New York Review of Books (26 March).Google Scholar
Sen, A 2010. ‘Adam Smith and the Contemporary World’. Erasmus Journal for Philosophy and Economics 3: 50–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. 2001. Upheavals of Thought: The Intelligence of Emotions. Cambridge University Press: ch. 6.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. 2017. The Cosmopolitan Tradition: A Noble but Flawed Ideal. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Fleischacker, S. 1999. A Third Concept of Liberty: Judgment and Freedom in Kant and Adam Smith. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Fleischacker, S.2005. On Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations: A Philosophical Companion. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Paine, T. 1791. The Rights of Man. Available at: gutenberg.org/files/3742/3742-h/3742-h.htm (accessed 24 February 2020).Google Scholar
Rothschild, E. 2001. Economic Sentiments: Adam Smith, Condorcet, and the Enlightenment. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Mill, J. S. 1859. On Liberty.Google Scholar
Mill, J. S. 1869. The Subjection of Women.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mill, J. S. 1848. The Principles of Political Economy.Google Scholar
Sen, A. 2009. The Idea of Justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. 2004. ‘Mill Between Bentham and Aristotle’. Daedalus (spring): 60–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. 2010. ‘Mill’s Feminism: Liberal, Radical, and Queer’, in Varouxakis, G and Kelly, P (eds.). John Stuart Mill: Thought and Influence. London: Routledge: 130–145.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. 2013. Political Emotions: Why Love Matters for Justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press: ch. 3.Google Scholar
Green, T. H. 1986. ‘Liberal Legislation and Freedom of Contract’, in Harris, P and Morrow, J (eds.). T. H. Green: Lectures on The Principles of Political Obligation and Other Writings. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Barker, E. 1906. The Political Thought of Plato and Aristotle. London: Methuen.Google Scholar
Marx, K. Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844. Available at: www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1844/manuscripts/preface.htm (accessed 24 February 2020).Google Scholar
Rawls, J. 1971. A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press (rev. ed. 1999).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rawls, J.1986. Political Liberalism. New York: Columbia University Press (expanded paper edition).Google Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. 2011. ‘Perfectionist Liberalism and Political Liberalism’. Philosophy and Public Affairs 39: 3–45. Repr. in Comim, F and Nussbaum, M. C. (eds.). 2014. Capabilities, Gender, Equality. Cambridge University Press: 19–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Secondary Sources

Nussbaum, M. C. 1992. ‘Tragedy and Self-Sufficiency: Plato and Aristotle on Fear and Pity’. Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 10: 107–160. A shorter version is in A. Rorty (ed.). Essays on Aristotle’s Poetics. Princeton University Press: 261–290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. 2001. The Fragility of Goodness: Luck and Ethics in Greek Tragedy and Philosophy. Updated ed. New York and Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. 1988. ‘Nature, Function, and Capability: Aristotle on Political Distribution’. Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy l (suppl. vol.): 145–184.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. 1988. ‘Non-Relative Virtues: An Aristotelian Approach’. Midwest Studies in Philosophy 13: 32–53. Expanded version in Nussbaum, M. C. and A. K. Sen (eds.). 1993. The Quality of Life. Oxford: Clarendon Press: 242–269.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. 1990. ‘Aristotelian Social Democracy’, in Douglass, R. B., Mara, G and Richardson, H (eds.). Liberalism and the Good. New York: Routledge: 203–252. Repr. in Tessitore, A (ed.). 2002. Aristotle and Modern Politics. University of Notre Dame Press: 47–104.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. 1990.‘The Discernment of Perception: An Aristotelian Account of Private and Public Rationality’, in Nussbaum, M. C.. Love’s Knowledge: Essays on Philosophy and Literature. New York: Oxford University Press: 54–105.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. 1992. ‘Human Functioning and Social Justice: In Defense of Aristotelian Essentialism’. Political Theory 20: 202–246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. 1995. ‘Aristotle on Human Nature and the Foundations of Ethics’, in Altham, J. E. G. and Harrison, Ross (eds.). World, Mind, and Ethics: Essays on the Philosophy of Bernard Williams. New York and Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 86–131.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. 1998. ‘The Good as Discipline, the Good as Freedom’, in Crocker, D. A. and Linden, T (eds.). Ethics of Consumption: The Good Life, Justice, and Global Stewardship. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield: 312–341.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. 2001. The Fragility of Goodness: Luck and Ethics in Greek Tragedy and Philosophy. Updated ed. New York and Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. 1994. The Therapy of Desire: Theory and Practice in Hellenistic Ethics. Updated ed. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. 1997. ‘Kant and Stoic Cosmopolitanism’. Journal of Political Philosophy 5: 1–25; as ‘Kant und stoisches Weltbürgertum’, in Lutz-Bachmann, M and Bohman, J (eds.). 1996. Frieden durch Recht:Kants Friedensidee und das Problem einer neuen Weltordnung. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp: 45–75; and in English as Perpetual Peace. 1997. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press: 25–58.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. 1999. ‘Duties of Justice, Duties of Material Aid: Cicero’s Problematic Legacy’. Journal of Political Philosophy 7: 1–31. Rev. version in Strange, S and Zupko, J (eds.). 2004. Stoicism: Traditions and Transformations. Cambridge University Press: 214–249.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. 2002. ‘The Incomplete Feminism of Musonius Rufus: Platonist, Stoic, and Roman’, in Nussbaum, M. C. and Sihvola, J (eds.). The Sleep of Reason: Erotic Experience and Sexual Ethics in Ancient Greece and Rome. University of Chicago Press: 283–326.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. 2002. ‘The Worth of Human Dignity: Two Tensions in Stoic Cosmopolitanism’, in Clark, G and Rajak, T (eds.). Philosophy and Power in the Graeco-Roman World: Essays in Honour of Miriam Griffin. Oxford: Clarendon Press: 31–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sorabji, R. R. K. 1998. Animal Minds and Human Morals: The Origins of the Western Debate. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Williams, R. 1988. The Complete Writings of Roger Williams, 7 vols. New York: Russell and Russell.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. 2008. Liberty of Conscience: In Defense of America’s Tradition of Religious Equality. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Smith, A. 1981. The Wealth of Nations (ed. Campbell, R. H. and Skinner, A. S.), 2 vols. Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund (first published 1776).Google Scholar
Smith, A.1982. A Theory of Moral Sentiments (ed. Raphael, D. D. and Macfie, A. L.). Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Classics (1st ed. 1759, 6th ed. 1790).Google Scholar
Sen, A. 2009. The Idea of Justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Sen, A 2009. ‘Capitalism Beyond the Crisis’. The New York Review of Books (26 March).Google Scholar
Sen, A 2010. ‘Adam Smith and the Contemporary World’. Erasmus Journal for Philosophy and Economics 3: 50–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. 2001. Upheavals of Thought: The Intelligence of Emotions. Cambridge University Press: ch. 6.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. 2017. The Cosmopolitan Tradition: A Noble but Flawed Ideal. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Fleischacker, S. 1999. A Third Concept of Liberty: Judgment and Freedom in Kant and Adam Smith. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Fleischacker, S.2005. On Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations: A Philosophical Companion. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Paine, T. 1791. The Rights of Man. Available at: gutenberg.org/files/3742/3742-h/3742-h.htm (accessed 24 February 2020).Google Scholar
Rothschild, E. 2001. Economic Sentiments: Adam Smith, Condorcet, and the Enlightenment. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Mill, J. S. 1859. On Liberty.Google Scholar
Mill, J. S. 1869. The Subjection of Women.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mill, J. S. 1848. The Principles of Political Economy.Google Scholar
Sen, A. 2009. The Idea of Justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. 2004. ‘Mill Between Bentham and Aristotle’. Daedalus (spring): 60–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. 2010. ‘Mill’s Feminism: Liberal, Radical, and Queer’, in Varouxakis, G and Kelly, P (eds.). John Stuart Mill: Thought and Influence. London: Routledge: 130–145.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. 2013. Political Emotions: Why Love Matters for Justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press: ch. 3.Google Scholar
Green, T. H. 1986. ‘Liberal Legislation and Freedom of Contract’, in Harris, P and Morrow, J (eds.). T. H. Green: Lectures on The Principles of Political Obligation and Other Writings. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Barker, E. 1906. The Political Thought of Plato and Aristotle. London: Methuen.Google Scholar
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Nussbaum, M. C. 2013. Political Emotions: Why Love Matters for Justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press: ch. 4.Google Scholar
Sen, A. 1999. Joy in All Work. Kolkata: Bookfront Publications.Google Scholar
Sen, K. M. 2005. Hinduism. Introd. A. Sen. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Sen, A. 2005. The Argumentative Indian: Writings on Indian History, Culture, and Identity. London: Allen Lane.Google Scholar
Sen, A.2009. The Idea of Justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Santideva, . 1995. The Bodhicaryavatara. Trans. K. Crosby and A. Skelton. Oxford University Press (Sanskrit original c.700 CE).Google Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. 2016. Anger and Forgiveness. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sen, A. 2015. ‘India: The Stormy Revival of an International University’. New York Review of Books (13 August). Available at: www.nybooks.com/articles/2015/08/13/india-stormy-revival-nalanda-university/ (accessed 24 February 2020).Google Scholar
Ambedkar, B. R. n.d. The Buddha and His Dhamma. Nagpur: Buddha Bhoomi Publication. Available at: www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/ambedkar_buddha/ (accessed 24 February 2020).Google Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. 2015. ‘Untouchable’. The New Rambler (19 August). Available at https://newramblerreview.com/book-reviews/religion/untouchable (accessed 24 February 2020).Google Scholar
Tagore, R. 2014. The Essential Tagore. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Tagore, R. 2004. The Religion of Man. Rhinebeck, NY: Monkfish Press (first published 1931; composed by Tagore in English, so this is not a translation).Google Scholar
Sen, A. 2005. ‘Tagore and His India’, in Sen, A. The Argumentative Indian: Writings on Indian History, Culture, and Identity. London: Allen Lane: 89–120.Google Scholar
Sen, A.2011. ‘Introduction’, in Tagore, R. Boyhood Days. London: Hesperus Worldwide.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. 2013. Political Emotions: Why Love Matters for Justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press: ch. 4.Google Scholar
Sen, A. 1999. Joy in All Work. Kolkata: Bookfront Publications.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. 1992. ‘Tragedy and Self-Sufficiency: Plato and Aristotle on Fear and Pity’. Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 10: 107–160. A shorter version is in A. Rorty (ed.). Essays on Aristotle’s Poetics. Princeton University Press: 261–290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. 2001. The Fragility of Goodness: Luck and Ethics in Greek Tragedy and Philosophy. Updated ed. New York and Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. 1988. ‘Nature, Function, and Capability: Aristotle on Political Distribution’. Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy l (suppl. vol.): 145–184.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. 1988. ‘Non-Relative Virtues: An Aristotelian Approach’. Midwest Studies in Philosophy 13: 32–53. Expanded version in Nussbaum, M. C. and A. K. Sen (eds.). 1993. The Quality of Life. Oxford: Clarendon Press: 242–269.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. 1990. ‘Aristotelian Social Democracy’, in Douglass, R. B., Mara, G and Richardson, H (eds.). Liberalism and the Good. New York: Routledge: 203–252. Repr. in Tessitore, A (ed.). 2002. Aristotle and Modern Politics. University of Notre Dame Press: 47–104.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. 1990.‘The Discernment of Perception: An Aristotelian Account of Private and Public Rationality’, in Nussbaum, M. C.. Love’s Knowledge: Essays on Philosophy and Literature. New York: Oxford University Press: 54–105.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. 1992. ‘Human Functioning and Social Justice: In Defense of Aristotelian Essentialism’. Political Theory 20: 202–246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. 1995. ‘Aristotle on Human Nature and the Foundations of Ethics’, in Altham, J. E. G. and Harrison, Ross (eds.). World, Mind, and Ethics: Essays on the Philosophy of Bernard Williams. New York and Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 86–131.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. 1998. ‘The Good as Discipline, the Good as Freedom’, in Crocker, D. A. and Linden, T (eds.). Ethics of Consumption: The Good Life, Justice, and Global Stewardship. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield: 312–341.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. 2001. The Fragility of Goodness: Luck and Ethics in Greek Tragedy and Philosophy. Updated ed. New York and Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. 1994. The Therapy of Desire: Theory and Practice in Hellenistic Ethics. Updated ed. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. 1997. ‘Kant and Stoic Cosmopolitanism’. Journal of Political Philosophy 5: 1–25; as ‘Kant und stoisches Weltbürgertum’, in Lutz-Bachmann, M and Bohman, J (eds.). 1996. Frieden durch Recht:Kants Friedensidee und das Problem einer neuen Weltordnung. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp: 45–75; and in English as Perpetual Peace. 1997. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press: 25–58.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. 1999. ‘Duties of Justice, Duties of Material Aid: Cicero’s Problematic Legacy’. Journal of Political Philosophy 7: 1–31. Rev. version in Strange, S and Zupko, J (eds.). 2004. Stoicism: Traditions and Transformations. Cambridge University Press: 214–249.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. 2002. ‘The Incomplete Feminism of Musonius Rufus: Platonist, Stoic, and Roman’, in Nussbaum, M. C. and Sihvola, J (eds.). The Sleep of Reason: Erotic Experience and Sexual Ethics in Ancient Greece and Rome. University of Chicago Press: 283–326.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. 2002. ‘The Worth of Human Dignity: Two Tensions in Stoic Cosmopolitanism’, in Clark, G and Rajak, T (eds.). Philosophy and Power in the Graeco-Roman World: Essays in Honour of Miriam Griffin. Oxford: Clarendon Press: 31–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sorabji, R. R. K. 1998. Animal Minds and Human Morals: The Origins of the Western Debate. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Williams, R. 1988. The Complete Writings of Roger Williams, 7 vols. New York: Russell and Russell.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. 2008. Liberty of Conscience: In Defense of America’s Tradition of Religious Equality. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Smith, A. 1981. The Wealth of Nations (ed. Campbell, R. H. and Skinner, A. S.), 2 vols. Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund (first published 1776).Google Scholar
Smith, A.1982. A Theory of Moral Sentiments (ed. Raphael, D. D. and Macfie, A. L.). Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Classics (1st ed. 1759, 6th ed. 1790).Google Scholar
Sen, A. 2009. The Idea of Justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Sen, A 2009. ‘Capitalism Beyond the Crisis’. The New York Review of Books (26 March).Google Scholar
Sen, A 2010. ‘Adam Smith and the Contemporary World’. Erasmus Journal for Philosophy and Economics 3: 50–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. 2001. Upheavals of Thought: The Intelligence of Emotions. Cambridge University Press: ch. 6.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. 2017. The Cosmopolitan Tradition: A Noble but Flawed Ideal. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Fleischacker, S. 1999. A Third Concept of Liberty: Judgment and Freedom in Kant and Adam Smith. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Fleischacker, S.2005. On Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations: A Philosophical Companion. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Paine, T. 1791. The Rights of Man. Available at: gutenberg.org/files/3742/3742-h/3742-h.htm (accessed 24 February 2020).Google Scholar
Rothschild, E. 2001. Economic Sentiments: Adam Smith, Condorcet, and the Enlightenment. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Mill, J. S. 1859. On Liberty.Google Scholar
Mill, J. S. 1869. The Subjection of Women.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mill, J. S. 1848. The Principles of Political Economy.Google Scholar
Sen, A. 2009. The Idea of Justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. 2004. ‘Mill Between Bentham and Aristotle’. Daedalus (spring): 60–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. 2010. ‘Mill’s Feminism: Liberal, Radical, and Queer’, in Varouxakis, G and Kelly, P (eds.). John Stuart Mill: Thought and Influence. London: Routledge: 130–145.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. 2013. Political Emotions: Why Love Matters for Justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press: ch. 3.Google Scholar
Green, T. H. 1986. ‘Liberal Legislation and Freedom of Contract’, in Harris, P and Morrow, J (eds.). T. H. Green: Lectures on The Principles of Political Obligation and Other Writings. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Barker, E. 1906. The Political Thought of Plato and Aristotle. London: Methuen.Google Scholar
Marx, K. Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844. Available at: www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1844/manuscripts/preface.htm (accessed 24 February 2020).Google Scholar
Rawls, J. 1971. A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press (rev. ed. 1999).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rawls, J.1986. Political Liberalism. New York: Columbia University Press (expanded paper edition).Google Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. 2011. ‘Perfectionist Liberalism and Political Liberalism’. Philosophy and Public Affairs 39: 3–45. Repr. in Comim, F and Nussbaum, M. C. (eds.). 2014. Capabilities, Gender, Equality. Cambridge University Press: 19–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sen, K. M. 2005. Hinduism. Introd. A. Sen. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Sen, A. 2005. The Argumentative Indian: Writings on Indian History, Culture, and Identity. London: Allen Lane.Google Scholar
Sen, A.2009. The Idea of Justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
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