Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-mkpzs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T17:09:53.608Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

2 - The Colonial and Postcolonial Expansion of English

from Part I - The Making of Englishes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 December 2019

By
Raymond Hickey
Edited by
Daniel Schreier ,
Marianne Hundt  and
Edgar W. Schneider
Daniel Schreier
Affiliation:
Universität Zürich
Marianne Hundt
Affiliation:
Universität Zürich
Edgar W. Schneider
Affiliation:
Universität Regensburg, Germany
Get access

Summary

The spread of English during the colonial period (ca. 1600–1900) led to the rise of different overseas varieties. The shape of these varieties was determined by a series of factors, such as the number of settlers, the relationship of regional dialects with this group, contact with other populations, the possible existence of pidgins, and later the rise of creoles at overseas locations. In the postcolonial period, the situation changed radically with former colonies continuing on a path toward indigenous varieties with profiles of their own and with an increasing effect of transnational factors and a reorientation away from Britain-based models of English toward an America-based one.

Keywords

spread of Englishtypes of overseas Englishsettler Englishdialect inputregional sourcesfeature reductionmergerreallocationpostcolonial scenarios
Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Handbook of World Englishes , pp. 25 - 50
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Algeo, John. 2001. External history. In Algeo, John, ed. English in North America. The Cambridge History of the English Language, Vol. 6. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1–58.Google Scholar
Algeo, John. 2006. British or American English? A Handbook of Word and Grammar Patterns. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Anchimbe, Eric A., ed. 2007. Linguistic Identity in Postcolonial Multilingual Spaces. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.Google Scholar
Beckles, Hilary McDonald. 1998. The “Hub of Empire”: The Caribbean and Britain in the seventeenth century. In Canny, Nicholas, ed. The Origins of Empire: British Overseas Enterprise at the Close of the Seventeenth Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 218–240.Google Scholar
Blair, David and Collins, Peter, eds. 2001. English in Australia. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Blackwood, Robert, Lanza, Elizabeth and Woldemariam, Hirut, eds. 2016. Negotiating and Contesting Identities in Linguistic Landscapes. London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Blommaert, Jan. 2010. The Sociolinguistics of Globalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Boberg, Charles. 2010. The English Language in Canada. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bolton, Kingsley and Kachru, Braj B.. 2006. World Englishes: Critical Concepts in Linguistics, 6 vols. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Burchfield, Robert W. 1994. Introduction. In Burchfield, Robert, ed. The Cambridge History of the English Language, Vol. 5: English in Britain and Overseas: Origins and Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1–19.Google Scholar
Buschfeld, Sarah. 2013. English in Cyprus or Cyprus English: An Empirical Investigation of Variety Status. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Canagarajah, Suresh. 1999. Resisting Linguistic Imperialism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Canny, Nicholas. 1998. The origins of empire. In Canny, Nicholas, ed. The Origins of Empire. British Overseas Enterprise at the Close of the Seventeenth Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1–33.Google Scholar
Cheshire, Jenny, Kerswill, Paul, Fox, Susan and Torgersen, Eivind. 2011. Contact, the feature pool and the speech community: The emergence of multicultural London English. Journal of Sociolinguistics 15: 151–196.Google Scholar
Chow, Rey. 2014. Not Like a Native Speaker: On Languaging as a Postcolonial Experience. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Clarke, Sandra. 1997. English verbal -s revisited: The evidence from Newfoundland. American Speech 72(3): 227–259.Google Scholar
Clarke, Sandra. 2004. The legacy of British and Irish English in Newfoundland. In Hickey, Raymond, ed. Legacies of Colonial English: Studies in Transported Dialects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 242–261.Google Scholar
Collins, James, Baynham, Mike and Slembrouck, Stef, eds. 2011. Globalization and Language in Contact: Scale, Migration, and Communicative Practices. London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Crystal, David. 2003. English as a Global Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crystal, David. 2009. Txtng: The Gr8 Db8. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Cullen, Louis. 1998. The Irish diaspora and the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. In Canny, Nicholas, ed. The Origins of Empire. British Overseas Enterprise at the Close of the Seventeenth Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 113–149.Google Scholar
Deterding, David. 2007. Singapore English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Ellis, Alexander. 1868–1889. On Early English Pronunciation, 5 vols. London: Philological Society.Google Scholar
Eun-Young, Julia Kim. 2012. Creative adoption: Trends in Anglicisms in Korea. English Today 28(2): 15–17.Google Scholar
Geraghty, Barbara and Conacher, Jean, eds. 2016. Intercultural Contact, Language Learning and Migration. London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Gordon, Elizabeth, Campbell, Lyle, Hay, Jennifer, MacLagan, Margaret, Sudbury, Andrea and Trudgill, Peter. 2004. New Zealand English: Its Origins and Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gordon, Nickesia Stacy Ann. 2009. Globalization and cultural imperialism in Jamaica. International Journal of Communication 3: 307–331.Google Scholar
Görlach, Manfred. 1999. English in Nineteenth-Century England: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hackert, Stephanie and Deuber, Dagmar. 2015. American influence on written Caribbean English: A diachronic analysis of newspaper reportage in the Bahamas and in Trinidad and Tobago. In Collins, Peter, ed. Grammatical Change in English World-Wide. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 389–410.Google Scholar
Harris, John. 1987. On doing comparative reconstruction with genetically unrelated languages. In Giacalone Ramat, Anna, Carruba, Onofrio and Bernini, Giuliano, eds. Papers from the 7th International Conference on Historical Linguistics, Pavia, Italy. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 267–282.Google Scholar
Hickey, Raymond. 1984. Syllable onsets in Irish English. Word 35: 67–74.Google Scholar
Hickey, Raymond. 2003a. How do dialects get the features they have? On the process of new dialect formation. In Hickey, Raymond, ed. Motives for Language Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 213–239.Google Scholar
Hickey, Raymond. 2003b. Rectifying a standard deficiency: Pronominal distinctions in varieties of English. In Taavitsainen, Irma and Jucker, Andreas H., eds. Diachronic Perspectives on Address Term Systems (Pragmatics & Beyond New Series). Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 345–374.Google Scholar
Hickey, Raymond. 2004a. English dialect input to the Caribbean. In Hickey, Raymond, ed. Legacies of Colonial English: Studies in Transported Dialects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 326–359.Google Scholar
Hickey, Raymond. 2004b. Dialects of English and their transportation. In Hickey, Raymond, ed. Legacies of Colonial English: Studies in Transported Dialects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 33–58.Google Scholar
Hickey, Raymond, ed. 2004c. Legacies of Colonial English: Studies in Transported Dialects. Cambridge: Cambridge University PressGoogle Scholar
Hickey, Raymond. 2005. Dublin English: Evolution and Change. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Hickey, Raymond. 2007. Irish English: History and Present-Day Forms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hickey, Raymond, ed. 2012a. Areal Features of the Anglophone World. Berlin: de Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
Hickey, Raymond. 2012b. Standard English and standards of English. In Hickey, Raymond, ed. Standards of English: Codified Varieties around the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1–33.Google Scholar
Hickey, Raymond. 2013. Supraregionalisation and dissociation. In Chambers, J. K. and Schilling, Natalie, eds. Handbook of Language Variation and Change (2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell, 537–554.Google Scholar
Hickey, Raymond, ed. 2015. Researching Northern English. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Hickey, Raymond. 2016. English in Ireland: Development and varieties. In Hickey, Raymond, ed. Sociolinguistics in Ireland. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 3–40.Google Scholar
Hickey, Raymond. 2017. Early recordings of Irish English. In Hickey, Raymond, ed. Listening to the Past: Audio Records of Accents of English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 199–231.Google Scholar
Higgins, Christina 2003. “Ownership” of English in the Outer Circle: An alternative to the NS-NNS dichotomy. TESOL Quarterly 37(4): 615–644.Google Scholar
Hoffmann, Thomas and Siebers, Lucia, eds. 2009. World Englishes: Problems, Properties and Prospects. Selected Papers from the 13th IAWE Conference. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Ihalainen, Ossi. 1994. The dialects of England since 1776. In Burchfield, Robert, ed. The Cambridge History of the English Language, Vol. 5: English in Britain and Overseas: Origins and Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 197–274.Google Scholar
Ingram, John and Mühlhäusler, Peter. 2008. Norfolk Island-Pitcairn English: Phonetics and phonology. In Burridge, Kate and Kortmann, Bernd, eds. Varieties of English: The Pacific and Australasia. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 267–291.Google Scholar
Jenkins, Jennifer. 2003. World Englishes: A Resource Book for Students. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Kachru, Braj. 1990. The Alchemy of English: The Spread, Functions, and Models of Non-Native Englishes: English in a Global Context. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Kachru, Braj B., Kachru, Yamuna and Nelson, Cecil L., eds. 2006. The Handbook of World Englishes. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Kachru, Yamuna and Nelson, Cecil L.. 2006. World Englishes in Asian Contexts. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.Google Scholar
Kirkpatrick, Andy. 2007. World Englishes: Implications for International Communication and English Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kirwin, William J. 2001. Newfoundland English. In Algeo, John, ed. English in North America: The Cambridge History of the English Language, Vol. 6. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 441–455.Google Scholar
Bernd, Kortmann et al., eds. 2008. Varieties of English. 4 vols. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Kurath, Hans and McDavid, Raven I., Jr. 1983 [1961]. The Pronunciation of English in the Atlantic States: Based upon the Collection of the Linguistic Atlas of the Eastern United States. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
Labov, William. 1972. Sociolinguistic Patterns. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Lass, Roger. 1987. The Shape of English: Structure and History. London: Dent.Google Scholar
Lass, Roger. 1990. Where do extraterritorial Englishes come from? Dialect input and recodification in transported Englishes. In Adamson, Sylvia et al., eds. Papers from the 5th International Conference on English Historical Linguistics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 245–280.Google Scholar
Lawson, Philip. 1993. The East India Company: A History. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Leimgruber, Jakob R. E. 2013. Singapore English: Structure, Variation and Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Levey, David. 2008. Language Change and Variation in Gibraltar. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Lloyd, Trevor Owen. 1984. The British Empire, 1558–1983. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Louis, William Roger, ed. 1998. The Oxford History of the British Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Marshall, P. J., ed. 1996. The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mazzon, Gabriella. 1993. English in Malta. English World-Wide 14: 171–208.Google Scholar
McWhorter, John. 2000. Defining Creole. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
McLaughlin, Fiona. 2011. The Languages of Urban Africa. London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Melchers, Gunnel and Shaw, Philip. 2012. World Englishes (2nd ed.). London: Arnold.Google Scholar
Mesthrie, Rajend. 1992. English in Language Shift: The History, Structure and Sociolinguistics of South African Indian English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mesthrie, Rajend and Bhatt, Rakesh M.. 2008. World Englishes: An Introduction to New Language Varieties. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Montgomery, Michael. 1989. Exploring the roots of Appalachian English, English World-Wide 10: 227–278.Google Scholar
Montgomery, Michael. 1992. The etymology of y’all. In Hall, Joan H., Doane, Nick and Ringler, Dick, eds. Old English and New: Studies in Language and Linguistics in Honor of Frederic G. Cassidy. New York: Garland Press, 356–369.Google Scholar
Montgomery, Michael. 1997. Making transatlantic connections between varieties of English: The case of plural verbal -s. Journal of English Linguistics 25(2): 122–141.Google Scholar
Montgomery, Michael. 2001. British and Irish antecedents. In Algeo, John, ed. English in North America: The Cambridge History of the English Language, Vol. 6. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 86–153.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko. 1996. The founder principle and creole genesis. Diachronica 13: 83–134.Google Scholar
Mühlhäusler, Peter. 2008. Norfolk Island – Pitcairn English (Pitkern Norfolk): Morphology and syntax. In Burridge, Kate and Kortmann, Bernd, eds. Varieties of English: The Pacific and Australasia. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 568–582.Google Scholar
Mukherjee, Joybrato and Hundt, Marianne, eds. 2011. Exploring Second-language Varieties of English and Learner Englishes: Bridging a Paradigm Gap. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Myhill, John. 1988. The rise of be as an aspect marker in Black English Vernacular. American Speech 63, 304–325.Google Scholar
Ooi, Vincent B. Y. ed. 2001. Evolving Identities: The English Language in Singapore and Malaysia. Singapore: Times Academic Press.Google Scholar
Orton, Harold et al. 1962–1971. Survey of English Dialects: The Basic Materials, 4 vols in 3 parts. Leeds: E. J. Arnold & Son.Google Scholar
Peters, Pam. 2009. Australian English as a regional epicentre. In Hoffmann, Thomas and Siebers, Lucia, eds. World Englishes: Problems, Properties and Prospects. Selected Papers from the 13th IAWE Conference. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 385–406.Google Scholar
Phillipson, Robert. 1992. Linguistic Imperialism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Poplack, Shana and Tagliamonte., Sali 1989. There’s no tense like the present: Verbal -s inflection in Early Black English. Language Variation and Change 1: 47–84.Google Scholar
Poplack, Shana and Tagliamonte., Sali 2004. Back to the present: Verbal -s in the (African American) English diaspora. In Hickey, Raymond, ed. Legacies of Colonial English: Studies in Transported Dialects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 203–223.Google Scholar
Puttenham, George. 1589. Arte of English Poesie. London: Richard Field.Google Scholar
Ramisch, Heinrich. 1989. The Variation of English in Guernsey/Channel Islands. Bern: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Ramson, William S., ed. 1970. English Transported: Essays on Australian English. Canberra: National University Press.Google Scholar
Read, Allen Walker. 2005. Words crisscrossing the sea: How words have been borrowed between England and America. American Speech 80(2): 115–134.Google Scholar
Rickford, John R. 1975. Carrying the new wave into syntax: The case of Black English BIN. In Fasold, Ralph W. and Shuy, Roger W., eds. Analyzing Variation in Language. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 162–183.Google Scholar
Riley, Philip. 2007. Language, Culture and Identity: An Ethnolinguistic Perspective. London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Saraceni, Mario. 2015. World Englishes: A Critical Analysis. London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Saxena, Mukul and Omoniyi, Tope, ed. 2010. Contending with Globalization in World Englishes. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. 2003. The dynamics of New Englishes: From identity construction to dialect birth. Language 79(2): 233–281.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. 2007. Postcolonial English: Varieties around the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. 2014. New reflections on the evolutionary dynamics of World Englishes. World Englishes 33(1): 9–32.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. 2016. Grassroots Englishes in tourism interactions. English Today 32(3): 2–10.Google Scholar
Schreier, Daniel. 2003. Isolation and Language Change: Contemporary and Sociohistorical Evidence from Tristan da Cunha English. Houndsworth: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Schreier, Daniel. 2008. St Helenian English: Origins, Evolution and Variation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Seargeant, Philip. 2005. Globalisation and reconfigured English in Japan. World Englishes 24(3): 309–319.Google Scholar
Seoane, Elena and Suárez-Gómez, Cristina, eds. 2016. World Englishes: New Theoretical and Methodological Considerations. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Starks, Donna. 2008. National and ethnic identity markers: New Zealand short front vowels in New Zealand Maori English and Pasifika Englishes. English World-Wide 29(2): 176–193.Google Scholar
Starks, Donna, Christie, Jane and Thompson, Laura. 2007. Niuean English: Initial insights into an emerging variety. English World-Wide 28(2): 133–146.Google Scholar
Sudbury, Andrea. 2001. Falkland Islands English: A southern hemisphere variety?. English World-Wide 22: 55–80.Google Scholar
Anne, Swan, Aboshiha, Pamela and Holliday, Adrian, eds. 2015. (En)Countering Native-speakerism: Global Perspectives. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter. 1990. The Dialects of England. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter. 1999. The Dialects of England (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter. 2001. Modern East Anglia as dialect area. Fisiak, Jacek and Trudgill, Peter, eds. East Anglian English. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 1–12.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter. 2004. New Dialect Formation: The Inevitability of Colonial Englishes. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Turner, Lorenzo D. 1971. Notes on the sounds and vocabulary of Gullah. In Williamson, Juanita V. and Burke, Virginia M., eds. A Various Language: Perspectives on American Dialects. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 121–135.Google Scholar
Upton, Clive and Widdowson, John D. A.. 2006. An Atlas of English Dialects (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Vaish, Viniti. 2011. Globalization of Language and Culture in Asia: The Impact of Globalization Processes on Language. London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Wee, Lionel. 2013. Language policy in Singapore: Singlish, national development and globalization. In Erling, Elizabeth and Seargeant, Philip, eds. English and Development: Policy, Pedagogy and Globalization. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 204–219.Google Scholar
Wells, J. C. 1982. Accents of English. 3 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Williams, Jeffrey P. 2012. English varieties in the Caribbean. In Hickey, Raymond, ed. Standards of English: Codified Varieties around the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 133–160.Google Scholar
Wright, Joseph. 1898–1905. English Dialect Dictionary, 5 vols. London: Henry Frowde.Google Scholar
Wright, Joseph. 1905. English Dialect Grammar. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Zhiming, Bao. 1999. The sounds of Singapore English. In Foley, J. A., Kandiah, T., Zhiming, Bau, Gupta, A. F., Alsagoff, L., Lick, Ho Chee, et al., eds. English in New Cultural Contexts. Singapore: Oxford University Press, 152–174.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×