Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-lj6df Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-11T07:07:18.208Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

9 - English in the Caribbean and the Central American Rim

from Part II - World Englishes Old and New

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 December 2019

Daniel Schreier
Affiliation:
Universität Zürich
Marianne Hundt
Affiliation:
Universität Zürich
Edgar W. Schneider
Affiliation:
Universität Regensburg, Germany
Get access

Summary

This chapter discusses “newer” (i.e. in the last 400 years or less) varieties of English spoken in the Caribbean, in particular the relationship between the Caribbean and Central American varieties on the western edge of the Caribbean. It also presents a short discussion of the influences that have shaped these varieties and various popular heuristics for imagining their emergence as well as a description of the geographical locations in the Caribbean where these varieties are spoken. The social contexts of their emergence are also discussed as well as a grammatical sketch pointing out similarities and differences and a discussion of several theoretical issues of relevance to the field.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aceto, Michael. 1995. Variation in a secret Creole language of Panama. Language in Society 24: 537560.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aceto, Michael. 1999a. Looking beyond decreolization as an explanatory model of language change in Creole-speaking communities. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 14: 93119.Google Scholar
Aceto, Michael. 1999b. The Gold Coast contribution to the Atlantic English creoles. In Huber, M. and Parkvall, M., eds. Spreading the Word: The Issue of Diffusion among the Atlantic Creoles (Westminster Creolistics Series 6). London: University of Westminster Press, 6980.Google Scholar
Aceto, Michael. 2002. Barbudan Creole English: Its history and some grammatical features. English World-Wide 23: 223250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aceto, Michael. 2003. What are creole languages? An alternative approach to the Anglophone Atlantic World with special emphasis on Barbudan Creole English. In Aceto, Michael and Williams, Jeffrey P., eds. Contact Englishes of the Eastern Caribbean (Varieties of English around the World Series). Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 121140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aceto, Michael. 2010a. Dominican Kokoy. In Schreier, D., Trudgill, P., Schneider, E. W., and Williams, J. P., eds. The Lesser-Known Varieties of English: An Introduction (Studies in English Language Series). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 171194.Google Scholar
Aceto, Michael. 2010b. Review of Salikoko Mufwene. Language Evolution: Contact, competition and change (London, New York: Continuum International Publishing Group, 2008). Language in Society 39: 276281.Google Scholar
Aceto, Michael. 2015. St. Eustatius English. In Schreier, D., Trudgill, P., Schneider, E. W., and Williams, J. P., eds. The Lesser-Known Varieties of English, Vol. 2. (Studies in English Language Series). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 165197.Google Scholar
Aceto, Michael and Williams, Jeffrey P., eds. Contact Englishes of the Eastern Caribbean (Varieties of English around the World Series). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Andersen, Roger, ed. 1983. Pidginization and Creolization as Language Acquisition. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.Google Scholar
Bailey, Beryl L. 1966. Jamaican Creole Syntax: A Transformational Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Baker, Philip and Bruyn, Adrienne, eds. 1998. St Kitts and the Atlantic Creoles: The Texts of Samuel Augustus Mathews in Perspective (Westminster Creolistics Series 4). London: University of Westminster Press.Google Scholar
Bakker, Peter. 2014. Creolistics: Back to square one? Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 29: 177194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bakker, Peter, Daval-Markussen, Aymeric, Parkvall, Mikael and Plag, Ingo. 2011. Creoles are typologically distinct from non-creoles. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 26: 542.Google Scholar
Baugh, John. 1983. Black Street Speech: Its History Structure and Survival. Austin: The University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Bickerton, Derek. 1984. The Language Bioprogram Hypothesis. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences 7: 173221.Google Scholar
Childs, Becky, Reaser, Jeffrey and Wolfram, Walt. 2003. Defining ethnic varieties in the Bahamas: Phonological accommodation in Black and White enclave communities. In Aceto, Michael and Williams, Jeffrey P., eds. Contact Englishes of the Eastern Caribbean (Varieties of English around the World Series). Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 128.Google Scholar
Chomsky, Noam. 1965. Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Cutler, Cecilia. 2003. English in the Turks and Caicos Islands: A look at Grand Turk. In Aceto, Michael and Williams, Jeffrey P., eds. Contact Englishes of the Eastern Caribbean (Varieties of English around the World Series). Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 5180.Google Scholar
DeCamp, David. 1971. Toward a generative analysis of the post-creole continuum. In Hymes, Dell, ed. Pidginization and Creolization of Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 349370.Google Scholar
DeGraff, Michel, ed. 1999. Language Creation and Language Change: Creolization, Diachrony, and Development. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Dillard, J. L. 1973. Black English. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Evans, Vyvyan. 2014. The Language Myth: Why Language Is Not an Instinct. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press .Google Scholar
Garrett, Paul. 1999. Language socialization, convergence, and shift in St Lucia, West Indies. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, New York University.Google Scholar
Garrett, Paul. 2003. An English Creole that isn’t: On the sociohistorical origins and linguistic classification of the vernacular English in St. Lucia. In Aceto, Michael and Williams, Jeffrey P., eds. Contact Englishes of the Eastern Caribbean (Varieties of English around the World Series). Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 155210.Google Scholar
Hancock, Ian. 1987. A preliminary classification of the anglophone Atlantic Creoles with syntactic data from thirty-three representative dialects. In Gilbert, Glenn G., ed. Pidgin and Creole Languages. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 264333.Google Scholar
Hancock, Ian. 1994. Componentiality and the Creole matrix: The southwest English contribution. In Montgomery, Michael, ed. The Crucible of Carolina: Essays in the Development of Gullah Language and Culture. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 95114.Google Scholar
Hickey, Raymond. 2014. A Dictionary of Varieties of English. Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell.Google Scholar
Holm, John, ed. 1983. Central American English (Varieties of English around the World, Text Series 2). Heidelberg: Julius Groos Verlag.Google Scholar
Holm, John, ed. 19881989. Pidgins and Creoles, Vols. 1 and 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lalla, Barbara and D’Costa, Jean. 1990. Language in Exile: Three Hundred years of Jamaican Creole. Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
Le Page, Robert. B. 1957–8. General outlines of Creole English dialects in the British Caribbean. Orbis 6: 373391; 7: 5464Google Scholar
Le Page, Robert. B. 1998. Ivory Towers: The Memoirs of a Pidgin Fancier. A Personal Memoir of Fifty Years in Universities around the World. St Augustine, Trinidad: Society for Caribbean Linguistics.Google Scholar
McWhorter, John H. 1998. Identifying the creole prototype: Vindicating a typological class. Language 74: 788818.Google Scholar
Michaelis, Susanne. 2000. The fate of subject pronouns: Evidence from creole and non-creole languages. In Neumann-Holzschuh, Ingrid and Schneider, Edgar W., eds. Degrees of Restructuring in Creole Languages. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 163183.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 1994. On decreolization: The case of Gullah. In Morgan, Marcyliena, ed. Language and the Social Construction of Identity in Creole Situations. Los Angeles: Center for Afro-American Studies, UCLA, 6399.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 1996. The founder principle in creole genesis. Diachronica 12: 83134.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2001. The Ecology of Language Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2008. Language Evolution: Contact, Competition and Change. London: Continuum International Publishing Group.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2014. The case was never closed: McWhorter misinterprets the ecological approach to the emergence of creoles. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 1: 157171.Google Scholar
Neumann-Holzschuh, Ingrid and Schneider, Edgar W., eds. 2000. Degrees of Restructuring in Creole Languages. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Niles, Norma A. 1980. Provincial English dialects and Barbadian English. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Parkvall, Mikael. 2000. Out of Africa: African Influences in the Atlantic Creoles. London: Battlebridge Publications.Google Scholar
Popper, Karl. 1984. The Myth of the Framework: In Defence of Science and Rationality. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Reinecke, John. E. 1937. Marginal languages: A sociological survey of the creole languages and trade jargons. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Yale University.Google Scholar
Rizzi, Luigi. 1999. Broadening the empirical basis of Universal Grammar models: A commentary. In DeGraff, Michel, ed. Language Creation and Language Change: Creolization, Diachrony, and Development. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 453472.Google Scholar
Satyanath, Shobha. 2006. English in the New World: Continuity and change, the case of personal pronouns in Guyanese English. In Bhatt, Parth and Plag, Ingo, eds. The Structure of Creole Words: Segmental, Syllabic and Morphological Aspects. Tubingen: Max Niemeyer, 179199.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. 1989. American Earlier Black English. Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
Thomason, Sarah G. and Kaufman, Terrence. 1988. Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Van Herk, Gerard. 2003. Barbadian lects: Beyond Meso. In Aceto, Michael and Williams, Jeffrey P., eds. Contact Englishes of the Eastern Caribbean (Varieties of English around the World Series). Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 241264.Google Scholar
Wells, John C. 1982. Accents of English, Vol. 3: Beyond the British Isles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wells, John C. 1987. Phonological relationships in Caribbean and West Africa English. English World-Wide 8: 6168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, Jeffrey P. 1985. Preliminaries to the study of the dialects of White West Indian English. New West Indian Guide 59: 2744.Google Scholar
Williams, Jeffrey P. 1987. Anglo-Caribbean English: A study of its sociolinguistic history and the development of its aspectual markers. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Texas at Austin.Google Scholar
Williams, Jeffrey P. 1988. The development of aspectual markers in Anglo-Caribbean English. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 3: 245263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, Jeffrey P. 2003. The establishment and perpetuation of White enclave communities in the Eastern Caribbean: The case of Island Harbor, Anguilla. In Aceto, Michael and Williams, Jeffrey P., eds. Contact Englishes of the Eastern Caribbean (Varieties of English around the World Series). Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 95119.Google Scholar
Winford, Donald. 1993. Predication in Caribbean English Creoles. Amsterdam: John BenjaminsGoogle Scholar
Winford, Donald. 2000. “Intermediate” creoles and degrees of change in creole formation: The case of Bajan. In Neumann-Holzschuh, Ingrid and Schneider, Edgar W., eds. Degrees of Restructuring in Creole Languages. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 215246.Google Scholar
Wolfram, Walt and Thomas, Erik. 2002. The Development of African American English. Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×