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1 - MUSLIM INDIA BEFORE THE MUGHALS

from Part V - The Indian sub-continent

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2008

By
I. H. Qureshi
Edited by
P. M. Holt ,
Ann K. S. Lambton  and
Bernard Lewis
I. H. Qureshi
Affiliation:
University of Karachi
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Summary

The Ghaznavids and Ghurids

When Alptigin rebelled against the Samanids he established himself at Ghazna in 352/962, where his slave and son-in-law Sebüktigin succeeded him in 367/977 and started vigorously to expand his dominions. Jayapāla of Waihind saw danger in the consolidation of the kingdom of Ghazna and decided to destroy it. He therefore invaded Ghazna, but was defeated and agreed to pay an indemnity. He defaulted, took the field again and was once more defeated. This was the beginning of the struggle between the Ghaznavids and the Hindu Shahis.

Sebüktigin died in 387/997 and in the following year was succeeded by the famous Mahmūd. The latter defeated Jayapāla (391/1001), who immolated himself by fire because his subjects thought that he had brought disaster and disgrace to the dynasty. Jayapāla's son Ānandapāla carried on the struggle, and in a few years succeeded in organizing a confederacy of the Hindu rulers of Ujjayn, Gwalior (Gwālyār), Kālinjar, Kannawj, Delhi (Dihlā) and Ajmēr. This powerful confederacy was defeated at Peshāwar in 399/1008, despite the fact that during the greater part of the battle Mahmūd and his army were hard-pressed. The tide turned when Ānandapāla's elephant was hit by an arrow, took fright and ran away. On this the Hindu army broke and fled. The Hindu Shāhī dominions came into Mahmūd's possession and a governor was appointed to reside at Lahore (Lāhawr). He decided to teach the Hindu rajas a lesson so that they should not venture to combine against him again.

Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge History of Islam , pp. 1 - 34
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 1977

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