Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-6bf8c574d5-r4mrb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-03-03T23:11:23.058Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

1 - NORTH AFRICA TO THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY

from Part VII - AFRICA AND THE MUSLIM WEST

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2008

By
Roger le Tourneau
Edited by
P. M. Holt ,
Ann K. S. Lambton  and
Bernard Lewis
Roger le Tourneau
Affiliation:
University of Aix-en-Provence
Get access

Summary

According to the tradition of the chroniclers, it was in 26/647 that the Muslims first came into contact with North Africa. The Caliph ‘Umar had in fact forbidden his conquering generals to proceed westwards beyond Tripoli, but his successor ’Uthmān authorized the military commander ‘Abd Allāh b. Sa'd to lead an expedition into Ifrīqiya to obtain plunder. This ended in victory for the Muslims over the Byzantine troops of the Patrician Gregory on the plain of Sbeitla.

The new conquerors found a complex country. It is true that they found a Byzantine power that they were beginning to know well, since they had already conquered the Byzantine provinces of Syria and Egypt. But Byzantine authority did not by any means extend throughout the whole of North Africa: it stopped at the meridian of the Chott el-Hodna (Shatt al-Hadna) in the west and did not begin again until Ceuta, (Sabta) where a Byzantine governor held on for better or worse until 92/711. The rest of the country was controlled by the Berbers. Some of them had come under Carthaginian, and later under Roman influence: this was the case with the Berbers of the present-day Tunisia and of the region of Constantine. Others had come under Roman influence only— those of the present-day Algeria and of northern Morocco; but many of them had no direct contact with either Carthaginians or Romans: this was the case with the majority of the Berbers of Morocco and those of the high western plains of Algeria.

Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge History of Islam , pp. 209 - 237
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 1977

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ageron, C. R.Histoire de l'Algérie contemporaine, 1830–1956, Paris, 1966.Google Scholar
Ashford, D. E.Political Change in Morocco.Princeton, 1961.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aubin, E.Le Maroc d'aujourdhui.Paris, 1904.Google Scholar
Ayache, A.Le Maroc: bilan d'une colonisation.Paris, 1956.Google Scholar
Barbour, N. (ed.). A Survey of North West Africa.London, 1959.Google Scholar
Behr, E.The Algerian Problem.London, 1961.Google Scholar
Bel, A.Les Benou Ghânya.Paris, 1903.Google Scholar
Bel, A.La religion musulmane en Berbérie.Paris, 1938.Google Scholar
Bernard, A.Le Maroc. 7th edn. Paris, 1931.Google Scholar
Berque, J.Le Maghreb entre deux guerres.Paris, 1962.Google Scholar
Berque, J.Structures sociales du Haut-Atlas.Paris, 1955.Google Scholar
Boyer, P.La vie quotidienne à Alger à la veille de l'intervention française.Paris, 1964.Google Scholar
Braudel, F.La Méditerranée et le monde méditerranéen à l'époque ce Philippe II.Paris, 1949.Google Scholar
Brunschvig, R. (‘Ibn ‘Abdalh'akam et la conquête de l'Afrique du Nord par les Arabes’, Annales de l'Institut d'Etudes Orientales de la Faculté des Lettres d'Alger, Vol. VI (1942-7)).Google Scholar
Brunschvig, R.La Berbérie orientale sous les Hafsides des origines à la fin du XV esiècle.Paris, 1940, 1947.Google Scholar
Catroux, G.Lyautey, le marocain.Paris, 1952.Google Scholar
Colombe, M. ‘L'Algerie turque’, Initiation à l'Algérie.Paris, 1957.Google Scholar
Corbett, J. S.England in the Mediterranean (1603–1713).London, 1917.Google Scholar
Cour, A.L'établissement des dynasties des Chérifs au Maroc.Paris, 1904.Google Scholar
Cour, A.La dynastie marocaine des Beni Wattâs (1420–1554).Constantine, 1920.Google Scholar
Courtois, Christian, Les Vandales et l'Afrique (Paris, 1955).Google Scholar
Debbasch, Y.La natiōn française en Tunisie, 1577–1835.Paris, 1957.Google Scholar
Delmas de Grammont, H.Histoire d'Alger sous la domination turque (1515–1830).Paris, 1887.Google Scholar
Depont, O. and Coppolani, X.Les confréries religieuses musulmanes.Algiers, 1897.Google Scholar
Despois, J.La Tunisie orientale. Sahel et basse steppe. 2nd edn. Paris, 1955.Google Scholar
Despois, J.La Tunisie: ses régions.Paris, 1961.Google Scholar
Despois, J.L'Afrique du Nord. 3rd edn. Paris, 1964.Google Scholar
Deverdun, G.Marrakech des origines à 1912. Vol. I. Rabat, 1959.Google Scholar
Drague, G.Esquisse d'histoire religieuse de Maroc.Paris, 1951.Google Scholar
Emerit, M.L'Algérieà l'époque d'Abd-el-Kader.Paris, 1951.Google Scholar
Evans-Pritchard, E. E.The Sanusi of Cyrenaica.Oxford, 1949.Google Scholar
Favrod, C.H.Le F.L.N. et l'Algérie.Paris, 1962.Google Scholar
Fisher, G.Barbary legend.Oxford, 1957.Google Scholar
Fitoussie, and Benazet, A.L'état tunisien et le protector at français.Paris, 1931.Google Scholar
Fournel, H.Les Berbères. Etude sur la conquête de l'Afrique par les Arabes d'après les textes arabes imprimés.Paris, 1875–81.Google Scholar
Ganiage, J.Les origines du protector at français en Tunisie, 1861–1881.Paris, 1959.Google Scholar
Gautier, É.-F.Le passéde l'Afrique du Nord. Les siècles obscurs.Paris, 1937.Google Scholar
Golvin, L.Le Magrib central à l'époque des Zirides.Paris, 1957.Google Scholar
Grandchamp, P.La France en Tunisie de la fin du XVIe siècle à 1705.Tunis, 1920–33.Google Scholar
Hahn, L.North Africa: Nationalism to Nationhood.Washington, D.C., 1960.Google Scholar
Huici Miranda, A.Historia politica del imperio almohade.Tetuan, 1956–7.Google Scholar
Idris, H. R., La Berbérie orientale sous les Zirides (Xe-XIIe siècles) (Paris, 1962), I.Google Scholar
Idris, H. R.La Berbérie orientale sous les Zīrīdes (Xe–XIIe siècle).Paris, 1959.Google Scholar
Julien, C.-A.Histoire de l'Afrique du Nord (Tunisie, Algérie, Maroc). De la conquête arabe à 1830. 2nd edn. Paris, 1956.Google Scholar
Julien, C.-A.Histoire de l'Algérie contemporaine I: La conquête et les débuts de la colonization (1827–1871).Paris, 1964.Google Scholar
Lacoste, Y., Nouschi, A., Prenant, A.L'Algérie passé et présent.Paris, 1960.Google Scholar
Lane-Poole, S.The Barbary Corsairs.London, 1890.Google Scholar
Le Tourneau, R.Fès avant le protector at.Casablanca, 1949.Google Scholar
Le Tourneau, R.Fez in the age of the Marinides. Norman, Oklahoma, 1961.Google Scholar
Le Tourneau, R.Évolution politique de l'Afrique du Nord musulmane 1920–1961.Paris, 1962.Google Scholar
LeCoz, J.Le Rharb, fellahs et colons.Rabat, 1964.Google Scholar
Leduc, G. and others. Industrialization del'Afrique du Nord.Paris, 1952.Google Scholar
Lévi-Provencal, E., ‘Un nouveau réck de la conquête de l'Afrique du Nord par les Arabes’, Arabica, I (1954).Google Scholar
Lévi-Provençal, E., ‘La fondation de Marrakech (462-1070)’, in Mélanges d'art et d'archéologie de l'Occident musulman, II (Algiers, 1957)Google Scholar
Lévi-Provençal, É.Les historiens des Chorfa.Paris, 1922.Google Scholar
Mandouze, A.La révolution algérienne par les textes.Paris, 1962.Google Scholar
Marçais, G.La Berberie musulmane et l'orient au moyen âge.Paris, 1946.Google Scholar
Marçais, G.Les Arabes en Berbérie du XIe au XIVe siècle.Constantine and Paris, 1913.Google Scholar
Marçais, G.Tlemcen.Paris, 1950.Google Scholar
Marçais, G.L'architecture musulmane d'Occident. Tunisie, Algérie, Maroc, Espagne, et Sicile.Paris, 1954.Google Scholar
Marçais, W. ‘Comment l'Afrique du Nord a été arabisée’, Articles et conférences.Paris, 1961.Google Scholar
Massignon, L.Le Maroc dans les premières années du XVIe siècle.Algiers, 1906.Google Scholar
Masson, P.Histoire des établissements et du commerce français dans l'Afrique barbaresque.Paris, 1903.Google Scholar
Miège, J. L.Le Maroc et l'Europe, 1830–1894.Paris, 1961–64.Google Scholar
Monchicourt, Ch.L'expédition espagnole contre l'île de Djerba.Paris, 1913.Google Scholar
Montagne, R.Les Berbères et le Makhzen dans le sud de Maroc.Paris, 1930.Google Scholar
Montagne, R. (ed.). Naissance du prolétariat marocain.Paris, 1951.Google Scholar
Nouschi, A.Enquéte sur le niveau de vie des populations rurales constantinoises de la conquête jusquʾen 1919.Paris, 1961.Google Scholar
Nouschi, A.La naissance du nationalisme algérien.Paris, 1962.Google Scholar
Picard, G. Charles, La Civilisation de l'Afrique Romaine (Paris, 1959).Google Scholar
Pignon, J. ‘La Tunisie turque et husséinite’, in Basset, A. and others. Initiation à la Tunisie.Paris, 1950.Google Scholar
Playfair, R. L.The Scourge of Christendom: Annals of British Relations with Algiers Prior to the French Conquest.London, 1884.Google Scholar
Poncet, J.La colonization et l'agriculture européennes en Tunisie depuis 1881.Paris, 1962.Google Scholar
Poncet, Jean: ‘L'évolution des genres de vie en Tunisie (autout d'une phrase d'Ibn Khaldoun)’, Les Cahiers de Tunisie, no. 7–8 (1954).Google Scholar
Raymond, A.La Tunisie.Paris, 1961.Google Scholar
Rézette, R.Les partis politiques marocains.Paris, 1955.Google Scholar
Ricard, R.Études sur l'histoire des Portugais au Maroc.Coimbra, 1955.Google Scholar
Rinn, L.Marabouts et Khouan.Algiers, 1884.Google Scholar
Rinn, L.Le royaume d'Alger sous le dernier dey.Algiers, 1900.Google Scholar
Rossi, E.Storia di Tripoli e della Tripolitania dalla conquista araba a 1911.Rome, 1968.Google Scholar
Rousseau, A.Annales tunisiennes ou aperçu historique de la Régence de Tunis.Paris-Algiers, 1864.Google Scholar
Sebag, P.La Tunisie.Paris, 1951.Google Scholar
Talbi, M.L'émirat aghlabide 184–296/800–909. Histoire politique.Paris, 1966.Google Scholar
Terrasse, H.L'art hispano-mauresque des origines au XIIIe siècle.Paris, 1932.Google Scholar
Terrasse, H.Histoire du Maroc des origines à l'établissement du protectorat français. Casablanca, 1949–50.Google Scholar
Venture de Paradis, J. M.. Alger au XVIIIème siècle.Algiers, 1898.Google Scholar
Vonderheyden, M.La Berbérie orientale sous la dynastie des Benoûʾl-Arlab, 800–909.Paris, 1927.Google Scholar
Weir, T. H.The Shaikhs of Morocco in the XVIth Century.Edinburgh, 1904.Google Scholar
Yacono, X.Les Bureaux arabes et l'évolution des genres de vie indigènes dans l'ouest du Tell algérois.Paris, 1953.Google Scholar
Yacono, X.La colonization des plaines du Chelif. Algiers, 1955–6.Google Scholar
Ziadeh, N.A.Sanūsīyah.Leiden, 1958.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×