The Diaspora from 66 to c. 235 <span class='sc'>ce</span>

doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521772488.004

2 - The Diaspora from 66 to c. 235 ce

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 March 2008

Paul Trebilco and

Edited by

Allen Kerkeslager: Affiliation:
Department of Theology, Saint Joseph’s University, Philadelphia
Claudia Setzer: Affiliation:
Department of Religion, Manhattan College, New York
Paul Trebilco: Affiliation:
Department of Theology and Religious Studies, University of Otago, Dunedin
David Goodblatt: Affiliation:
Department of History, University of California, San Diego
Steven T. Katz: Affiliation:
Boston University

Book contents

Get access

Summary

introduction

The geographical delimitation of this section of the chapter arguably glosses over cultural differences and Roman administrative boundaries that distinguished the Jewish communities of Egypt from those in Cyrenaica. Nevertheless, some justification for treating the Jewish communities of these two regions together may be found in the long history of close relationships between them. Determining the chronological limits of this section is not difficult in the case of the lower limit because the outbreak of hostilities in Palestine in 66 had a decisive impact on these communities. However, fixing an upper limit is more problematic because the rebirth of Judaism in Egypt and Cyrenaica after the devastating revolt of 116–17 was only gradual. This process is not well attested until the fourth century. The demise of the Severan dynasty in 235 has been rather arbitrarily chosen as the formal date of the permeable upper limit for this section, however, because the growth of institutional Christianity in the mid-third century generates complexities that require separate treatment.

The literary sources available for this section are severely limited. Papyri and other non-literary sources have helped to fill this lacuna. Reliance on ethnographic analogy, however, is inescapable in the following reconstruction.

Keywords

Jewish communities Cyrenaica Babylonian Jews Asia Minor Josephus

Type: Chapter
Information: The Cambridge History of Judaism , pp. 53 - 92

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521772488.004 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Print publication year: 2006

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ameling, W., “Die jüdischen Gemeinden im antiken Kleinasien,” in Jütte, R. and Kustermann, A. P. (eds.), Jüdische Gemeinden und Organisationsformen {JW1} von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart (Vienna, 1996).Google Scholar

Applebaum, S., Jews and Greeks in Ancient Cyrene (Leiden, 1979).

Bagnall, R. S., and Frier, B. W., The Demography of Roman Egypt (Cambridge, 1994).

Barclay, J. M. G., Jews in the Mediterranean Diaspora from Alexander to Trajan (323 BCE–117 CE) (Edinburgh, 1996).

Barnes, T. D., “Trajan and the Jews,” Journal of Jewish Studies 40 (1989).Google Scholar

Barnes, T. D., Tertullian (Oxford, 1971, issued with corrections and postscript, 1985).

Baron, S. W., A Social and Religious History of the Jews, 2nd ed., II (New York, 1952).

Bauer, W., Orthodoxy and Heresy in Earliest Christianity, 2nd ed. (Philadelphia, 1971).

Bauer, W., Orthodoxy and Heresy in Earliest Christianity, ed. Kraft, R. A. and Krodel, G. (Philadelphia, 1971).

Bivar, A. D. H., “The Political History of Iran under the Arsacids,” in Yarshater, E. (ed.), Cambridge History of Iran, III/I (Cambridge, 1983)Google Scholar

Bobertz, C., “For the Vineyard of the Lord of Hosts was the House of Israel: Cyprian of Carthage and the Jews,” Jewish Quarterly Review 82 (1991).Google Scholar

Bonz, M. P., “The Jewish Community of Ancient Sardis: A Reassessment of Its Rise to Prominence,” Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 93 (1990).Google Scholar

Brody, R., The Geonim of Babylonia and the Shaping of Medieval Jewish Culture (New Haven, 1998).

Broeck, R., “Juden und Christen in Alexandrien im 2. und 3. Jahrhundert,” in Amersfoort, J. and Oort, J. (eds.), Juden und Christen in der Antike (Kampen, 1990).Google Scholar

Brooks, R., “Straw Dogs and Scholarly Ecumenism,” in Kannengiesser, C. and Peterson, W. L. (eds.), Origen of Alexandria (Notre Dame, 1988).Google Scholar

Brooten, B. J., Women Leaders in the Ancient Synagogue: Inscriptional Evidence and Background Issues (Chico, 1982).

Crawford, J. S., “Jews, Christians and Polytheists in Late-Antique Sardis,” in Fine, S. (ed.), Jews, Christians, and Polytheists in the Ancient Synagogue: Cultural Interaction in the Graeco-Roman Period (London, 1999).Google Scholar

Cross, F. M., “The Hebrew Inscriptions from Sardis,” Harvard Theological Review 95 (2002).Google Scholar

Delattre, A. -L., Gamart ou la nécropole juive de Carthage (Lyons, 1895).

Efroymsen, D., “Tertullian’s Anti-Jewish Rhetoric: Guilt by Association,” Union Seminary Quarterly Review 36 (1980).Google Scholar

Feldman, L. H., Jew and Gentile in the Ancient World: Attitudes and Interactions from Alexander to Justinian (Princeton, 1993).

Ferron, J., “Inscriptions juives de Carthage,” Cahiers de Byrsa 32 (1951).Google Scholar

Fikhman, I. F., “Les Juifs d’Egypte à l’époque byzantine d’après les papyrus publiés depuis la parution du Corpus Papyrorum Judaicarum III,” Scripta Classica Israelica 15 (1996).Google Scholar

Fine, S. (ed.), Sacred Realm: The Emergence of the Synagogue in the Ancient World (New York, 1996).

Frankfurter, D., “Lest Egypt’s City be Deserted,” Journal of Jewish Studies 43 (1992).Google Scholar

Frye, R., The History of Ancient Iran (Munich, 1983).

Gafni, I. M., “The Institution of Marriage in Rabbinic Times,” in Kraemer, D. (ed.), The Jewish Family: Metaphor and Memory (New York, 1989).Google Scholar

Gafni, I. M., Babylonian Jewry and Its Institutions in the Period of the Talmud (Jerusalem, 1975) (Hebrew).

Gafni, I. M., Land, Center, and Diaspora: Jewish Constructs in Late Antiquity, JSPSS 21 (Sheffield, 1997).

Gafni, I. M., The Jews of Babylonia in the Talmudic Era: A Social and Cultural History (Jerusalem, 1990) (Hebrew).

Goodblatt, D., “Judaea between the Revolts,” in Oppenheimer, A. (ed.), Jüdische Geschichte in hellenistisch-römischer Zeit: Wege der Forschung: Vom alten zum neuen Schürer (Munich, 1999).Google Scholar

Goodblatt, D., Rabbinic Instruction in Sasanian Babylonia (Leiden, 1975).

Goodenough, E. R., Jewish Symbols in the Greco-Roman Period, IX–XI (New York, 1964).

Goodman, M., “Nerva, the Fiscus Judaicus and Jewish Identity,” Journal of Roman Studies 79 (1989).Google Scholar

Goodman, M. (ed.), Jews in a Graeco-Roman World (Oxford, 1998).

Griggs, C. W., Early Egyptian Christianity (Leiden, 1990).

Gutmann, J. (ed.), The Dura-Europos Synagogue: A Re-evaluation (1932–1992) (Atlanta, 1992).

Haas, C. C., Alexandria in Late Antiquity (Baltimore, 1997).

Habermann, W., Zur Wasserversorgung einer Metropole im kaiserzeitlichen Ägypten (Munich, 2000).

Hachlili, R., Ancient Jewish Art and Archaeology in the Diaspora (Leiden, 1998).

Haelst, J., Catalogue papyrus littéraires juifs et chrétiennes (Paris, 1976).

Hengel, M., “Messianische Hoffnung und politischer ‘Radikalismus’ in der jüdisch- hellenistischen Diaspora: Zur Frage der Voraussetzungen der jüdischen Aufstandes unter Trajan 115–7 n.Chr.,” in Hellholm, D. (ed.), Apocalypticism in the Ancient Mediterranean World and the Near East, Proceedings of the International Colloquium at Uppsala 1979 (Tübingen, 1989).Google Scholar

Henten, J. W., and Horst, P. W. (eds.), Studies in Early Jewish Epigraphy (Leiden, 1994).

Hirschberg, H. Z., A History of the Jews of North Africa, 2 vols. (Leiden, 1974–1981).

Horbury, W., “The Beginnings of the Jewish Revolt under Trajan,” in Schäfer, P. (ed.), Geschichte–Tradition–Reflexion: Festschrift für Martin Hengel zum 70 Geburstag I (Tübingen, 1996).Google Scholar

Horbury, W., Jews and Christians in Contact and Controversy (Edinburgh, 1998).

Isaac, B., and Oppenheimer, A., Studies on the Jewish Diaspora in the Hellenistic and Roman Periods (Tel-Aviv, 1996).

Jakab, Attila, “Le Judaïsme hellénisé d’Alexandrie depuis la fondation de la ville jusqu’à la révolte sous Trajan,” Henoch 21 (1999).Google Scholar

Le Bohec, Y., “Juifs et judaisants dans l’Afrique romaine. Remarques onomastique,” Antiquités africaines 17 (1981).Google Scholar

Kasher, A., The Jews in Hellenistic and Roman Egypt (Tübingen, 1985).

Kasher, A., “Some Comments on the Jewish Uprising in Egypt in the Time of Trajan,” Journal of Jewish Studies 27 (1976).Google Scholar

Kee, H. C. and Cohick, L. H. (eds.), Evolution of the Synagogue: Problems and Progress (Harrisburg, 1999)

Kerkeslager, A., “Maintaining Jewish Identity in the Greek Gymnasium: A ‘Jewish Load,’ in CPJ 3.519,” Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic and Roman Period 28 (1997).Google Scholar

Kerkeslager, A., “Maintaining Jewish Identity in the Greek Gymnasium,” Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic and Roman Period (Supplements) 28 (1997).Google Scholar

Klein-Franke, F., “A Hebrew Lamentation from Egypt,” Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 51 (1983)Google Scholar

Koester, H., History and Literature of Early Christianity, 2nd ed. (New York, 2000).

Kotansky, R., Greek Magical Amulets (Opladen, 1994).

Kraeling, C. H., The Excavations at Dura-Europos, Final Reports, VIII/I: The Synagogue (New Haven, 1956; augmented ed., New York, 1979).

Kroll, J. H., “The Greek Inscriptions of the Sardis Synagogue,” Harvard Theological Review 94 (2001).Google Scholar

Lange, N. R. M., Origen and the Jews (Cambridge, 1976).

Laronde, A., Cyrène et la Libye hellénistique: Libykai historiai de l’époque républicaine au principat d’Auguste (Paris, 1987).

Le Bohec, Y., “Inscriptions juives et judaisant de l’Afrique romaine,” Antiquités africaines 17 (1981).Google Scholar

Bohec, Y., “Les Sources archéologique du Judaisme Africain sous l’empire romain,” in Iancu, C. and Lassere, J. -M. (eds.), Juifs et judaisme dans l’Afrique du Nord dans l’antiquité et le haut moyen-âge (Montpelier, 1985).Google Scholar

Levine, L. I., “Synagogue Leadership: The Case of the Archisynagogue,” in Goodman, M. (ed.), Jews in a Graeco-Roman World (Oxford, 1998).Google Scholar

Levine, L. I., The Ancient Synagogue: The First Thousand Years (New York, 2000).

Levinskaya, I., The Book of Acts in its Diaspora Setting (Grand Rapids, 1996).

Lieu, J., Image and Reality: The Jews in the World of the Christians in the Second Century (Edinburgh, 1996).

Lund, J., “A Synagogue at Carthage? Menorah Lamps from the Danish Excavation,” JRA 8 (1995).Google Scholar

Meir, O., Rabbi Judah the Patriarch: Palestinian and Babylonian Portrait of a Leader (Tel-Aviv, 1999).

Mélèze-Modrzejewski, J., The Jews of Egypt: From Ramses II to Hadrian (Philadelphia, 1995).

Miranda, E., “La comunità giudaica di Hierapolis di Frigia,” in Epigraphica Anatolica 31 (1999).Google Scholar

Modrzejewski, J. M., “Ioudaioi apheremenoi: La Fin de la communauté juive d’É gypte (115–117 de n.è),” in Thuer, G. (ed.), Symposion 1985. Vorträge zur griechischen und hellenistischen Rechtsgeschichte (Ringberg, 24–26 July 1985) (Cologne, 1989).Google Scholar

Musurillo, H., Le Martyre de Pionios, eds. Robert, L. with Bowersock, G. W. and Jones, C. P. (Washington, DC, 1994).

Neusner, J., A History of the Jews in Babylonia, I: The Parthian Period, Studia Post-Biblica XI, 2nd printing, rev. (Leiden, 1969).

Neusner, J., A History of the Jews in Babylonia, 5 vols. (Leiden, 1965–1970).

Oppenheimer, A., Babylonia Judaica in the Talmudic Period, Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des vorderen Orients, Reihe B, Nr. 47 (Weisbaden, 1983).

Overman, J. A., and MacLennan, R. S. (eds.), Diaspora Jews and Judaism: Essays in Honor of, and in Dialogue with, A. Thomas Kraabel (Atlanta, 1992).

Paget, J. C., “Clement of Alexandria and the Jews,” Scottish Journal of Theology 51 (1998).Google Scholar

Pearson, B. A., Gnosticism, Judaism, and Egyptian Christianity (Minneapolis, 1990).

Pearson, B. A., and Goehring, J. E. (eds.), The Roots of Egyptian Christianity (Philadelphia, 1986).

PucciZeev, M., Jewish Rights in the Roman World (Tübingen, 1998).

Pucci, M., La Rivolta Ebraica al Tempo di Traiano (Pisa, 1981).

Pucci Ben Zeev, M., Jewish Rights in the Roman World (Tübingen, 1998).

Rajak, T., and Noy, D., “Archisynagogoi: Office Titles and Social Status in the Graeco-Roman Synagogue,” Journal of Roman Studies 83 (1993).Google Scholar

Rajak, T., The Jewish Dialogue with Greece and Rome: Studies in Cultural and Social Interaction (Leiden, 2001).

Reynolds, J., and Tannenbaum, R., Jews and Godfearers at Aphrodisias (Cambridge, 1987).

Rives, J., Religion and Authority in Roman Carthage from Augustus to Constantine (Oxford, 1995).

Roberts, C. H., Manuscript, Society and Belief in Early Christian Egypt (London, 1979).

Rutgers, L. V., The Hidden Heritage of Diaspora Judaism (Leuven, 1998).

Salvaterra, C., “L’amministrazione fiscale in una societa multietnica,” in Mooren, L. (ed.), Politics, Administration and Society in the Hellenistic and Roman World (Leuven, 2000).Google Scholar

Schürer, E. (ed.), Schürer, E. (ed.), The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ, rev. and ed. by Vermes, G., Millar, F., and Black, M., 3 vols. (Edinburgh, 1973–1987).

Segal, J. B., “The Jews of North Mesopotamia,” in Grintz, J. M. and Liver, J. (eds.), Studies in the Bible Presented to Professor M. H. Segal (Jerusalem, 1964).Google Scholar

Setzer, C., “Jews, Jewish Christians and Judaizers in North Africa,” in Wiles, V., Brown, A., and Snyder, G. (eds.), Putting Body and Soul Together. Essays in Honor of Robin Scroggs (Valley Forge, 1997).Google Scholar

Sirat, C. et al., Les Papyrus en caractères Hébraiques trouvés en É gypte (Paris, 1985), 22

Smallwood, E. M., The Jews under Roman Rule (Leiden, 1976).

Solin, H., “Juden und Syrer im westlichen Teil der römischen Welt: Eine ethnische-demographische Studie mit besonderer Berucksichtigung der sprachlichen Zustande,” Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt 2/29/2 (1983).Google Scholar

Strack, H. L., and Stemberger, G. Introduction to the Talmud and Midrash, trans. Brockmuehl, M. (Minneapolis, 1992).

Trebilco, P. R., Jewish Communities in Asia Minor (Cambridge, 1991).

Wander, B., Gottesfürchtige und Sympathisanten (Tübingen, 1998).

White, L. M., “Synagogue and Society in Imperial Ostia: Archaeological and Epigraphic Evidence,” Harvard Theological Review 90 (1997).Google Scholar

Williams, M. H., “The Jews and Godfearers Inscription from Aphrodisias: A Case of Patriarchal Interference in Early Third Century Caria?” Historia 41 (1992).Google Scholar

Williams, M. H., The Jews among the Greeks and Romans: A Diaspora Sourcebook (London, 1998).

Book contents

2 - The Diaspora from 66 to c. 235 ce

Summary

Keywords

Access options

References

Save book to Kindle

Save book to Dropbox

Save book to Google Drive