Book contents
- Frontmatter
- 1 The archaeology of Palestine 63 bce–ce 70
- 2 The Herodian Temple
- 3 Recent archaeology in Palestine: achievements and future goals
- 4 The contribution of Jewish inscriptions to the study of Judaism
- 5 The social, economic and political history of Palestine 63 bce–ce 70
- 6 The Diaspora in the Roman period before ce 70
- 7 The Gentiles in Judaism 125 bce–ce 66
- 8 Gentiles as seen by Jews after ce 70
- 9 The synagogue
- 10 The Temple and the synagogue
- 11 The early liturgy of the synagogue
- 12 Women in the synagogue
- 13 The Pharisees
- 14 The Sadducees – their history and doctrines
- 15 The Essenes
- 16 The baptist sects
- 17 The troublemakers
- 18 The Samaritans and their sects
- 19 Galilean Judaism and Judaean Judaism
- 20 Jesus: from the Jewish point of view
- 21 Paul: from the Jewish point of view
- 22 Jewish Christianity
- 23 Apocalyptic: the disclosure of heavenly knowledge
- 24 The Qumran sectarian writings
- 25 The Dead Sea Scrolls and pre-Tannaitic Judaism
- 26 Prayer in the Qumran Texts
- 27 Philo of Alexandria
- 28 Josephus (ce 37–c. 100)
- 29 The rabbi in second-century Jewish society
- 30 The Hellenistic–Roman Diaspora ce 70–ce 235: the archaeological evidence
- 31 The legacy of Egypt in Judaism
- 32 Jewish elements in gnosticism and magic c.ce 70–c.ce 270
- Bibliographies
- Index
- References
8 - Gentiles as seen by Jews after ce 70
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 March 2008
Book contents
- Frontmatter
- 1 The archaeology of Palestine 63 bce–ce 70
- 2 The Herodian Temple
- 3 Recent archaeology in Palestine: achievements and future goals
- 4 The contribution of Jewish inscriptions to the study of Judaism
- 5 The social, economic and political history of Palestine 63 bce–ce 70
- 6 The Diaspora in the Roman period before ce 70
- 7 The Gentiles in Judaism 125 bce–ce 66
- 8 Gentiles as seen by Jews after ce 70
- 9 The synagogue
- 10 The Temple and the synagogue
- 11 The early liturgy of the synagogue
- 12 Women in the synagogue
- 13 The Pharisees
- 14 The Sadducees – their history and doctrines
- 15 The Essenes
- 16 The baptist sects
- 17 The troublemakers
- 18 The Samaritans and their sects
- 19 Galilean Judaism and Judaean Judaism
- 20 Jesus: from the Jewish point of view
- 21 Paul: from the Jewish point of view
- 22 Jewish Christianity
- 23 Apocalyptic: the disclosure of heavenly knowledge
- 24 The Qumran sectarian writings
- 25 The Dead Sea Scrolls and pre-Tannaitic Judaism
- 26 Prayer in the Qumran Texts
- 27 Philo of Alexandria
- 28 Josephus (ce 37–c. 100)
- 29 The rabbi in second-century Jewish society
- 30 The Hellenistic–Roman Diaspora ce 70–ce 235: the archaeological evidence
- 31 The legacy of Egypt in Judaism
- 32 Jewish elements in gnosticism and magic c.ce 70–c.ce 270
- Bibliographies
- Index
- References
Summary
Let us begin with a frank avowal not only of the incompleteness of our evidence from the Jewish side, but also of its one-sidedness. Tannaitic sources reflect the pietistic leadership of the scribes and sages, successors of the pharisees. It should not be assumed that the rabbinic views were enthusiastically endorsed by the entire community; indeed, as regards their minutiae, at the periphery of the community perhaps no more than lip service was given. Alternative religious groupings (e.g. Qumran, the Jewish Christians), occasionally disapprobated in the Mishnah, were either disappearing fast, or were in process of disassociating themselves from (or being extruded by) the main Jewish community. The ‘Am ha-’ares – scholastically unreachable common folk – were regarded by the rabbis with a barely tolerant contempt, reminiscent of fifth-century Greek attitudes to ‘the masses’ as contrasted to ‘gentlefolk’. One need not doubt that emotional ties and an inarticulate sense of ethnic identity linked them with more obviously practising Jewish circles, but their ethnicity was without self-consciousness, and they probably described themselves in Palestine – as in the Diaspora all Jews were described – as ‘Judaeans’ (yehudim, Aramaic yehuda'e): a term not thus used in rabbinic literature, where an individual Jew is called (an) Israel (ite). The great suffering of Jews in Palestine, Egypt and Cyrenaica, in the wars and revolts against Rome will have made it difficult or impossible for Jews to ignore the reality of Jewish–Gentile distinctions, even when, as individuals, they may have wished to play them down or attempt to overcome them by assimilative integration in the gentile world.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- The Cambridge History of Judaism , pp. 250 - 266Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 1999
References
Der galiläische ‘Am ha’ Åres des zweiten Jahrhunderts (Vienna 1906).
Babylonian Talmud translation by and , Soncino Talmud (general editor I. Epstein), Seder Nezikin, vol. 7 (London 1935).
Yisra'el ba-ʾammim. Israel among the Nations (Jerusalem 1955).
A Social and Religious History of the Jews2, vols. 1–2 (Philadelphia 1952).
(ed.) Toledoth ʾam Yisra'el (Tel Aviv, 1969), vol. 1 Part 3 (, The Second Temple) and Part 4 (, The Mishnaic-Talmudic Period). English translation (London 1976).
Jewish Proselyting in the First Five Centuries of the Common Era (Providence 1940).
Paul and Rabbinic Judaism (London 1948; 4th edn Philadelphia and London 1980).
Der Jüdische Gottesdienst in seiner geschichtlichen Entwicklung (Frankfurt am Main, edn 2 1924, edn 3 1931, Heb. tr. Ha-tefillah beYisra'el, Tel Aviv, 1972; English translation Jewish Liturgy, Philadelphia, Jerusalem and New York 1993).
Jew and Gentile in the Ancient World (Princeton 1993).
Corpus Inscriptionum Judaicarum. 2 vols. (Rome 1936–1952).
The Legends of the Jews (Philadelphia 1909–1938), 1.
Mission and Conversion: Proselytizing in the Religious History of the Roman Empire (Oxford 1994).
‘Coexisting with the Enemy: Jews and Pagans in the Mishnah’ in and (eds.) Tolerance and Intolerance in Early Judaism and Christianity (Cambridge 1998).Google Scholar
Judentum and Hellenismus. Studien zu ihrer Begegnung unter besonderer Berücksichtigung Palästinas bis zur Mitte des 2. Jh. v. Chr. (Tübingen 1969). English translation (London 1974).
The Social Structure of the Rabbinic Movement in Roman Palestine, Texte und Studien zum antiken Judentum 66 (Tübingen 1997).
and , Jewish Inscriptions of Graeco-Roman Egypt (Cambridge 1992).
and (eds.) The Beginnings of Christianity. Part 1: The Acts of the Apostles, 5 volumes (London 1920–1933).
Die Institution des jüdischen Patriarchen. Eine quellen- und traditionskritische Studie zur Geschichte der Juden in der Spätantike, Texte und Studien zum antiken Judentum 52 (Tübingen 1995).
Les Juifs dans l'Empire Romain. Leur condition juridique, économique et sociale (Paris 1914).
Olamoth niphgashim. Studies in Jewish Hellenism (Jerusalem 1960).
Greek in Jewish Palestine (New York 1942).
Hellenism in Jewish Palestine (New York 1950).
‘Render unto Caesar’. Religious and Political Loyalty in Palestine (Cambridge 1940).
(ed.) Judaism and Christianity, II. The Contact of Pharisaism with other Cultures, chap. 2 (, Pharisaism and Hellenism), chap. 3 (, Rome, Pagan and Christian) (London 1937) (repr. New York 1969).
‘A Jewish Counterpart to the Acts of the Alexandrines’, Journal of Jewish Studies 12 (1961).Google Scholar
Hebrew Linguistics, (ed.), 1 (London 1994).
The Position of Women in Judaism (London 1966).
(ed.) Studies in Rationalism Judaism and Universalism in Memory of Leon Roth, , ‘Potentialities and Limitations of Universalism in the Halakhah’ (London 1966).Google Scholar
Studies in the History of the Sanhedrin (HSS no. 17; Cambridge MA 2nd edn 1961).
Mishnah, ʾAvodah Zarah. English translation, , The Mishnah (Oxford 1933).
Mishnah, ʾAvodah Zarah. Abodah Zarah. The Mishna on Idolatry. With translation and notes. , Texts and Studies VIII, no. 2 (Cambridge 1911).
Alien Wisdom: The Limits of Hellenization (Cambridge 1975).
, and , A Rabbinic Anthology (London 1937) (Repr. New York 1974, etc.).
The Image of the Non-Jew in Judaism: A Historical and Constructive Study of the Noachide Laws, Toronto Studies in Theology 14 (New York and Toronto 1983).
, Jewish Inscriptions of Western Europe, 2 vols. (Cambridge 1993, 1995).
The Am Ha-aretz: A Study of the Social History of the Jewish People in the Hellenistic–Roman Period (English translation Leiden 1977).
Palestinian Talmud translations by , Le Talmud de Jérusalem (Paris 1871–1890) (Repr. 1932, 1960); , Avoda Zara: Götzendienst (translation of the Talmud Yerushalmi, vol. 4/7, Tübingen 1980).
Goyim: Gentiles and Israelites in Mishnah-Tosefta (Atlanta 1988).
, , et al. The Jewish People in the First Century. Historical Geography, Political History, Social, Cultural and Religious Life and Institutions. 2 vols. (Assen–Amsterdam 1974– 6) (Section I of Compendia Rerum Judaicarum ad Novum Testamentum, general eds. and ).
A History of the Jewish People in the Time of Jesus Christ. English translation, revised edition by , , , and (Edinburgh I (1973), II (1981), III.1 (1986), III.2 (1987)).
The Hellenistic Age (337–67 BCE) The World History of the Jewish People (London 1976).
De Jure Naturali & Gentium iuxta Disciplinam EbreorumLondon 1640
Die römische Herrschaft im Urteil der Juden (Darmstadt 1983).
Greek and Latin Authors on Jews and Judaism. English translation (3 vols, Jerusalem 1974–1984).
Greek and Latin Authors on Jews and Judaism. English translation (Jerusalem 1974).
Jewish Identity in Early Rabbinic Writings (Arbeiten zur Geschichte des antiken Judentums und des Urchristentums 23, Leiden 1994).
and , Corpus Papyrorum Judaicarum. 3 vols. (Cambridge, MA 1957–1964).
Tosephta, ʾAvodah Zarah. Critical text by , 1881 (reprinted with supplement by , Jerusalem 1937).
Tosephta, ʾAvodah Zarah. English translation , The Tosefta … Fourth Division, Neziqin (New York 1981).
‘The Laws Regarding Slavery as a Source for Social History of the Period of the Second Temple, the Mishnah and Talmud’, Papers of the Institute of Jewish Studies London 1 (1964).Google Scholar
‘The Laws Regarding Slavery as a Source for Social History of the Period of the Second Temple, the Mishnah and Talmud’, Zion 25 (1960). English translation in (ed.) Papers of the Institute of Jewish Studies London (Jerusalem 1964), repr. Lanham, 1989.Google Scholar
Hazal. Pirqey ‘emunoth we-de'oth (Jerusalem 1969). English translation by Israel Abrahams (The Sages) (Jerusalem 1975).
- 1
- Cited by