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20 - The reception of Hobbes

from V - Natural law and utility

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2008

By
Mark Goldie
Edited by
J. H. Burns
With
Mark Goldie
J. H. Burns
Affiliation:
University of London
Mark Goldie
Affiliation:
Churchill College, Cambridge
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Summary

The polemic against Hobbes: the theological premises

The German philosopher Leibniz, the most persistent and percipient of Hobbes' continental critics, believed that the crux of the quarrel between them lay in Plato's Euthyphro Dilemma. Socrates wanted to know of Euthyphro whether a thing was ‘just’ (or ‘good’ or ‘true’) by virtue of God having willed it, or whether God willed it because it was of itself just. If the former, then justice is arbitrary, having no essential nature; it subsists contingently, by divine fiat, and can be humanly known only as empirical knowledge of the facts of God's utterances. This is called the voluntarist, or nominalist, doctrine. But if the latter answer is correct (and Socrates thought it was), then justice does have an essence distinct from its being willed, and it can be intuited by rational agents. This answer is known as the essentialist, or realist, doctrine. In the biblical terms of seventeenth-century debate this dilemma was expressed as the choice between the awesome, peremptory God of Abraham and Isaac, or of Job, and the philosophical, rational God of the Johannine Logos. Because God told Abraham to kill Isaac it seemed that killing one's son was not an immutable evil, but only evil until God said otherwise: justice is contingent upon God's command. Yet if, on the other hand, God is the supreme light of reason, then He will act only in accordance with self-consistent rules embodied in the natural order.

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The Cambridge History of Political Thought 1450–1700 , pp. 589 - 615
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 1991

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  • The reception of Hobbes
  • Edited by J. H. Burns, University of London
  • With Mark Goldie, Churchill College, Cambridge
  • Book: The Cambridge History of Political Thought 1450–1700
  • Online publication: 28 March 2008
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521247160.022
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  • The reception of Hobbes
  • Edited by J. H. Burns, University of London
  • With Mark Goldie, Churchill College, Cambridge
  • Book: The Cambridge History of Political Thought 1450–1700
  • Online publication: 28 March 2008
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521247160.022
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  • The reception of Hobbes
  • Edited by J. H. Burns, University of London
  • With Mark Goldie, Churchill College, Cambridge
  • Book: The Cambridge History of Political Thought 1450–1700
  • Online publication: 28 March 2008
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521247160.022
Available formats
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