Book contents
- Frontmatter
- 1 Introduction
- PART I WORKERS AND PLACES
- PART II ANALYSIS AND EXPERIMENTATION
- 10 Geology
- 11 Paleontology
- 12 Zoology
- 13 Botany
- 14 Evolution
- 15 Anatomy, Histology, and Cytology
- 16 Embryology
- 17 Microbiology
- 18 Physiology
- 19 Pathology
- PART III NEW OBJECTS AND IDEAS
- PART IV SCIENCE AND CULTURE
- Index
- References
18 - Physiology
from PART II - ANALYSIS AND EXPERIMENTATION
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 November 2009
Book contents
- Frontmatter
- 1 Introduction
- PART I WORKERS AND PLACES
- PART II ANALYSIS AND EXPERIMENTATION
- 10 Geology
- 11 Paleontology
- 12 Zoology
- 13 Botany
- 14 Evolution
- 15 Anatomy, Histology, and Cytology
- 16 Embryology
- 17 Microbiology
- 18 Physiology
- 19 Pathology
- PART III NEW OBJECTS AND IDEAS
- PART IV SCIENCE AND CULTURE
- Index
- References
Summary
Among the modern life sciences, physiology trails only the evolutionary sciences in the attention it has received from historians. Lamarck, Darwin, and Mendel may be better known than the heroes of modern physiology, but names such as François Magendie (1783–1855), Johannes Müller (1801–1858), Claude Bernard (1813–1878), Hermann von Helmholtz (1821–1894), Ivan Pavlov (1849–1936), and Charles Sherrington (1857–1952) require little introduction for those who read more than occasionally in the history of science. Physiology may have attracted such attention because it has been widely viewed as the first of the modern biological disciplines to emerge from traditional approaches to the phenomena of life embodied in medicine and natural history. Furthermore, physiology allowed historians of science of the first generation after World War II to develop a series of narratives that reflected their broader concerns about the nature and significance of modern science and about how to write its history. If the historiography of the physical sciences in the 1950s and 1960s found its normative models in the “Scientific Revolution” of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, so, too, in those decades did historians of the life sciences locate their normative models in nineteenth-century physiology.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- The Cambridge History of Science , pp. 342 - 366Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2009
References
, “Themes, Genres and Orders of Legitimation in the Consolidation of New Scientific Disciplines: Deconstructing the Historiography of Molecular Biology,” History of Science, 23 (1985);CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, et al., “Physiology in North America, 1945: Survey by a Committee of the American Physiological Society,” Federation Proceedings, 5 (1946).Google Scholar
, “Experiment and Explanation in the Physiology of Bichat and Magendie,” Studies in History of Biology, 1 (1977);Google ScholarPubMed
, “Physiology in American Women’s Colleges: The Rise and Decline of a Female Subculture,” Isis, 85 (1994);CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, “‘Squeezing Mother Nature’: Experimental Physiology in the United States before 1870,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 52 (1978).Google Scholar
, La doctrina y el laboratorio: Fisiología y experimentación en la sociedad española del siglo XIX (Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 1992);Google Scholar
, “Scientific Productivity and Academic Organization in Nineteenth-Century Medicine,” American Sociological Review, 25 (1960);CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and , “Universities and Academic Systems in Modern Societies,” European Journal of Sociology, 3 (1972);Google Scholar
, “Training the Senses, Training the Mind,” inMedicine and the Five Senses, ed. and (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993).Google Scholar
, “Geschichte der Physiologie in ihrer Anwendung auf die Medizin bis zum Ende des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts,” in Handbuch der Geschichte der Medizin, vol. 2, ed. , , and (Jena: Gustav Fischer, 1903).Google Scholar
and , eds., The Historical Development of Physiological Thought (New York: Hafner, 1959);Google Scholar
, “The Development of Physiology in the Last Fifty Years,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 33 (1959);Google ScholarPubMed
, “Women and Antivivisection in Late 19th-Century America,” Journal of Social History, 30 (1997).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “Variety – the Spice of Science as Well as Life: The Disadvantages of Specialization,” Annual Review of Physiology, 37 (1975).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, “Centers and Peripheries: The Development of British Physiology, 1870–1914,” Journal of the History of Biology, 21 (1988),CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, La formation du concept du réflexe aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles (Paris: J. Vrin, 1955);Google Scholar
, “La constitution de la physiologie comme science” [1963], in Georges Canguilhem, Etudes d’histoire et de philosophie des sciences (Paris: J. Vrin, 1968);Google Scholar
, “The Long Reach of Harvard’s Fatigue Laboratory, 1926–1947,” Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 34 (1990);CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “The Cognitive Basis of the Discipline: Claude Bernard on Physiology,” Isis, 76 (1985);Google Scholar
, “Prussian Pedagogy: Purkyně at Breslau, 1823–1839,” in The Investigative Enterprise: Experimental Physiology in 19th-Century Medicine, ed. and (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988).Google Scholar
, “The Organic Physics of 1847 and the Biophysics of Today,” Journal of the History of Medicine, 12 (1957);Google ScholarPubMed
, “Vivisection and the Emergence of Experimental Physiology in Nineteenth-Century France,” in Vivisection in Historical Perspective, ed. (London: Croom Helm, 1987).Google Scholar
, Antivivisection and Medical Science in Victorian Society (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1975);Google Scholar
, The Development of American Physiology: Scientific Medicine in the Nineteenth Century (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987);Google Scholar
, ed., Physiology in the American Context, 1850–1940 (Bethesda, Md.: American Physiological Society, 1987),CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Michael Foster and the Cambridge School of Physiology: The Scientific Enterprise in Late Victorian Society (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1978);Google Scholar
, “Divided We Stand: Physiologists and Clinicians in the American Context,” in The Therapeutic Revolution: Essays in the Social History of American Medicine, ed. and (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1979);Google Scholar
, Mirror to Physiology: A Self-Survey of Physiological Science (Washington, D.C.: American Physiological Society, 1958), p..CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “The Philosophy of Science of Georges Canguilhem,” Revue d’histoire des sciences, 53 (2000);CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, “Georges Canguilhem als Medizinhistoriker,” Berichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte, 19 (1996);CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “Fragmentation of Physiology: Possible Academic Consequences,” The Physiologist, 19 (1976);Google ScholarPubMed
and , “The Centenary of the First American Physiological Society,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 5 (1937);Google Scholar
, “Elementary Analysis and the Origins of Physiological Chemistry,” Isis, 54 (1963).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Claude Bernard and Animal Chemistry (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1974);CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and , The Harvard Fatigue Laboratory: Its History and Contributions (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1973);Google Scholar
, From Medical Chemistry to Biochemistry: The Making of a Biomedical Discipline (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982);CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “Physiological Lectures for Women: Sarah Coates in Ohio, 1850,” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 33 (1978);Google Scholar
, Essays on the History of Physiology in Russia [1946], trans. Donald B. Lindsley (Washington, D.C.: American Institute of Biological Sciences, 1964);Google Scholar
, The Old Brown Dog: Women, Workers and Vivisection in Edwardian England (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1985);Google Scholar
, The Strategy of Life: Teleology and Mechanics in Nineteenth-Century German Biology (Dordrecht: Reidel, 1982);Google Scholar
, “Laboratories, Medicine and Public Life in Germany, 1830–1849,” in The Laboratory Revolution in Medicine, ed. and (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992);Google Scholar
, “The Discipline of Nature and the Nature of Disciplines,” in Knowledges: Historical and Critical Studies in Disciplinarity, ed. , , and (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1993).Google Scholar
, , and , “I. M. Secenov und die Entwicklung der Elektrophysiologie in Rußland,” Zeitschriftenreihe für Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften, Technik und Medizin, 16 (1979);Google Scholar
, “What’s Past Is Prologue: A ‘White Paper’ on the Future of Physiology and the Role of the American Physiological Society in It,” The Physiologist, 33 (1990), at 176–7.
, “To Advance and Diffuse the Knowledge of Physics: An Account of the One-Hundred-Year History of the American Physical Society,” American Journal of Physics, 68 (2000);CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and , “Physiologists at US Medical Schools: Education, Current Status, and Trends in Diversity,” The Physiologist, 38 (1995).Google ScholarPubMed
, “Physical Models and Physiological Concepts: Explanation in Nineteenth-Century Biology,” British Journal for the History of Science, 2 (1965);CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “L. J. Henderson and the Mutual Dependence of Variables: From Physical Chemistry to Pareto,” in Science at Harvard University: Historical Perspectives, ed. and (Bethlehem, Pa.: Lehigh University Press, 1992);Google Scholar
, Controlling Life: Jacques Loeb and the Engineering Ideal in Biology (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987);Google Scholar
, “Vital Actions and Organic Physics: Henri Dutrochet and French Physiology during the 1820s,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 50 (1976);Google ScholarPubMed
, “Physiology and Experimental Medicine,” in Companion to the History of Modern Science, ed. et al. (London: Routledge, 1990).Google Scholar
, “Bureaucracy, Liberalism and the Body in Post-Revolutionary France: Bichat’s Physiology and the Paris School of Medicine,” History of Science, 19 (1981);CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, The Human Motor: Energy, Fatigue and the Origins of Modernity (New York: Basic Books, 1990);Google Scholar
, ed., A Century of Chemistry: The Role of Chemists and the American Chemical Society (Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society, 1976);Google Scholar
, “Drawing the Life-blood of Physiology: Vivisection and the Physiologists’ Dilemma, 1870–1900,” Annals of Science, 43 (1986).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, Entwicklungsgeschichte physiologischer Probleme in Tabellenform (Munich: Urban and Schwarzenberg, 1952);Google Scholar
, “Ursprünge und Wandlungen der physiologischen Denkweise im 19. Jahrhundert [1966],” in Karl E. Rothschuh, Physiologie im Werden (Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer, 1969);Google Scholar
, “Bacteriology and Nobel Prize Selections, 1901–20,” in Science, Technology, and Society in the Time of Alfred Nobel, ed. , , and (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1982).Google Scholar
and , eds., Physiologie und industrielle Gesellschaft: Studien zur Verwissenschaftlichung des Körpers im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1998).Google Scholar
, Claude Bernard et les problèmes scientifiques de son temps (Paris: Éditions du Cèdre, 1967);Google Scholar
, “Physiology’s Struggle for Independence in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century,” History of Science, 7 (1968).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “Stargazing: James McKeen Cattell, American Men of Science, and the Reward Structure of the American Scientific Community, 1906–1944,” in Psychology, Science, and Human Affairs: Essays in Honor of William Bevan, ed. (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1995).Google Scholar
and , “Institutional Ecology, ‘Translations’ and Boundary Objects: Amateurs and Professionals in Berkeley’s Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, 1907–39,” Social Studies of Science, 19 (1989).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “Materialism in French and German Physiology of the Early Nineteenth Century,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 20 (1946);Google ScholarPubMed
, “Pavlov and the Bolsheviks,” History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences, 17 (1995).Google Scholar
, Science, Medicine, and the State in Germany: The Case of Baden, 1815–1871 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993).Google Scholar
, Against the Spirit of System: The French Impulse in Nineteenth-Century American Medicine (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1998), chaps. 8 and 9.Google Scholar
, “Physiology,” in The Education of American Physicians, ed. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980).Google Scholar
, “Ideals of Science and Their Discontents in Late 19th-Century American Medicine,” Isis, 82 (1991);CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, “The Place of Physiology in the Biological Sciences,” Federation Proceedings, 6 (1947).Google ScholarPubMed
, “The Sociology of Science,” in Handbook of Sociology, ed. (Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage, 1988), at p. 541.Google Scholar
- 7
- Cited by