Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-ndw9j Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T00:29:43.914Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

10 - The Impact of the World Wars on Modern Sexuality

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 April 2024

Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks
Affiliation:
University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
Mathew Kuefler
Affiliation:
San Diego State University
Get access

Summary

During the two World Wars sexuality was fundamental to how both conflicts were planned, conducted, and experienced. The sexual body was an ever-present target of military policy as a potential polluter of the race, a danger to colonial order, sexual mores, or gender hierarchy; it was an object of intervention and mutilation, even annihilation. Nonetheless, war also offered opportunities for new, hitherto illicit sexual encounters. Individuals experienced sexuality in two opposing ways: as a source of immense suffering but also of erotic excitement and love. Changes in sexual attitudes, regulation, and practices must be understood through the filters of gender, class, race, sexual orientation, religion, and regional variations. Between 1918 and the `sexual revolution” of the 1960s a profound shift in sexual mores and attitudes took place in all bellicose nations. The millions of deaths on the battlefields, the suffering at home, the unprecedented mass movement within and between countries had sufficiently ruptured the social fabric to unleash a wide-spread liberalisation of sexuality. The steeply declining birthrate was the most dramatic expression of changing ideals. Yet, liberalisation was at best ambivalent as many traditional attitudes and regulations resurfaced and women and queer people struggled to fit back into a state-sanctioned `normal” life.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Further Reading

Amesberger, Helga, Auer, Katrin, and Halmayr, Brigitte. Sexualisierte Gewalt: Weibliche Erfahrungen in NS-Konzentrationslagern. Vienna: Mandelbaum, 2004.Google Scholar
Bauer, Ingrid, and Hämmerle, Christa, eds. Liebe schreiben: Paarkorrespondenz im Kontext des 19. Und 20. Jahrhunderts. Göttingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bérubé, Allan. Coming Out under Fire: The History of Gay Men and Women in World War II. 1990; Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Bland, Lucy. Britain’s ‘Brown Babies’: The Stories of Children Born to Black GIs and White Women in the Second World War. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bourne, Stephen. Fighting Proud: The Untold Story of the Gay Men who Fought in Two World Wars. London: I. B. Taurus, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohler, Deborah. ‘Sapphism and Sedition: Producing Female Homosexuality in Great War Britain’. Journal of the History of Sexuality 16, no. 1 (2007): 6894.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Daniel, Ute, Gatrell, Peter, Janz, Oliver, Jones, Heather, Keene, Jennifer, Kramer, Alan, and Nasson, Bill, eds. 1914–1918 Online: International Encyclopedia of the First World War. Berlin: Freie Universität Berlin, 2014, www.//encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home.html.Google Scholar
Doan, Laura. Disturbing Practices: History, Sexuality, and Women’s Experience of Modern War. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frühstück, Sabine. ‘Sexuality and the Nation-State’. In A Global History of Sexuality: The Modern Era, ed. Buffington, Robert M., Guy, Donna J., and Luibhéid, Eithne, 1756. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2014.Google Scholar
Giles, Geoffrey J.The Denial of Homosexuality: Same-Sex Incidents in Himmler’s SS and Police’. Journal of the History of Sexuality 11, no. 1/2 (2002): 256–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hájková, Anna. ‘Between Love and Coercion: Queer Desire, Sexual Barter and the Holocaust’. German History 39, no. 1 (2021): 112–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heinemann, Elizabeth D. What Difference Does a Husband Make? Women and Marital Status in Nazi and Postwar Germany. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1999.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herzog, Dagmar. ‘European Sexualities in the Age of Total War’. In The Oxford Handbook of European History, 1914–1945, ed. Doumanis, Nicholas, 407–22. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.Google Scholar
Herzog, Dagmar Sexuality in Europe: A Twentieth-Century History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herzog, Dagmar,ed. Brutality and Desire: War and Sexuality in Europe’s Twentieth Century. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Langhamer, Claire. The English in Love: The Intimate Story of an Emotional Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.Google Scholar
Levine, Philippa. Prostitution, Race and Politics. New York: Routledge, 2003.Google Scholar
McLelland, Mark. Queer Japan from the Pacific War to the Internet Age. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005.Google Scholar
Miller, Neil. Out of the Past: Gay and Lesbian History from 1869 to the Present. London: Vintage, 1995.Google Scholar
Mühlhäuser, Regina. Sex and the Nazi Soldier: Violent, Commercial and Consensual Encounters during the War in the Soviet Union, 1941–45. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh Press, 2020.Google Scholar
Roberts, Mary Louise. What Soldiers Do: Sex and the American GI in World War II France. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rose, Sonya O. Which People’s War? National Identity and Citizenship in Wartime Britain 1939–1945. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Schoppmann, Claudia. Days of Masquerade: Life Stories of Lesbians during the Third Reich. New York: Columbia University Press, 1996.Google Scholar
Small, Yorick. ‘“It Is One of Those Things That Nobody Can Explain”: Medicine, Homosexuality, and the Australian Criminal Courts during World War II’. Journal of the History of Sexuality 22, no. 3 (2013): 501–24.Google Scholar
Todd, Lisa. Sexual Treason in Germany during the First World War. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Transgressive Sex, Love, and Violence in World War II Germany and Britain’. Journal of the History of Sexuality special issue 26, no. 3 (2017): 351–520.Google Scholar
Vickers, Emma. Queen and Country: Same-Sex Desire in the British Armed Forces, 1939–1945. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2013.Google Scholar
Wood, Elizabeth Jean.Variation in Sexual Violence during War’. Politics & Society 34, no. 3 (2006): 306–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zipfel, Gaby, Mühlhäuser, Regina, and Campbell, Kirsten, eds. In Plain Sight: Sexual Violence in Armed Conflict. New Delhi: Zubaan, 2019.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×