Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-j824f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T05:19:26.475Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

11 - Sex in Geneva in the Sixteenth Century

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 April 2024

Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks
Affiliation:
University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
Mathew Kuefler
Affiliation:
San Diego State University
Get access

Summary

Through the energetic work of the reformer John Calvin, the small city-state of Geneva became the so-called Protestant Rome in the sixteenth century. Calvin created a morals court, the Consistory, which worked in conjunction with the city council to attack a wide range of ‘sins’, including illicit sexuality, defined as all sexual activity outside of marriage. In Calvin’s time, authorities pursued male and female fornicators (including fiancés) with the same rigour and on rare occasions sentenced adulterers to death. After Calvin’s death a double standard appeared in the treatment of adultery, most blatant in the fact that sexual relations between female servants and their married masters resulted in more severe penalties for the former than the latter. Same-sex relations were considered crimes against nature, but authorities adjudged those involving men much more severely than those involving women, probably based on a belief that sexual relations between male partners degraded them to the level of women. Although a few men were prosecuted for rape, religious and political authorities largely enhanced patriarchy; given the persistent numbers of people who were summoned, they clearly were also less successful in nurturing self-control among Genevans in their sex lives than in other areas of behaviour.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Further Reading

Benedict, Philip. Christ’s Churches Purely Reformed: A Social History of Calvinism. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Betteridge, Thomas, ed. Sodomy in Early Modern Europe. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Grosse, Christian. Les rituels de la cène: Le culte eucharistique réformé à Genève (XVIe–XVIIe siècles). Geneva: Droz, 2008.Google Scholar
Harrington, Joel F. Reordering Marriage and Society in Reformation Germany. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.Google Scholar
Ingram, Martin. Carnal Knowledge: Regulating Sex in England, 1470–1600. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kingdon, Robert M. Adultery and Divorce in Calvin’s Geneva. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995.Google Scholar
Kingdon, Robert M., with Lambert, Thomas M.. Reforming Geneva: Discipline, Faith, and Anger in Calvin’s Geneva. Geneva: Droz, 2012.Google Scholar
Lipsomb, Susannah. The Voices of Nîmes: Women, Sex, and Marriage in Reformation Languedoc. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manetsch, Scott M. Calvin’s Company of Pastors: Pastoral Care and the Emerging Reformed Church, 1536–1609. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.Google Scholar
Mentzer, Raymond A. La construction de l’identité réformée aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles: Le rôle des consistoires. Paris: Honoré Champion, 2006.Google Scholar
ed. Sin and the Calvinists: Morals Control and the Consistory in the Reformed Tradition. Kirksville, MO: Sixteenth Century Journal Publishers, 1994.Google Scholar
Monter, E. William.Sodomy and Heresy in Early Modern Switzerland’. Journal of Homosexuality 6 (1981): 4155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Monter, E. William.Women in Calvinist Geneva (1550–1800)’. Signs 6 (1980): 189209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mottu-Weber, Liliane. ‘“Paillardises”, “anticipation” et mariage de réparation à Genève au XVIIIe siècle: Le point de vue du Consistoire, des pères de famille et des juristes’. Revue suisse d’histoire 52 (2002): 430–47.Google Scholar
Murdock, Graeme. ‘The Elders’ Gaze: Women and Consistorial Discipline in Late Sixteenth-Century France’. In John Calvin, Myth and Reality: Images and Impact of Geneva’s Reformer, ed. Burnett, Amy Nelson, 6990. Eugene, OR: Cascade Books, 2011.Google Scholar
Parker, Charles H., and Starr-LeBeau, Gretchen, eds. Judging Faith, Punishing Sin: Inquisitions and Consistories in the Early Modern World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rappaz, Sonia Vernhes.La noyade judiciaire dans la République de Genève (1558–1619)’. Crime, Histoire et Sociétés 13 (2009): 523.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robert, Michèle. ‘Que dorénavant chacun fuie paillardise, oisiveté, gourmandize…’ : Réforme et contrôle des moeurs: La justice consistoriale dans le Pays de Neuchâtel (1547–1848). Neuchâtel: Alphil-Presses universitaires suisses, 2016.Google Scholar
Roper, Lyndal. The Holy Household: Women and Morals in Reformation Augsburg. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989.Google Scholar
Ruggiero, Guido. The Boundaries of Eros: Sex, Crime and Sexuality in Renaissance Venice. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985.Google Scholar
Schmidt, Heinrich Richard.Morals Courts in Rural Berne during the Early Modern Period’. In The Reformation in Eastern and Central Europe, ed. Maag, Karin, 155–81. Farnham, UK: Ashgate, 1997.Google Scholar
Spierling, Karen E. Infant Baptism in Reformation Geneva: The Shaping of Community, 1536–1564. Farnham, UK: Ashgate, 2005.Google Scholar
Todd, Margo. Culture of Protestantism in Early Modern Scotland. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Watt, Isabella M., Watt, Jeffrey R. et al., eds. Registres du Consistoire de Genève au temps de Calvin, 1542–1557, 16 vols. Geneva: Droz, 1996–2012.Google Scholar
Watt, Jeffrey R. The Consistory and Social Discipline in Calvin’s Geneva. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 2020.Google Scholar
Watt, Jeffrey R. The Making of Modern Marriage: Matrimonial Control and the Rise of Sentiment in Neuchâtel, 1550–1800. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992.Google Scholar
Wiesner-Hanks, Merry E. Christianity and Sexuality in the Early Modern World: Regulating Desire, Reforming Practice. London: Routledge, 2000.Google Scholar
Wiesner-Hanks, Merry E. Women and Gender in Early Modern Europe. 4th ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Witte, John, Jr, and Kingdon, Robert M.. Sex, Marriage and Family in John Calvin’s Geneva. Vol. 1: Courtship, Engagement and Marriage. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans, 2005.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×