Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-g7gxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-11T05:54:32.754Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

6 - The Hollow Parties

from Part I - Anxieties of Power, Influence, and Representation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 May 2019

Frances E. Lee
Affiliation:
University of Maryland, College Park
Nolan McCarty
Affiliation:
Princeton University, New Jersey
Get access

Summary

Today’s parties are hollow parties, neither organizationally robust beyond their roles raising money nor meaningfully felt as a real, tangible presence in the lives of voters or in the work of engaged activists. The parties have become tarred with elements of polarization that the public most dislikes—from the screaming antagonism to the grubby money chase. More than any positive affinity or party spirit, fear and loathing of the other side fuels parties and structures politics for most voters. Party identification drives American politics—but party loyalty, in the older sense of the term, has atrophied. Even the activists who do so much to shape modern politics typically labor outside of the parties, drawn to ideologically tinged “para-party” groups such as MoveOn.org on the left or the Koch-backed Americans for Prosperity on the right. The parties offer clear choices but get no credit. Our new Party Period features a nationalized clash of ideology and interests but parties that are weakly legitimized and hollowed out.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abramowitz, Alan I., and Webster, Steven. 2016. “The Rise of Negative Partisanship and the Nationalization of American Elections in the 21st Century.” Electoral Studies 41: 1222.Google Scholar
Achen, Christopher H., and Bartels, Larry M.. 2016. Democracy for Realists: Why Elections Do Not Produce Responsive Government. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aldrich, John H. 2011. Why Parties? A Second Look. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Allison, Bill. 2016. “Millions from Maxed-Out Clinton Donors Flowed through Loophole.” Bloomberg, August 26. Retrieved from www.bloomberg.com/politics/graphics/2016-dnc-contributions/ (last accessed December 8, 2018).Google Scholar
American National Election Studies. 2018. The ANES Guide to Public Opinion and Electoral Behavior. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan. Retrieved from www.electionstudies.org (last accessed December 8, 2018).Google Scholar
APSA Committee on Political Parties. 1950. Toward a More Responsible Two-Party System: A Report of the Committee on Political Parties of the American Political Science Association. New York: Rinehart.Google Scholar
Azari, Julia. 2016. “Weak Parties and Strong Partisanship are a Bad Combination,” Vox, November 3. Retrieved from www.vox.com/mischiefs-of-faction/2016/11/3/13512362/weak-parties-strong-partisanship-bad-combination (last accessed December 8, 2018).Google Scholar
Ball, Molly. 2013. “The Fall of the Heritage Foundation and the Death of Republican Ideas.” The Atlantic, September 25. Retrieved from www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/09/the-fall-of-the-heritage-foundation-and-the-death-of-republican-ideas/279955/ (last accessed January 2, 2019).Google Scholar
Bawn, Kathleen, Cohen, Marty, Karol, David, Masket, Seth, Noel, Hans, and Zaller, John. 2012. “A Theory of Parties: Groups, Policy Demands, and Nominations in American Politics.” Perspectives on Politics 10: 571597.Google Scholar
Beck, Paul A., and Heidemann, Erik D.. 2014. “Changing Strategies in Grassroots Canvassing: 1956−2012.” Party Politics 20: 261274.Google Scholar
Berman, Ari. 2015. Give Us the Ballot: The Modern Struggle for Voting Rights in America. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux.Google Scholar
Blyth, Mark, and Katz, Richard S.. 2005. “From Catch-all Politics to Cartelisation: The Political Economy of the Cartel Party.” West European Politics 28: 3360.Google Scholar
Borchers, Callum. 2016. “We Need More Questions Like This One from Jake Tapper to Debbie Wasserman Schultz.” Washington Post, February 12. Retrieved from www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/02/12/we-need-more-questions-like-this-one-from-jake-tapper-to-debbie-wasserman-schultz-video/ (last accessed December 8, 2018).Google Scholar
Boyle, Kevin. 1995. The UAW and the Heyday of American Liberalism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Broockman, David, and Kalla, Joshua. 2014. “Experiments Show This Is the Best Way to Win Campaigns. But Is Anyone Actually Doing It?” Vox, November 13. Retrieved from www.vox.com/2014/11/13/7214339/campaign-ground-game (last accessed December 8, 2018).Google Scholar
Buffa, Dudley W. 1984. Union Power and American Democracy: The UAW and the Democratic Party, 1935–72. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Burnham, Walter Dean. 2015. “Voter Turnout and the Path to Plutocracy.” In Polarized Politics: The Impact of Divisiveness in the US Political System,” edited by Crotty, William, pp. 2770. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Cain, Bruce E. 2014. Democracy, More or Less: America’s Political Reform Quandary. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, Andrea Louise. 2007. “Parties, Electoral Participation, and Shifting Voting Blocs.” In The Transformation of American Politics: Activist Government and the Rise of Conservatism, edited by Pierson, Paul and Skocpol, Theda, 68102. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Campbell, John L., and Pederson, Ove K.. 2014. The National Origins of Policy Ideas: Knowledge Regimes in the United States, France, Germany and Denmark. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Coffey, Daniel. 2011. “More Than a Dime’s Worth: Using State Party Platforms to Assess the Degree of American Party Polarization.” PS: Political Science & Politics 44: 331337.Google Scholar
Cohen, Marty, Karol, David, Noel, Hans, and Zaller, John. 2008. The Party Decides: Presidential Nominations Before and After Reform. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Cohen, Marty, Karol, David, Noel, Hans, and Zaller, John. 2016. “Party versus Faction—In the Reformed Presidential Nominating System.” PS: Political Science & Politics 49: 701708.Google Scholar
Coleman, John J. 1994. “The Resurgence of Party Organization? A Dissent from the New Orthodoxy.” In The State of the Parties: The Changing Role of Contemporary American Parties, edited by Shea, Daniel M. and Green, John C., 311327. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Confessore, Nicholas, and Shorey, Rachel. 2016. “Democrats Are Raking in Money, Thanks to Suit by Republicans.” The New York Times, October 1, p. A11.Google Scholar
Conley, Brian. 2013. “The Politics of Party Renewal: The ‘Service Party’ and the Origins of the Post-Goldwater Republican Right.” Studies in American Political Development 27: 5167.Google Scholar
Conway, M. Margaret. 1983. “Republican Political Party Nationalization, Campaign Activities, and Their Implications for the Party System.” Publius 13: 117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cotter, Cornelius B., and Bibby, John S.. 1980. “Institutional Development of Parties and the Thesis of Party Decline.” Political Science Quarterly 95: 127.Google Scholar
Crenson, Matthew A., and Ginsberg, Benjamin. 2002. Downsizing Democracy: How America Sidelined Its Citizens and Privatized Its Public. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Cronin, Thomas E. 1986. “On the American Presidency: A Conversation with James MacGregor Burns.” Political Science Quarterly 16: 528542.Google Scholar
Darr, Joshua P., and Levendusky, Matthew S.. 2014. “Relying on the Ground Game: The Placement and Effect of Campaign Field Offices.” American Politics Research 42: 529548.Google Scholar
Delton, Jennifer A. 2002. Making Minnesota Liberal: Civil Rights and the Transformation of the Democratic Party. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Denizet-Lewis, Benoit. 2016. “How Do You Change Voters’ Minds? Have a Conversation.” The New York Times Magazine, April 7, p. 48.Google Scholar
Dionne, E.J. Jr. 2014. “The Reformicons.” Democracy: A Journal of Ideas, Summer.Google Scholar
Donovan, Herbert D.A. 1925. The Barnburners: A Study of the Internal Movements in the Political History of New York State and of the Resulting Changes in Political Affiliation, 1830–1852. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Douthat, Ross, and Salam, Reihan. 2008. Grand New Party: How Republicans Can Win the Working Class and Save the American Dream. New York: Doubleday.Google Scholar
Dovere, Edward-Isaac. 2016. “How Clinton Lost Michigan — and Blew the Election.” Politico, December 14. Retrieved from www.politico.com/story/2016/12/michigan-hillary-clinton-trump-232547 (last accessed December 8, 2018).Google Scholar
Earle, Jonathan H. 2004. Jacksonian Antislavery and the Politics of Free Soil. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Enos, Ryan D. and Fowler, Anthony. 2018. “Aggregate Effects of Large-Scale Campaigns on Voter Turnout.” Political Science Research and Methods 6: 733751.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Enos, Ryan D., and Hersh, Eitan D.. 2015. “Party Activists as Campaign Advertisers: The Ground Campaign as a Principal-Agent Problem.” American Political Science Review 109: 252278.Google Scholar
Epstein, Leon. 1986. Political Parties in the American Mold. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Fiorina, Morris P. 1980. “The Decline of Collective Responsibility in American Politics.” Daedalus: 12–32.Google Scholar
Fraga, Bernard L., and Hersh, Eitan D.. 2016. “Why is There So Much Competition in U.S. Elections?” Working paper. Retrieved from www.eitanhersh.com/uploads/7/9/7/5/7975685/fraga_hersh_compet_v3_1.pdf (last accessed December 8, 2018).Google Scholar
Galchin, Rivka. 2018. “The Teaching Moment.” The New Yorker, June 4, pp. 38–43.Google Scholar
Galvin, Daniel J. 2009. Presidential Party Building: Dwight D. Eisenhower to George W. Bush. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Gerring, John. 1998. Party Ideologies in America, 1828–1996. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gordon, Soren, Webb, Clayton McLaughlin, and Wood, B. Dan. 2014. “The President, Polarization and the Party Platforms.” The Forum 12: 169189.Google Scholar
Green, Donald P., and Gerber, Alan S.. 2015. Get Out the Vote: How to Increase Voter Turnout, 3rd ed. Washington: Brookings Institution Press.Google Scholar
Greenblatt, Alan. 2015. “The Waning Power of State Political Parties.” Governing, December. Retrieved from www.governing.com/topics/politics/gov-waning-power-state-parties.html (last accessed December 8, 2018).Google Scholar
Grossmann, Matt, and Hopkins, David A.. 2016. Asymmetric Politics: Ideological Republicans and Group Interest Democrats. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hacker, Jacob S., and Pierson, Paul. 2010. Winner Take All Politics: How Washington Made the Rich Richer—and Turned Its Back on the Middle Class. New York: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
Hacker, Jacob S., and Pierson, Paul. 2014. “After the Master Theory: Downs, Schattschneider, and the Rebirth of Policy-Focused Analysis.” Perspectives on Politics 12: 643662.Google Scholar
Hasen, Richard L. 2012. The Voting Wars: From Florida 2000 to the Next Election Meltdown. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Heaney, Michael T., and Rojas, Fabio. 2015. Party in the Street: The Antiwar Movement and the Democratic Party After 9/11. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Heilbrunn, Jacob. 1997. “The Moynihan Enigma.” The American Prospect, July.Google Scholar
Herrnson, Paul S. 1988. Party Campaigning in the 1980s. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Hofstadter, Richard. 1969. The Idea of a Party System: The Rise of Legitimate Opposition in the United States, 1780–1840. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Ignazi, Piero. 2014. “Power and the (Il)legitimacy of Parties: An Unavoidable Paradox of Contemporary Democracy?Party Politics 20: 160169.Google Scholar
Jacobson, Louis. 2013. “Looking Back at Howard Dean’s Fifty State Strategy.” Governing, May 6.Google Scholar
Kamarck, Elaine. 2006. “Assessing Howard Dean’s Fifty State Strategy and the 2006 Midterm Elections.” The Forum 4. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.2202/1540–8884.1141 (last accessed December 8, 2018).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Katz, Richard S., and Kolodny, Robin. 1994. “Party Organization as an Empty Vessel: Parties in American Politics.” In How Parties Organize: Change and Adaptation in Party Organizations in Western Democracies, edited by Katz, Richard S. and Mair, Peter, pp. 2350. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Katz, Richard S., and Mair, Peter. 1995. “Changing Models of Party Organization and Party Democracy: The Emergence of the Cartel Party.” Party Politics 1: 528.Google Scholar
Katz, Richard S., and Mair, Peter. 2009. “The Cartel Party Thesis: A Restatement.” Perspectives on Politics 7: 753766.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Katznelson, Ira. 1985. “Working Class Formation and the State: Nineteenth Century England in American Perspective.” In Bringing the State Back In, edited by Evans, Peter B., Reuschemeyer, Dietrich, and Skocpol, Theda, 257284. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Keith, Bruce E., Magleby, David B., Nelson, Candice J., Orr, Elizabeth A., Westlye, Mark C., and Wolfinger, Raymond E.. 1992. The Myth of the Independent Voter. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klinkner, Philip A. 1994. The Losing Parties: Out-Party National Committees, 1956–1992 (New Haven: Yale University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koger, Gregory, Masket, Seth, and Noel, Hans. 2009. “Partisan Webs: Information Exchange and Party Networks.” British Journal of Political Science 39: 633653.Google Scholar
Kuttner, Robert. 2017. “Q&A: A New 50-State Strategy.” American Prospect, January 17. Retrieved from http://prospect.org/article/qa-new-50-state-strategy (last accessed December 8, 2018).Google Scholar
La Raja, Raymond J. 2013. “Richer Parties, Better Politics? Party-Centered Campaign Finance Laws and American Democracy,” The Forum 11: 313338.Google Scholar
La Raja, Raymond J., and Schaffner, Brian. 2015. Campaign Finance and Political Polarization: When Purists Prevail. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Layman, Geoffrey C., Carsey, Thomas M., Green, John C., and Herrara, Richard. 2010. “Activists and Conflict Extension in American Party Politics.” American Political Science Review 104: 324346.Google Scholar
Lee, Frances E. 2016. Insecure Majorities: Congress and the Perpetual Campaign. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Lichtenstein, Nelson. 1995. The Most Dangerous Man in Detroit: Walter Reuther and the Fate of American Labor. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Mair, Peter. 2013. Ruling the Void: The Hollowing of Western Democracy. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Mann, Thomas E., and Dionne, E.J. Jr. 2015. “The Futility of Nostalgia and the Romanticism of the New Political Realists: Why Praising the 19th-Century Political Machine Won’t Solve the 21st Century’s Problems.” Brookings Institution, June.Google Scholar
Masket, Seth E. 2009. “Did Obama’s Ground Game Matter?: The Influence of Local Field Offices during the 2008 Presidential Election.” Public Opinion Quarterly 73: 10231039.Google Scholar
McGerr, Michael E. 1988. The Decline of Popular Politics: The American North, 1865–1928. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
McKenna, Elizabeth, and Han, Hahrie. 2015. Groundbreakers: How Obama’s 2.2 Million Volunteers Transformed Campaigning in America. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Michels, Robert. 1915. Political Parties: A Sociological Study of the Oligarchical Tendencies of Modern Democracy. Translated by Paul, Eden and Paul, Cedar. Republished Glencoe: Free Press, 1949.Google Scholar
Mudge, Stephanie L., and Chen, Anthony S.. 2014. “Political Parties and the Sociological Imagination: Past, Present, and Future Directions.” Annual Review of Sociology 40: 305340.Google Scholar
Muirhead, Russell. 2014. The Promise of Party in a Polarized Age. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Muirhead, Russell, and Rosenblum, Nancy L.. 2016. “Speaking Truth to Conspiracy: Partisanship and Trust.” Critical Review 28: 6388.Google Scholar
Nielsen, Rasmus Kleis. 2012. Ground Wars: Personalized Communication in Political Campaigns. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Oberlander, Jonathan, and Weaver, R. Kent. 2015. “Unraveling from Within? The Affordable Care Act and Self-Undermining Policy Feedbacks.” The Forum 13: 3762.Google Scholar
Olsen-Phillips, Peter, Choma, Russ, Bryner, Sarah, and Weber, Doug. 2015. “The Political One Percent of the One Percent in 2014: Mega Donors Fuel Rising Cost of Elections.” Center for Responsive Politics, April 30. Retrieved from www.opensecrets.org/news/2015/04/the-political-one-percent-of-the-one-percent-in-2014-mega-donors-fuel-rising-cost-of-elections/ (last accessed December 8, 2018).Google Scholar
Overby, Peter. 2015. “Why State Parties Are Losing Out on Political Cash.” NPR, February 9. Retrieved from www.npr.org/2015/02/09/384875874/state-political-parties-blames-congress-for-lack-of-funds (last accessed December 8, 2018).Google Scholar
Paddock, Joel. 1992. “Interparty Ideological Politics in 11 State Parties, 1956–1980.” Western Political Quarterly 45: 751760.Google Scholar
Parenti, Christian. 2016. “Garbage In, Garbage Out.” Jacobin, November 18. Retrieved from www.jacobinmag.com/2016/11/clinton-campaign-gotv-unions-voters-rust-belt/ (last accessed December 8, 2018).Google Scholar
Parker, Christopher S., and Barreto, Matt. 2013. Change They Can’t Believe in: The Tea Party and Reactionary Politics in America. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Persily, Nathaniel. 2015. “Stronger Parties as a Solution to Polarization.” In Solutions to Political Polarization in America, edited by Persily, Nathaniel, pp. 123135. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Pildes, Richard H. 2014. “Romanticizing Democracy, Political Fragmentation, and the Decline of Government.” Yale Law Journal 124: 804852.Google Scholar
Piven, Frances Fox, and Cloward, Richard A.. 1988. Why Americans Don’t Vote. New York: Pantheon Books.Google Scholar
Plotke, David. 1996. “Party Reform as Failed Democratic Renewal in the United States, 1968–1972.” Studies in American Political Development 10: 223288.Google Scholar
Polsby, Nelson. 1983. The Consequences of Party Reform. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Pomper, Gerald M. and Weiner, Marc D.. 2000. “Toward a More Responsible Two-Party Voter: The Evolving Bases of Partisanship.” In Responsible Partisanship? The Evolution of American Political Parties Since 1950, edited by Green, John C. and Herrnson, Paul S., pp. 181200. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.Google Scholar
Przeworski, Adam, and Sprague, John. 1986. Paper Stones: A History of Electoral Socialism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Putnam, Lara, and Skocpol, Theda. 2018. “Middle America Reboots Democracy.” Democracy Journal, February 20. Retrieved from https://democracyjournal.org/arguments/middle-america-reboots-democracy/ (last accessed December 8, 2018).Google Scholar
Putnam, Robert D. 2000. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
Rae, Nicol C. 2007. “Be Careful What You Wish For: The Rise of Responsible Parties in American National Politics.” Annual Review of Political Science 10: 169191.Google Scholar
Rae, Nicol C. 2012. “The Diminishing Oddness of American Political Parties.” In The Parties Respond: Changes in American Parties and Campaigns, 5th ed., edited by Brewer, Mark D. and Maisel, L. Sandy, 2546. Boulder: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Rahman, K. Sabeel. 2016. Democracy against Domination. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Rakove, Milton L. 1975. Don’t Make No Waves … Don’t Back No Losers: An Insider’s Analysis of the Daley Machine. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Ranney, Austin. 1975. Curing the Mischiefs of Faction: Party Reform in America. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Ranney, Austin, and Kendall, Willmoore. 1956. Democracy and the American Party System. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rauch, Jonathan. 2015. “Political Realism: How Hacks, Machines, Big Money, and Back-Room Deals can Strengthen American Democracy.” Brookings Institution, May.Google Scholar
Reichley, A. James. 1985. “The Rise of National Parties.” In The New Direction in American Politics, edited by Chubb, John E. and Peterson, Paul E., 175200. Washington: Brookings Institution Press.Google Scholar
Ricci, David M. 1993. The Transformation of American Politics: The New Washington and the Rise of Think Tanks. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Rich, Andrew. 2005. Think Tanks, Public Policy, and the Politics of Expertise. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ronanye, Kathleen. 2017. “Out of Power, State Dems Frustrated with National Committee.” Associated Press, January 3. Retrieved from http://bigstory.ap.org/article/4348e5c51f544fadb4f9229602c495d4 (last accessed December 8, 2018).Google Scholar
Roscoe, Douglas D. and Jenkins, Shannon. 2014. “Changes in Local Party Structure and Activity, 1980–2008.” In The State of the Parties: The Changing Role of Contemporary American Parties, 7th ed., edited by Green, John C., Coffey, Daniel J., and Cohen, David B., pp. 287302. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Rosenblum, Nancy L. 2008. On the Side of the Angels: An Appreciation of Parties and Partisanship. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Rosenfeld, Sam. 2018. The Polarizers: Postwar Architects of Our Partisan Age. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Samuels, David, and Shugart, Matthew. 2010. Presidents, Parties, and Prime Ministers: How the Separation of Powers Affects Party Organization and Behavior. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Schattschneider, E.E. 1942. Party Government. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.Google Scholar
Schattschneider, E.E. 1956. “The Functional Approach to Party Government.” In Modern Political Parties: Approaches to Comparative Politics, edited by Neumann, Sigmund, pp. 194215. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Schickler, Eric. 2016. Racial Realignment: The Transformation of American Liberalism, 1933–1965. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Schlozman, Daniel. 2015. When Movements Anchor Parties: Electoral Alignments in American History. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Schlozman, Daniel. 2016. “The Lists Told Us Otherwise.” n+1, December 24. Retrieved from https://nplusonemag.com/online-only/online-only/the-lists-told-us-otherwise/ (last accessed December 8, 2018).Google Scholar
Schmitt, Mark. 2015. “Democratic Romanticism and Its Critics.” Democracy: A Journal of Ideas, Spring.Google Scholar
Shafer, Byron E. 2010. “The Pure Partisan Institution: National Party Conventions as Research Sites.” In The Oxford Handbook of American Political Parties and Interest Groups, edited by Maisel, L. Sandy and Berry, Jeffrey M., 264284. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Shahid, Waleed. 2016. “It’s Time for a Tea Party of the Left.” The Nation, May 10. Retrieved from www.thenation.com/article/its-time-for-a-tea-party-of-the-left/ (last accessed December 8, 2018).Google Scholar
Sheingate, Adam. 2016. Building a Business of Politics: The Rise of Political Consulting and the Transformation of American Democracy. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Shefter, Martin. 1994. Political Parties and the State: The American Historical Experience. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Skocpol, Theda. 2003. Diminished Democracy: From Membership to Management in American Civic Life. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar
Skocpol, Theda. 2017. “A Guide to Rebuilding the Democratic Party, From the Ground Ip.” Vox, January 5. Retrieved from www.vox.com/the-big-idea/2017/1/5/14176156/rebuild-democratic-party-dnc-strategy (last accessed December 8, 2018).Google Scholar
Skowronek, Stephen. 1982. Building a New American State: The Expansion of National Administrative Capacities, 1880–1920. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Smidt, Corwin D. 2015. “Polarization and the Decline of the American Floating Voter.” American Journal of Political Science. doi:10.1111/ajps.12218.Google Scholar
Stahl, Jason. 2016. Right Moves: The Conservative Think Tank in American Political Culture Since 1945. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Stokes, Susan. 1999. “Political Parties and Democracy.” Annual Reviews in Political Science 2: 243267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thurber, Timothy N. 1999. The Politics of Equality: Hubert H. Humphrey and the African-American Freedom Struggle. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Trende, Sean. 2013. “The Case of the Missing White Voters, Revisited.” Real Clear Politics, June 21. Retrieved from www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2013/06/21/the_case_of_the_missing_white_voters_revisited_118893.html (last accessed December 8, 2018).Google Scholar
Vogel, Kenneth P., and Arnsdorf, Isaac. 2016. “Clinton Fundraising Leaves Little for State Parties.” Politico, May 2. Retrieved from www.politico.com/story/2016/04/clinton-fundraising-leaves-little-for-state-parties-222670 (last accessed December 8, 2018).Google Scholar
Wagner, John. 2016. “Bernie Sanders, Elizabeth Warren Teaming Up Sunday to Pitch Clinton to Progressives.” Washington Post, October 16. Retrieved from www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2016/10/16/bernie-sanders-elizabeth-warren-teaming-up-sunday-to-pitch-clinton-to-progressives/ (last accessed December 8, 2018).Google Scholar
Wasserman, David. 2013. “Introducing the 2014 Cook Political Report Partisan Voter Index.” Cook Political Report, April 4. Retrieved from http://cookpolitical.com/house/pvi (last accessed December 8, 2018).Google Scholar
Weaver, R. Kent. 1989. “The Changing World of Think Tanks,” PS: Political Science and Politics 22: 563578.Google Scholar
Weir, Margaret. 1998. “Political Parties and Social Policymaking.” In The Social Divide: Political Parties and the Future of Activist Government, edited by Weir, Margaret, pp. 145. Washington: Brookings Institution Press.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×