Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-6bf8c574d5-xtvcr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-03-01T02:38:07.507Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

13 - EU–GCC Cooperation Opportunities on Behavioural Energy Efficiency

from Part V - Behavioural Aspects and Human Factors

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2025

By
Konstantinos Koasidis ,
Nikolaos Vourgidis ,
Vangelis Marinakis ,
Filippos Serepas  and
Haris Doukas
Edited by
Wael A. Samad ,
Ahmed Badran  and
Elie Azar
Wael A. Samad
Affiliation:
Rochester Institute of Technology – Dubai
Ahmed Badran
Affiliation:
University of Qatar
Elie Azar
Affiliation:
Carleton University
Get access

Summary

This chapter aims to facilitate a knowledge transfer between the European Union (EU) and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) to enhance the ability of the two regions to trigger end-user behavioural changes and help them achieve their energy efficiency targets. The chapter highlights the need for incentive-based mechanisms to motivate consumers to reduce their consumption. These incentives go beyond simple subsidies on energy prices and aim to effectively engage end-users, increasing their awareness to ensure the long-term impact of the implemented actions. To maximise the potential for behavioural energy efficiency, the authors suggest coupling such incentives with smart infrastructure in buildings based on advanced machine learning applications, such as energy disaggregation, to provide personalised tips to each end-user, ranging from the broader household energy consumption to the appliance level.

Keywords

behavioural changeclimate pledgesenergy disaggregationenergy efficiencyEU–GCC cooperation
Type
Chapter
Information
Carbon Neutrality in the Gulf
Between Well-intentioned Pledges and the Harsh Reality
 , pp. 282 - 306
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2025

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ahmed, W., and Asif, M. (2021). A critical review of energy retrofitting trends in residential buildings with particular focus on the GCC countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 144, p. 111000. Doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2021.111000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alam, M. M., and Murad, M. W. (2020). The impacts of economic growth, trade openness, and technological progress on renewable energy use in organization for economic co-operation and development countries. Renewable Energy 145, pp. 382–390. Doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.06.054.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Al Amoodi, A., and Azar, E. (2018). Impact of human actions on building energy performance: a case study in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Sustainability 10 (5), p. 1404. Doi: 10.3390/su10051404.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Al-Badi, A., and Al-Mubarak, I. (2019). Growing energy demand in the GCC countries. Arab Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 26 (1), pp. 488–496. Doi: 10.1080/25765299.2019.1687396.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
AlKhars, M., Miah, F., Qudrat-Ullah, H., and Kayal, A. (2020). A systematic review of the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in GCC countries. Sustainability, 12 (9), p. 3845. Doi: 10.3390/su12093845.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Almasri, R. A., and Alshitawi, M. S. (2022). Electricity consumption indicators and energy efficiency in residential buildings in GCC countries: extensive review. Energy and Buildings 255, p. 111664. Doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.111664.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alnaser, N. W., Albuflasa, H. M., and Alnaser, W. E. (2022). The transition in solar and wind energy use in Gulf Cooperation Council Countries (GCCC). Renewable Energy and Environmental Sustainability 7 (4). Doi: 10.1051/rees/2021034.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alnaser, N. W., and Alnaser, W. E. (2019). Analyzing the impact of Bapco 5 MW Solar PV grid-connected project on Bahrain’s outlook for energy-mix production. International Journal of Modern Nonlinear Theory and Application 8 (3), pp. 72–91. Doi: 10.4236/ijmnta.2019.83006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
AlRemeithi, A., Kamal, H., and Alraeesi, M. (2020). Building simulation, solar potential and consumption analysis of residential dwellings, in Dubai. Thesis. Available online: https://scholarworks.rit.edu/theses/10471.Google Scholar
Andreasson, S. (2015). Varieties of resource nationalism in sub-Saharan Africa’s energy and minerals markets. Extractive Industries and Society 2 (2), pp. 310–319. Doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2015.01.004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arent, D., Arndt, C., Miller, M., Tarp, F., and Zinaman, O. (2017). Introduction and synthesis, in Arent, D. J. (ed.), The Political Economy of Clean Energy Transitions (First). Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 14–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Athanasiadis, C. L., Doukas, D. I., Papadopoulos, T. A., and Barzegkar-Ntovom, G. A. (2021). Real-time non-intrusive load monitoring: a machine-learning approach for home appliance identification, in 2021 IEEE Madrid PowerTech, pp. 1–6. Doi: 10.1109/PowerTech46648.2021.9494962.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
AWS (2023). Luminus and AWS Partner NET2GRID Offer Energy Insights That Help Users Reduce Their Energy Consumption. Available online: https://aws.amazon.com/partners/success/luminus-net2grid/?advocacy_source=everyonesocial&trk=global_employee_advocacy&sc_channel=sm&es_id=9e5c22bec7.Google Scholar
Azar, E., Alaifan, B., Lin, M., Trepci, E., and El Asmar, M. (2021). Drivers of energy consumption in Kuwaiti buildings: insights from a hybrid statistical and building performance simulation approach. Energy Policy 150, p. 112154. Doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bamati, N., and Raoofi, A. (2020). Development level and the impact of the technological factor on renewable energy production. Renewable Energy 151, pp. 946–955. Doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.11.098.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barker, S., Mishra, A., Irwin, D., Cecchet, E., Shenoy, P., and Albrecht, J. (2012). Smart*: an open data set and tools for enabling research in sustainable homes. Proc. SustKDD 111 (112), p. 108.Google Scholar
Bennett, A., and Checkel, J. T. (eds.) (2015). Process Tracing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bremmer, I., and Johnston, R. (2009). The rise and fall of resource nationalism. Survival 51 (2), pp. 149–158. Doi: 10.1080/00396330902860884.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BP (2020). Statistical Review of World Energy. London: BP.Google Scholar
Bumajdad, A., Bouhamra, W., Alsayegh, O. A., Kamal, H. A., and Alhajraf, S. F. (eds.) (2020). Gulf Conference on Sustainable Built Environment. Cham: Springer International Publishing. Doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-39734-0.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, N. (2019). Kuwait’s action on green energy fails to match best intentions. Financial Times. Available online: www.ft.com/content/bdcee818-c35f-11e9-ae6e-a26d1d0455f4.Google Scholar
Cadoret, I., and Padovano, F. (2016). The political drivers of renewable energies policies. Energy Economics 56, pp. 261–269. Doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2016.03.003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carbon Tracker (2021). The sky’s the limit – solar and wind energy potential is 100 times as much as global energy demand. Available online: https://carbontracker.org/reports/the-skys-the-limit-solar-wind/.Google Scholar
Coelho, S. T., and Goldemberg, J. (2013). Global energy policy: a view from Brazil, in Goldthau, A. (ed.), The Handbook of Global Energy Policy. Malden, MA: Willey-Blackwell, pp. 457–474.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Contreras, E. (1993). Os Desbravadores: A Petrobrás e a Construção do Brasil industrial. Rio de Janeiro: Relume Damará/ANPOCS.Google Scholar
Cornago, E. (2021). The potential of behavioural interventions for optimising energy use at home. Available online: www.iea.org/articles/the-potential-of-behavioural-interventions-for-optimising-energy-use-at-home.Google Scholar
Cozzi, L., Gould, T., Bouckart, S., Crow, D., Kim, T. Y., McGlade, C., Olejarnik, P., Wanner, B., and Wetzel, D. (2020). World Energy Outlook 2020. Available online: www.oecd-ilibrary.org/energy/world-energy-outlook-2020_557a761b-en.Google Scholar
Creutzig, F., Niamir, L., Bai, X., … Ürge-Vorsatz, D. (2022). Demand-side solutions to climate change mitigation consistent with high levels of well-being. Nature Climate Change 12 (1), pp. 36–46. Doi: 10.1038/s41558-021-01219-y.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Creutzig, F., Roy, J., Lamb, W. F., … Weber, E. U. (2018). Towards demand-side solutions for mitigating climate change. Nature Climate Change 8 (4), pp. 260–263. Doi: 10.1038/s41558-018-0121-1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doukas, H., Makarouni, I., Karakosta, C., Marinakis, V., and Psarras, J. (2012). EU–GCC clean energy cooperation: from concepts to action, in Tortora, M. (ed.), Sustainable Systems and Energy Management at the Regional Level: Comparative Approaches. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference, pp. 288–308. Doi: 10.4018/978-1-61350-344-7.ch015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doukas, H., Marinakis, V., Tsapelas, J., and Sgouridis, S. (2019). Intelligent energy management within the smart cities: an EU–GCC cooperation opportunity, in Samad, W. A. and Azar, E. (eds.), Smart Cities in the Gulf: Current State, Opportunities, and Challenges. Singapore: Springer Nature, pp. 123–147. Doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-2011-8_8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Energy Information Administration (EIA) (2016). Country Analysis Brief: Kuwait. U.S. Energy Information Administration, p. 14. Available online: www.eia.gov/international/content/analysis/countries_long/Kuwait/kuwait.pdf.Google Scholar
Energy Information Administration (EIA) (2020a). Country Analysis Executive Summary: Mexico. U.S. Energy Information Administration, p. 10. Available online: www.eia.gov/international/content/analysis/countries_long/Mexico/mexico.pdf.Google Scholar
Energy Information Administration (EIA) (2020b). Country Analysis Executive Summary: United Arab Emirates. U.S. Energy Information Administration, p. 8. Available online: www.eia.gov/international/content/analysis/countries_long/United_Arab_Emirates/uae_2020.pdf.Google Scholar
Etheridge, J. (2009). Power struggle hits Kuwaiti oil sector. Financial Times. Available online: www.ft.com/content/55b6a2f6-0cbe-11de-a555-0000779fd2ac.Google Scholar
European Commission (2021). Tips for Your Home. Available online: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/citizens/climate-tips/tips-your-home_en#wash-smart.Google Scholar
Fitch Solutions (2021). Mexico: Renewables Report: Includes 10-Year Forecasts to 2030 (Q3 2021). Available online: www.fitchsolutions.com.Google Scholar
Forouli, A., Gkonis, N., Nikas, A., Siskos, E., Doukas, H., and Tourkolias, C. (2019). Energy efficiency promotion in Greece in light of risk: evaluating policies as portfolio assets. Energy 170, pp. 818–831. Doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2018.12.180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freeman, C. (1987). Technology Policy and Economic Performance: Lessons from Japan. London: Pinter.Google Scholar
Freire, W. (2013). Petrobras: das origens até os anos 1990, in Giambiagi, F. and Paulo Velloso Lucas, L. (eds.), Petróleo: Reforma e Contrareforma do Setor Petrolífero Brasileiro. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Gebeily, M. (2021). Analysis: Gulf energy giants pledge net zero – but plan to stick with oil. Reuters, 28 October. Available online: www.reuters.com/business/cop/gulf-energy-giants-pledge-net-zero-plan-stick-with-oil-2021-10-28/.Google Scholar
Gatzert, N., and Kosub, T. (2017). Determinants of policy risks of renewable energy investments. International Journal of Energy Sector Management 11 (1), pp. 28–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hausfather, Z., and Moore, F. C. (2022). Net-zero commitments could limit warming to below 2°C. Nature 604(7905), pp. 247–248. Doi: 10.1038/d41586-022-00874-1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hertog, S. (2010). Defying the resource curse: explaining successful state-owned enterprises in rentier states. World Politics 62 (2), pp. 261–301. Doi.org/10.1017/S0043887110000055.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hochstetler, K. (2021). Political Economies of Energy Transition: Wind and Solar Power in Brazil and South Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hussein, H. (2020). Khalifa bin Zayed issues a law to establish the Supreme Council for Financial and Economic Affairs. Emirates News Agency. Available online: https://wam.ae/en/details/1395302898123.Google Scholar
Höhne, N., Gidden, M. J., den Elzen, M., … Rogelj, J. (2021). Wave of net zero emission targets opens window to meeting the Paris Agreement. Nature Climate Change 11 (10), pp. 820–822. Doi: 10.1038/s41558-021-01142-2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Industrial Shields (2023). Better monitoring and control of HVAC for Shopping Malls. Available online: www.industrialshields.com/success-story-hvac-equipment-with-raspberry-pi-gprs-plc.Google Scholar
International Energy Agency (IEA) (2018). World Energy Investment 2018. Paris: IEA/OECD.Google Scholar
International Energy Agency (IEA) (2019). Data and Statistics. Available online: www.iea.org/data-and-statistics.Google Scholar
International Energy Agency (IEA) (2020). The Oil and Gas Industry in Energy Transitions. Available online: https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/4315f4ed-5cb2-4264-b0ee-2054fd34c118/The_Oil_and_Gas_Industry_in_Energy_Transitions.pdf.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
International Energy Agency (IEA) (2021). Energy Subsidies: Tracking the Impact of Fossil-Fuel Subsidies. Available online: www.iea.org/topics/energy-subsidies.Google Scholar
International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) (2015). Renewable Energy Prospects: United Arab Emirates. Available online: www.irena.org/publications/2015/Apr/Renewable-Energy-Prospects-United-Arab-Emirates.Google Scholar
Jäger-Waldau, A., Kougias, I., Taylor, N., and Thiel, C. (2020). How photovoltaics can contribute to GHG emission reductions of 55% in the EU by 2030. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 126, p. 109836. Doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2020.109836.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kammermann, L., and Dermont, C. (2018). How beliefs of the political elite and citizens on climate change influence support for Swiss energy transition policy. Energy Research & Social Science 43, pp. 48–60. Doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2018.05.010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karmakar, G., Arote, U., Agarwal, A., and Ramamritham, K. (2018). Adaptive hybrid approaches to thermal modeling of building, in Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Future Energy Systems. New York: Association for Computing Machinery, pp. 477–479. Doi: 10.1145/3208903.3212068.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knoop, K., and Lechtenböhmer, S. (2017). The potential for energy efficiency in the EU member states – a comparison of studies. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 68, pp. 1097–1105. Doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2016.05.090.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koasidis, K., and Psarras, J. (2021). Innovative personalised applications to motivate and support behavioural energy efficiency, in 2021 12th International Conference on Information, Intelligence, Systems & Applications (IISA), pp. 1–6. Doi: 10.1109/IISA52424.2021.9555498.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koasidis, K., Marinakis, V., Nikas, A., Chira, K., Flamos, A., and Doukas, H. (2022). Monetising behavioural change as a policy measure to support energy management in the residential sector: a case study in Greece. Energy Policy 161, p. 112759. Doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112759.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kolter, J. Z., and Johnson, M. J. (2011). REDD: a public data set for energy disaggregation research, presented at the Workshop on data mining applications in sustainability (SIGKDD), San Diego, CA. Available online: www.semanticscholar.org/paper/REDD-%3A-A-Public-Data-Set-for-Energy-Disaggregation-Kolter/db3ea129add716192f11d41e605c0020ee2488d7.Google Scholar
Krarti, M. (2019). Evaluation of energy efficiency potential for the building sector in the Arab region. Energies 12 (22), p. 4279. Doi: 10.3390/en12224279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuwait National Petroleum Company (2021). Clean Fuels Project. Available online: www.knpc.com/en/strategic-projects/clean-fuel-project-cfp.Google Scholar
Leite, A. D. (2014). A Energia do Brasil (3ª edição). Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon.Google Scholar
Leite, R. C. D. C., Leal, M. R. L. V., Cortez, L. A. B., Griffin, W. M., and Scandiffio, M. I. G. (2009). Can Brazil replace 5% of the 2025 gasoline world demand with ethanol? Energy 34 (5), pp. 655–661. Doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2008.11.001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lima-de-Oliveira, R. (2019). Resource-led industrial development in the oil and gas global value chain: the case of Brazil, in Elisabeth, B. R., and Reynolds, B. (eds.), Innovation in Brazil: Advancing Development in the 21st Century. London: Routledge, pp. 283–302.Google Scholar
Lima-de-Oliveira, R. (2020). Corruption and local content development: assessing the impact of the Petrobras’ scandal on recent policy changes in Brazil. Extractive Industries and Society 7, pp. 274–282. Doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2019.08.004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacDonald, F. (2020, 10 September). Kuwait Parliament approves state budget with $46 billion deficit. Bloomberg. Available online: www.bloombergquint.com/markets/kuwait-parliament-approves-state-budget-with-46-billion-deficit.Google Scholar
Marinakis, V., Doukas, H., Koasidis, K., and Albuflasa, H. (2020a). From intelligent energy management to value economy through a digital energy currency: Bahrain city case study. Sensors 20 (5), p. 1456. Doi: 10.3390/s20051456.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marinakis, V., Doukas, H., Tsapelas, J., … Sgouridis, S. (2020b). From big data to smart energy services: an application for intelligent energy management. Future Generation Computer Systems 110, pp. 572–586. Doi: 10.1016/j.future.2018.04.062.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meinshausen, M., Lewis, J., McGlade, C., … Hackmann, B. (2022). Realization of Paris Agreement pledges may limit warming just below 2°C. Nature 604 (7905), pp. 304–309. Doi: 10.1038/s41586-022-04553-z.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, L., and Morales, I. (1990). Petróleo y nación (1900–1987): La política petrolera en México. México, DF: Fondo de Cultura Económica.Google Scholar
Morales, I. (1992). The consolidation and expansion of Pemex, in Brown, J. C., Knight, , , A. (eds.), The Mexican Petroleum industry in the Twentieth Century. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press., pp. 208–232.Google Scholar
Murshed, M., and Alam, M. S. (2021). Estimating the macroeconomic determinants of total, renewable, and non-renewable energy demands in Bangladesh: the role of technological innovations. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28, pp. 30176–30196. Doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12516-6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nardon, L., and Aten, K. (2008). Beyond a better mousetrap: a cultural analysis of the adoption of ethanol in Brazil. Journal of World Business 43 (3), pp. 261–273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Park, J., Kim, T., and Lee, C. (2019). Development of thermal comfort-based controller and potential reduction of the cooling energy consumption of a residential building in Kuwait. Energies 12 (17), p. 3348. Doi: 10.3390/en12173348.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pérez-Denicia, E., Fernández-Luqueño, F., Vilariño-Ayala, D., Montaño-Zetina, L. M., and Maldonado-López, L. A. (2017). Renewable energy sources for electricity generation in Mexico: a review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 78, pp. 597–613.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Philip, G. (1992). The expropriation in comparative perspective, in Brown, J. C. and Knight, A. (eds.), The Mexican Petroleum Industry in the Twentieth Century. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, pp. 173–188.Google Scholar
Priest, T. (2016). Petrobras in the history of offshore oil, in Schneider, B. R. (ed.), New Order and Progress: Development and Democracy in Brazil. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 53–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Radhi, H. (2011). Viability of autoclaved aerated concrete walls for the residential sector in the United Arab Emirates. Energy and Buildings 43 (9), pp. 2086–2092. Doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.04.018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rahimpour, A., Qi, H., Fugate, D., and Kuruganti, T. (2017). Non-intrusive energy disaggregation using non-negative matrix factorization with sum-to-k constraint. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 32 (6), pp. 4430–4441. Doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2017.2660246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saadi, D. (2020). Abu Dhabi merges Supreme Petroleum Council with new economic body. S&P Global. Available online: www.spglobal.com/platts/en/market-insights/latest-news/oil/122820-abu-dhabi-merges-supreme-petroleum-council-with-new-economic-body.Google Scholar
Saba, Y. (2020, 16 September). Kuwait cuts $3 billion from 2020–21 budget, lawmaker says. Reuters. Available online: www.reuters.com/sarticle/kuwait-budget-int-idUSKBN25Z1GZ.Google Scholar
Saleh, M., Khdour, T., and Qasaymeh, M. (2019). Analysis of AMI, smart metering deployment and big data management challenges, in Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Big Data and Internet of Things. New York: Association for Computing Machinery, pp. 3–7. Doi: 10.1145/3361758.3361759.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SENER (2020). Programa de Desarrollo del Sistema Eléctrico Nacional: 2020–2034. Mexico City: SENER.Google Scholar
Sequeira, T. N., and Santos, M. S. (2018). Renewable energy and politics: a systematic review and new evidence. Journal of Cleaner Production 192, pp. 553–568. Doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.04.190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shehabi, M. (2020). Kuwait Energy Outlook 2020: Current Policies and Necessity of Reform. Oxford: Oxford Institute for Energy Studies. Available online: www.oxfordenergy.org/publications/kuwait-energy-outlook-2020-current-policies-and-necessity-of-reform/.Google Scholar
Shin, C., Rho, S., Lee, H., and Rhee, W. (2019). Data requirements for applying machine learning to energy disaggregation. Energies 12 (9), p. 1696. Doi: 10.3390/en12091696.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sognnaes, I., Gambhir, A., van de Ven, D.-J., … Peters, G. P. (2021). A multi-model analysis of long-term emissions and warming implications of current mitigation efforts. Nature Climate Change 11 (12), pp. 1055–1062. Doi: 10.1038/s41558-021-01206-3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, P. (1976). Oil and Politics in Modern Brazil. Toronto: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Sovacool, B. K., Kivimaa, P., Hielscher, S., and Jenkins, K. (2017). Vulnerability and resistance in the United Kingdom’s smart meter transition. Energy Policy 109, pp. 767–781. Doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2017.07.037.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stevens, P. (2008). National oil companies and international oil companies in the Middle East: under the shadow of government and the resource nationalism cycle. Journal of World Energy Law & Business 1 (1), pp. 5–30. Doi.org/10.1093/jwelb/jwn004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trojbicz, B., and Loureiro, M. R. (2018). Brazilian oil sector reforms: the role of technical know-how and corporate ethos in Petrobras’ dominance. Energy Policy 118, pp. 588–595. Doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2018.03.060.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
UAE Government Portal (2021). UAE Energy Strategy 2050. Available online: https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/strategies-initiatives-and-awards/federal-governments-strategies-and-plans/uae-energy-strategy-2050.Google Scholar
UAE Ministry of Energy and Infrastructure (2017, 10 January). Vice President Unveils UAE Energy Strategy for Next Three Decades. Available online: www.moei.gov.ae/en/media-centre/news/10/1/2017/محمد-بن-راشد-يعلن-استراتيجية-دولة-الإمارات-للطاقة-للعقود-الثلاثة-المقبلة.aspx#page=1.Google Scholar
Villamil, J. (2020). Why Mexico is pushing to slow down clean energy. Washington Post. Available online: www.washingtonpost.com/business/energy/why-mexico-is-pushing-to-slow-down-clean-energy/2020/07/16/fbfcd0f4-c779-11ea-a825-8722004e4150_story.html.Google Scholar
Whitmarsh, L., Poortinga, W., and Capstick, S. (2021). Behaviour change to address climate change. Current Opinion in Psychology 42, pp. 76–81. Doi: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.04.002.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilson, J. D. (2015). Understanding resource nationalism: economic dynamics and political institutions. Contemporary Politics 21 (4), pp. 399–416. Doi.org/10.1080/13569775.2015.1013293.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
World Bank (2021). World Development Indicators Data Bank. World Bank Data Bank. Available online: https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators#.Google Scholar
Zou, M., Zhu, S., Gu, J., Korunovic, L. M., and Djokic, S. Z. (2021). Heating and lighting load disaggregation using frequency components and convolutional bidirectional Long short-term memory method. Energies 14 (16), p. 4831. Doi: 10.3390/en14164831.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×