Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gbm5v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T17:33:50.307Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 21 - Thyroid Cancer

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 October 2024

By
Jordana Faruqi ,
Maryam Tetlay  and
Nupur Kikani
Edited by
Laurie J. Mckenzie  and
Denise R. Nebgen
Laurie J. Mckenzie
Affiliation:
University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
Denise R. Nebgen
Affiliation:
University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
Get access

Summary

Thyroid cancer is one of the most prevalent endocrine malignancies worldwide, with increasing incidence rates over the past few decades. Thyroid cancer has a higher prevalence in women, and therefore, careful consideration of gynecologic factors is crucial aspect of its management and care. We discuss the epidemiology, risk factors, and management strategies for common types of thyroid cancer generally and particularly in women. Comprehensive care that integrates oncological and gynecologic management is crucial to optimize outcomes for women with thyroid cancer. Further research is needed to better understand the interplay between thyroid cancer and gynecologic health, and to develop tailored approaches to address the specific needs of this patient population.

Keywords

thyroid cancerpapillary thyroid cancermedullary thyroid cancerpregnancywomensurveillancefertility
Type
Chapter
Information
Caring for the Female Cancer Patient
Gynecologic Considerations
 , pp. 362 - 382
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Moore, K., Agur A, . Clinically Oriented Anatomy. 7th ed. Wolters Kluwer | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2014.Google Scholar
Melmed, S., Koenig, R., Rosen, C., et al. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. 14th ed. Elsevier; 2019.Google Scholar
Gardener, D. Greenspan’s Basic & Clinical Endocrinology: McGraw Hill; 2011.Google Scholar
Bartalena, L., Robbins, J. Thyroid hormone transport proteins. Clin Lab Med. 1993;13(3):583–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yamakawa, H., Kato, T. S., Noh, J. Y., et al. Thyroid hormone plays an important role in cardiac function: From bench to bedside. Front Physiol. 2021;12:606931.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shahid, M. A., Ashraf, M. A., Sharma, S. Physiology, Thyroid Hormone. StatPearls; 2022.Google Scholar
Mullur, R., Liu, Y. Y., Brent, G. A. Thyroid hormone regulation of metabolism. Physiol Rev. 2014;94(2):355–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mughal, B. B., Fini, J. B., Demeneix, B. A. Thyroid-disrupting chemicals and brain development: An update. Endocr Connect. 2018;7(4):R160–R86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maruo, T., Katayama, K., Barnea, E. R., Mochizuki, M. A role for thyroid hormone in the induction of ovulation and corpus luteum function. Horm Res. 1992;37(Suppl 1):12–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poppe, K., Velkeniers, B., Glinoer, D. The role of thyroid autoimmunity in fertility and pregnancy. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. 2008;4(7):394–405.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krassas, G. E., Poppe, K., Glinoer, D. Thyroid function and human reproductive health. Endocr Rev. 2010;31(5):702–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Unuane, D., Tournaye, H., Velkeniers, B., Poppe, K. Endocrine disorders & female infertility. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;25(6):861–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kitahara, C. M., Schneider, A. B. Epidemiology of thyroid cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2022;31(7):1284–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pizzato, M., Li, M., Vignat, J., et al. The epidemiological landscape of thyroid cancer worldwide: GLOBOCAN estimates for incidence and mortality rates in 2020. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2022;10(4):264–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cabanillas, M. E., McFadden, D. G., Durante, C. Thyroid cancer. Lancet. 2016;388(10061):2783–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Human Development Index. www.who.int/data/nutrition/nlis/info/human-development-index.Google Scholar
Daniels, G. H. Follicular thyroid carcinoma: A perspective. Thyroid. 2018;28(10):1229–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lim, H., Devesa, S. S., Sosa, J. A., Check, D., Kitahara, C. M. Trends in thyroid cancer incidence and mortality in the United States, 1974–2013. JAMA. 2017;317(13):1338–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nguyen, Q. T., Lee, E. J., Huang, M. G., et al. Diagnosis and treatment of patients with thyroid cancer. Am Health Drug Benefits. 2015;8(1):30–40.Google ScholarPubMed
Haugen, B. R. 2015 American Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for adult patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer: What is new and what has changed? Cancer. 2017;123(3):372–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tessler, F. N., Middleton, W. D., Grant, E. G., et al. ACR Thyroid Imaging, Reporting and Data System (TI-RADS): White Paper of the ACR TI-RADS Committee. J Am Coll Radiol. 2017;14(5):587–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liu, X., Medici, M., Kwong, N., et al. Bethesda categorization of thyroid nodule cytology and prediction of thyroid cancer type and prognosis. Thyroid. 2016;26(2):256–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roth, M. Y., Witt, R. L., Steward, D. L. Molecular testing for thyroid nodules: Review and current state. Cancer. 2018;124(5):888–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gong, L., Liu, Y., Guo, X., et al. BRAF p.V600E genetic testing based on ultrasound-guided fine-needle biopsy improves the malignancy rate in thyroid surgery: Our single-center experience in the past 10 years. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2022:1–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nixon, I. J., Wang, L. Y., Migliacci, J. C., et al. An international multi-institutional validation of age 55 years as a cutoff for risk stratification in the AJCC/UICC staging system for well-differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid. 2016;26(3):373–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thyroid Cancer Stages. www.cancer.org/cancer/thyroid-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/staging.html.Google Scholar
Haugen, B. R., Alexander, E. K., Bible, K. C., et al. 2015 American Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for Adult Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: The American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force on Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid. 2016;26(1):1–133.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sherman, S. I. Evolution of targeted therapies for thyroid carcinoma. Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc. 2019;130:255–65.Google ScholarPubMed
Palot Manzil, F. F., Kaur, H. Radioactive Iodine For Thyroid Malignancies. StatPearls; 2023.Google Scholar
Ravera, S., Reyna-Neyra, A., Ferrandino, G., Amzel, L. M., Carrasco, N. The sodium/ iodide symporter (NIS): Molecular physiology and preclinical and clinical applications. Annu Rev Physiol. 2017;79:261–89.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Padda, I. S., Nguyen, M. Radioactive Iodine Therapy. StatPearls; 2023.Google ScholarPubMed
Luster, M., Clarke, S. E., Dietlein, M., et al. Guidelines for radioiodine therapy of differentiated thyroid cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2008;35(10):1941–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schvartz, C., Bonnetain, F., Dabakuyo, S., et al. Impact on overall survival of radioactive iodine in low-risk differentiated thyroid cancer patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(5):1526–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ladenson, P. W. Recombinant thyrotropin versus thyroid hormone withdrawal in evaluating patients with thyroid carcinoma. Semin Nucl Med. 2000;30(2):98–106.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Khunger, A., Khunger, M., Velcheti, V. Dabrafenib in combination with trametinib in the treatment of patients with BRAF V600-positive advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer: Clinical evidence and experience. Ther Adv Respir Dis. 2018;12:1753466618767611.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Busaidy, N. L., Konda, B., Wei, L., et al. Dabrafenib versus dabrafenib + trametinib in BRAF-mutated radioactive iodine refractory differentiated thyroid cancer: Results of a randomized, phase 2, open-label multicenter trial. Thyroid. 2022;32(10):1184–92.Google ScholarPubMed
United States Cancer Statistics: Data Visualizations. https://gis.cdc.gov/Cancer/USCS/#/Demographics/.Google Scholar
Fariduddin, M, Syed, W. Hurthle Cell Thyroid Carcinoma. [Updated February 13, 2023]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023.Google ScholarPubMed
Lee, K., Anastasopoulou, C., Chandran, C., et al. Thyroid Cancer. [Updated May 1, 2021]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing; 2021.Google ScholarPubMed
Sanders, L. E., Silverman, M. Follicular and Hurthle cell carcinoma: Predicting outcome and directing therapy. Surgery. 1998;124(6):967–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pryma, D. A., Schoder, H., Gonen, M., et al. Diagnostic accuracy and prognostic value of 18 F-FDG PET in Hurthle cell thyroid cancer patients. J Nucl Med. 2006;47(8):1260–6.Google ScholarPubMed
Carcangiu, M. L., Zampi, G., Rosai, J. Poorly differentiated (“insular”) thyroid carcinoma. A reinterpretation of Langhans’ “wuchernde Struma.”Am J Surg Pathol. 1984;8(9):655–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Volante, M., Collini, P., Nikiforov, Y. E., et al. Poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma: The Turin proposal for the use of uniform diagnostic criteria and an algorithmic diagnostic approach. Am J Surg Pathol. 2007;31(8):1256–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nishida, T., Katayama, S., Tsujimoto, M., Nakamura, J., Matsuda, H. Clinicopathological significance of poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 1999;23(2):205–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ibrahimpasic, T., Ghossein, R., Shah, J. P., Ganly, I. Poorly differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid gland: Current status and future prospects. Thyroid. 2019;29(3):311–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pizzimenti, C., Fiorentino, V., Ieni, A., et al. Aggressive variants of follicular cell-derived thyroid carcinoma: An overview. Endocrine. 2022;78(1):1–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maniakas, A., Dadu, R., Busaidy, N. L., et al. Evaluation of overall survival in patients with anaplastic thyroid carcinoma, 2000–2019. JAMA Oncol. 2020;6(9):1397-404.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shonka, D. C., Jr., Ho, A., Chintakuntlawar, A. V., et al. American Head and Neck Society Endocrine Surgery Section and International Thyroid Oncology Group consensus statement on mutational testing in thyroid cancer: Defining advanced thyroid cancer and its targeted treatment. Head Neck. 2022;44(6):1277–300.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Subbiah, V., Kreitman, R. J., Wainberg, Z. A., et al. Dabrafenib and trametinib treatment in patients with locally advanced or metastatic BRAF V600-mutant anaplastic thyroid cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2018;36(1):7–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Callender, G. G., Rich, T. A., Perrier, N. D. Multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes. Surg Clin North Am. 2008;88(4):863–95, viii.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, M., Kim, B. H. Current guidelines for management of medullary thyroid carcinoma. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 2021;36(3):514–24.Google ScholarPubMed
Wells, S. A., Jr., Asa, S. L., Dralle, H., et al. Revised American Thyroid Association guidelines for the management of medullary thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid. 2015;25(6):567–610.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jaber, T., Dadu, R., Hu, M. I. Medullary thyroid carcinoma. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2021;28(5):540–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wells, S. A., Jr., Robinson, B. G., Gagel, R. F., et al. Vandetanib in patients with locally advanced or metastatic medullary thyroid cancer: A randomized, double-blind phase III trial. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(2):134–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elisei, R., Schlumberger, M. J., Muller, S. P., et al. Cabozantinib in progressive medullary thyroid cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(29):3639–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nixon, I. J., Coca-Pelaz, A., Kaleva, A. I., et al. Metastasis to the thyroid gland: A critical review. Ann Surg Oncol. 2017;24(6):1533–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freeman, C., Berg, J. W., Cutler, S. J. Occurrence and prognosis of extranodal lymphomas. Cancer. 1972;29(1):252–60.3.0.CO;2-#>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thieblemont, C., Mayer, A., Dumontet, C., et al. Primary thyroid lymphoma is a heterogeneous disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87(1):105–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stein, S. A., Wartofsky, L. Primary thyroid lymphoma: A clinical review. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98(8):3131–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holm, L. E., Blomgren, H., Lowhagen, T. Cancer risks in patients with chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis. N Engl J Med. 1985;312(10):601–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yoo, S. C., Chang, K. H., Lyu, M. O., et al. Clinical characteristics of struma ovarii. J Gynecol Oncol. 2008;19(2):135–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robboy, S. J., Shaco-Levy, R., Peng, R. Y., et al. Malignant struma ovarii: An analysis of 88 cases, including 27 with extraovarian spread. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 2009;28(5):405–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, L. P., Brubaker, L. W., Wolsky, R. J. It does exist! Diagnosis and management of thyroid carcinomas originating in struma ovarii. Surg Pathol Clin. 2023;16(1):75–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Werner & Ingbar’s The Thyroid A Fundamental and Clinical Text. 10th ed. Wolters Kluwer | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2013.Google Scholar
Drozd, V., Saenko, V., Branovan, D. I., et al. A search for causes of rising incidence of differentiated thyroid cancer in children and adolescents after Chernobyl and Fukushima: Comparison of the clinical features and their relevance for treatment and prognosis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(7):3444.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jargin, S. Thyroid cancer after Chernobyl: Re-evaluation needed. Turk Patoloji Derg. 2021;37(1):1–6.Google ScholarPubMed
Gilbert, E. S., Land, C. E, Simon, S. L. Health effects from fallout. Health Phys. 2002;82(5):726–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lebbink, C. A., Waguespack, S. G., van Santen, H. M. Thyroid dysfunction and thyroid cancer in childhood cancer survivors: Prevalence, surveillance and management. Front Horm Res. 2021;54:140–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kitahara, C. M., K Rmendiné, Farkas D., Jorgensen, J. O. L., Cronin-Fenton, D., Sorensen, H. T. Benign thyroid diseases and risk of thyroid cancer: A nationwide cohort study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018;103(6):2216–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rahbari, R., Zhang, L., Kebebew, E. Thyroid cancer gender disparity. Future Oncol. 2010;6(11):1771–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Derwahl, M., Nicula, D. Estrogen and its role in thyroid cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2014;21(5):T273–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rajoria, S., Suriano, R., Shanmugam, A., et al. Metastatic phenotype is regulated by estrogen in thyroid cells. Thyroid. 2010;20(1):33–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Torre, F., Calogero, A. E., Condorelli, R. A., et al. Effects of oral contraceptives on thyroid function and vice versa. J Endocrinol Invest. 2020;43(9):1181–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chakravarthy, V., Ejaz, S. Thyroxine-Binding Globulin Deficiency. StatPearls Publishing; 2022.Google Scholar
Hirsch, D., Yackobovitch-Gavan, M., Lazar, L. Infertility and pregnancy rates in female thyroid cancer survivors: A retrospective cohort study using health care administrative data from Israel. Thyroid. 2023;33(4):456–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sullivan, S. A. Thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer in pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2019;62(2):365–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gibelli, B., Zamperini, P., Proh, M., Giugliano, G. Management and follow-up of thyroid cancer in pregnant women. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 2011;31(6):358–65.Google ScholarPubMed
Alexander, E. K., Pearce, E. N., Brent, G. A., et al. 2017 Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Disease During Pregnancy and the Postpartum. Thyroid. 2017;27(3):315–89.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Navarro, P., Rocher, S., Miro-Martinez, P., Oltra-Crespo, S. Radioactive iodine and female fertility. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):3704.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Piek, M. W., Postma, E. L., van Leeuwaarde, R., et al. The effect of radioactive iodine therapy on ovarian function and fertility in female thyroid cancer patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Thyroid. 2021;31(4):658–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, H. O., Lee, K., Lee, S. M., Seo, G. H. Association between pregnancy outcomes and radioactive iodine treatment after thyroidectomy among women with thyroid cancer. JAMA Intern Med. 2020;180(1):54–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kurtoglu, S., Akin, M. A., Daar, G., et al. Congenital hypothyroidism due to maternal radioactive iodine exposure during pregnancy. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol. 2012;4(2):111–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Abruzzese, E., Trawinska, M. M., Perrotti, A. P., De Fabritiis, P. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors and pregnancy. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis. 2014;6(1):e2014028.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Abruzzese, E., Mauro, M., Apperley, J., Chelysheva, E. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors and pregnancy in chronic myeloid leukemia: Opinion, evidence, and recommendations. Ther Adv Hematol. 2020;11:2040620720966120.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vannucchi, G., Perrino, M., Rossi, S., et al. Clinical and molecular features of differentiated thyroid cancer diagnosed during pregnancy. Eur J Endocrinol. 2010;162(1):145–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rakhlin, L., Fish, S., Tuttle, R. M. Response to therapy status is an excellent predictor of pregnancy-associated structural disease progression in patients previously treated for differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid. 2017;27(3):396–401.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poisson, T., Deandreis, D., Leboulleux, S., et al. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and computed tomography in anaplastic thyroid cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010;37(12):2277–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×