Book contents
- Conflicts of Colonialism
- African Studies Series
- Conflicts of Colonialism
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Figures
- Maps
- Tables
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- Abbreviations
- Introduction
- 1 Mademba and the Foundations of the Bargains of Collaboration, 1852–1888
- 2 Conquest and Construction of Indirect Rule in the French Soudan, 1886–1891
- 3 “A World of Deception and Defection”
- 4 “A Curious and Very Engaging Mixture of European and Native Customs”
- 5 The Coming Storm, 1898–1899
- 6 Rule of Law and the Bargains of Collaboration
- 7 “An Unexpected and Precious Collaborator”
- 8 Remaking Mademba, 1906–1931
- Conclusion
- Bibliography
- Index
- African Studies Series
- References
Bibliography
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 17 February 2022
Book contents
- Conflicts of Colonialism
- African Studies Series
- Conflicts of Colonialism
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Figures
- Maps
- Tables
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- Abbreviations
- Introduction
- 1 Mademba and the Foundations of the Bargains of Collaboration, 1852–1888
- 2 Conquest and Construction of Indirect Rule in the French Soudan, 1886–1891
- 3 “A World of Deception and Defection”
- 4 “A Curious and Very Engaging Mixture of European and Native Customs”
- 5 The Coming Storm, 1898–1899
- 6 Rule of Law and the Bargains of Collaboration
- 7 “An Unexpected and Precious Collaborator”
- 8 Remaking Mademba, 1906–1931
- Conclusion
- Bibliography
- Index
- African Studies Series
- References
Summary
A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Conflicts of ColonialismThe Rule of Law, French Soudan, and Faama Mademba Sèye, pp. 313 - 329Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2022
References
Primary Sources
Secondary Sources
Afigbo, Adiele Eberechukwu. The Warrant Chiefs: Indirect Rule in Southeastern Nigeria, 1891–1929 (London: Longman, 1972).Google Scholar
Allain, Jean-Claude. “L’Indépendance câblière de la France au début du XXè siècle,” Guerres mondiales et conflits contemporains 166 (April) 1992: pp. 115–131.Google Scholar
Amselle, Jean-Loup. Vers un multiculturalisme français: L’empire de la coutume (Paris: Aubier, 1996).Google Scholar
Andrew, Christopher Maurice, Grupp, Peter, and Kanya-Forstner, Alexander Sydney. “Le mouvement colonial français et ses principales personnalités, 1890–1914,” Revue française d’histoire d’Outre-Mer 42 (4) 1975: pp. 640–673.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andrew, Christopher Maurice, and Kanya-Forstner, Alexander Sydney. “The French ‘Colonial Party’: Its Composition, Aims and Influence, 1885–1914,” Historical Journal 14 (1) 1971: pp. 99–128.Google Scholar
Andrew, Christopher Maurice, and Kanya-Forstner, Alexander Sydney. “Gabriel Hanotaux, the Colonial Party and the Fashoda Strategy,” The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 3 (1) 1974: pp. 55–104.Google Scholar
Anonymous. “Fama de Sansanding, Distinctions honorifiques,” Bulletin Administratif du Gouvernement général de l’Afrique occidentale française Sept. 1904: p. 645.Google Scholar
ColonelArchinard, . Le Soudan en 1893 (Le Havre: Imprimerie de la Société des Anciens Courtiers, 1895).Google Scholar
Lieutenant-colonelArchinard, . Le Soudan Français en 1889–1890: Rapport militaire du Commandant Supérieur (Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1891).Google Scholar
Archinard, Louis. Soudan français: Croquis pour suivre les opérations de la campagne 1890–1891 (Paris: Sous-secrétariat d'État des colonies, ca. 1891).Google Scholar
Aubry, André (ed.). Lettres et carnets de route du Commandant Briquelot de 1871 à 1896: Correspondances (Paris: Manuscrit.com, 2003).Google Scholar
Bâ, Amadou Hampaté. The Fortunes of Wangrin, translated by Taylor, Aina Pagolini (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999).Google Scholar
Bâ, Amadou Hampaté. “The Living Tradition,” in Ki-Zerbo, Jacqueline (ed.), General History of Africa: Methodology and Prehistory (London: Heinemann, 1981): pp. 166–203.Google Scholar
Babou, Cheikh Anta. Fighting the Greater Jihad: Amadou Bamba and the Founding of the Muridiyya of Senegal, 1853–1913 (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2007).Google Scholar
Baillaud, Émile. Sur les routes du Soudan (Toulouse: Imprimerie Édouard Privat, 1902).Google Scholar
Barjot, Dominique, Anceau, Éric, Lescent-Giles, Isabelle, and Marnot, Bruno (eds.). Les entrepreneurs du Second Empire (Paris: Presses Université Paris-Sorbonne, 2003).Google Scholar
Barrows, Leland. “Louis Léon César Faidherbe (1818–1889),” in Gann, Lewis Henry and Duignan, Peter (eds.), African Proconsuls: European Governors in Africa (New York: Free Press, 1978): pp. 51–79.Google Scholar
Barry, Boubacar. Senegambia and the Atlantic Slave Trade, translated by Armah, Ayi Kwei (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).Google Scholar
Bathily, Abdoulaye, “Mamadou Lamine Dramé et la Résistance antiimpérialiste dans le Haut-Sénégal (1885–1887),” Notes Africaines 125 1970: pp. 20–32.Google Scholar
Bayly, Christopher Alan. Empire and Information: Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication in India, 1780–1870 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).Google Scholar
Beckert, Sven. Empire of Cotton: A New History of Global Capitalism (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2014).Google Scholar
Benton, Lauren. A Search for Sovereignty: Law and Geography in European Empires, 1400–1900 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010).Google Scholar
Benton, Lauren, and Ford, Lisa. Rage for Order: The British Empire and the Origins of International Law, 1800–1850 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2016).Google Scholar
Berman, Bruce, and Lonsdale, John. Unhappy Valley: Conflict in Kenya and Africa (Athens: Ohio University Press, 1992).Google Scholar
Bermann, George A., and Picard, Étienne. “Administrative Law,” in Bermann, George A. and Picard, Étienne (eds.), Introduction to French Law (Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law International, 2012): pp. 57–102.Google Scholar
Bernault, Florence (ed.). Enfermement, prison et châtiments en Afrique: Du 19e siècle à nos jours (Paris: Karthala, 1999).Google Scholar
Berry, Sara. No Condition Is Permanent: The Social Dynamics of Agrarian Change in Sub-Saharan Africa (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1993).Google Scholar
Bonnardel, Régine. Saint-Louis du Sénégal: Mort ou naissance? (Paris: L’Harmattan, 1992).Google Scholar
Bonnier, Chef d’Escadron. Mission au Pays de Ségou: Campagne dans le Gueniekalary et le Sansanding en 1892 (Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1897).Google Scholar
Bouche, Denise. Les Villages de liberté en Afrique noire française, 1887–1910 (Paris: Mouton, 1968).Google Scholar
Bouche, Denise. “L’école française et les musulmans au Sénégal de 1850 à 1920,” Revue française d’histoire d’outre-mer 61 (223) 1974: pp. 218–235.Google Scholar
Brunschwig, Henri. Noirs et Blancs dans l’Afrique noire française: Comment le colonisé devient colonisateur, 1870–1914 (Paris: Flammarion, 1983).Google Scholar
Buell, Raymond Leslie. The Native Problem in Africa (original New York: Macmillan, 1928; reprinted London: Frank Cass, 1965).Google Scholar
Burbank, Jane, and Cooper, Frederick. Empires in World History: Power and the Politics of Difference (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010).Google Scholar
Burrill, Emily, and Roberts, Richard. “Domestic Violence, Colonial Courts, and the End of Slavery in the French Soudan, 1905–1912,” in Burrill, Emily, Roberts, Richard, and Thornberry, Elizabeth (eds.), Domestic Violence and the Law in Africa: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives (Athens: University of Ohio Press, 2010): pp. 33–53.Google Scholar
Butel, Paul (ed.). Un officier et la conquête coloniale: Emmanuel Ruault (1878–1896) (Bordeaux: Presses Universitaires de Bordeaux, 2007).Google Scholar
Cahm, Eric. The Dreyfus Affair in French Society and Politics (London: Longman, 1996).Google Scholar
Lieutenant de Vaisseau ECaron, . De Saint-Louis au Port de Tombouctou: Voyage d’une canonnière française (Paris: Augustin Challamel, 1891).Google Scholar
Cerullo, John. Minotaur: French Military Justice and the Aernoult-Rousset Affair (Dekalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2011).Google Scholar
Chafer, Tony, and Sackur, Amanda. Promoting the Colonial Idea: Propaganda and Visions of Empire in France (New York: Palgrave, 2002).Google Scholar
Chanock, Martin. Law, Custom, and Social Order: The Colonial Experience in Malawi and Zambia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985).Google Scholar
Cohen, Thomas V. “The Macrohistory of Microhistory,” Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies 47 (1) 2017: pp. 55–73.Google Scholar
Combes, André. Histoire de la Franc-Maçonnerie au XIXè siècle (Monaco: Éditions du Rocher, 1999).Google Scholar
Conklin, Alice L. A Mission to Civilize: The Republican Idea of Empire in France and West Africa, 1895–1930 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1997).Google Scholar
Conklin, Alice L., Fishman, Sarah, and Zaretsky, Robert. France and Its Empire since 1870 (New York: Oxford University Press, second edition, 2015).Google Scholar
Conrad, David (ed.). A State of Intrigue: The Epic of Bamana Segu according to Tayiru Banbera (Oxford: Oxford University Press for the British Academy, 1990).Google Scholar
Conrad, David, and Hoffman, Barbara (eds.). Status and Identity in West Africa: Nyamakalaw of Mande (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1995).Google Scholar
Cooper, Frederick. Citizenship between Empire and Nation: Remaking France and French Africa, 1945–1960 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2014).Google Scholar
Coquery-Vidrovitch, Catherine. “Nationalité et citoyenneté en Afrique occidentale française: Originaires et citoyens dans le Sénégal colonial,” JAH 42 (2) 2001: pp. 285–305.Google Scholar
Cordell, Dennis D. Dar al-Kuti and the Last Years of the Trans-Saharan Slave Trade (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1985).Google Scholar
Crowder, Michael. “Indirect Rule: French and British Style,” Africa 34 (3) 1964: pp. 197–205.Google Scholar
Curtin, Philip. Economic Change in Precolonial Africa: Senegambia in the Era of the Slave Trade (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1975).Google Scholar
Curtin, Philip. “The Impact of Europe,” in Curtin, Philip, Feierman, Steven, Thompson, Leonard and Vansina, Jan, African History: From Earliest Times to Independence (New York; London: Longman, second edition, 1995): pp. 423–445.Google Scholar
Cuttier, Martine. Portrait du colonialisme triomphant: Louis Archinard (1850–1932) (Panazol: Lavauzelle, 2006).Google Scholar
Daniel, Jean. La Légion d’Honneur: Histoire et organisation de l’Ordre National (Paris: Éditions André Bonne, 1948).Google Scholar
Daughton, James P. “A Colonial Affair?: Dreyfus and the French Empire,” Historical Reflections/Réflexions historiques 31 (3) 2005: pp. 469–483.Google Scholar
David, Philippe. Inventaire général des cartes postales Fortier (St. Julien au Sault: self-published, 1986).Google Scholar
Debré, Jean-Louis. La justice au XIXè siècle: Les magistrats (Paris: Librairie Académique Perrin, 1981).Google Scholar
Delafosse, Maurice. Haut-Sénégal-Niger, three vols. (original Paris: Champion, 1912; republished Paris: Larose, 1972).Google Scholar
Delavignette, Robert L. Freedom and Authority in French West Africa (London: F. Cass, 1968).Google Scholar
Despagnet, Frantz. “Les protectorats,” in Petit, Maxime (ed.), Les colonies françaises: Petite encyclopédie coloniale publiée sous la direction de M. Maxime Petit (Paris: Larousse, 1902), vol. 1: pp. 53–54.Google Scholar
Diamond, Larry. Ill Winds: Saving Democracy from Russian Rage, Chinese Ambition, and American Complacency (New York: Penguin, 2019).Google Scholar
Dion, Isabelle. Vers le Lac Tchad: Expéditions françaises et résistances africaines, 1890–1900 (Milan: Collections Histoires d’outre-mer, 2014).Google Scholar
Diouf, Mamadou. Le Kajoor au XIXe siècle: Pouvoir ceddo et conquête coloniale (Paris: Karthala, 1990).Google Scholar
Diouf, Mamadou. “The French Colonial Policy of Assimilation and the Civility of the Originaires of the Four Communes (Senegal): A Nineteenth Century Globalization Project,” Development and Change 29 1998: pp. 671–696.Google Scholar
Dirks, Nicholas. “‘From Little King to Landlord’: Colonial Discourse and Colonial Rule,” in Dirks, Nicolas (ed.), Colonialism and Culture (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1992): pp. 1–25.Google Scholar
Djata, Sundiata A. The Bamana Empire by the Niger: Kingdom, Jihad and Colonization, 1712–1920 (Princeton, NJ: Markus Weiner Publisher, 1997).Google Scholar
Duguit, Léon. “The Rule of Law,” in Fouillée, Alfred Jules Émile, Charmont, Joseph, Demogue, René, and Duguit, Léon (eds.), Modern French Legal Philosophy, translated by Scott, Franklin and Chamberlain, Joseph P. (Boston: The Boston Book Co., 1916): pp. 285–338.Google Scholar
Duguit, Léon. “The State and Law, as Concrete Facts Rather Than Abstract Conceptions,” in Fouillée, Alfred Jules Émile, Charmont, Joseph, Demogue, René, and Duguit, Léon (eds.), Modern French Legal Philosophy, translated by Franklin Scott and Joseph P. Chamberlain (Boston: The Boston Book Co., 1916): pp. 339–346.Google Scholar
Duke Bryant, Kelly M. Education as Politics: Colonial Schooling and Political Debate in Senegal, 1850s–1914 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2015).Google Scholar
Duke Bryant, Kelly. “Changing Childhood: ‘Liberated Minors’, Guardianship, and the Colonial State in Senegal, 1895–1911,” JAH 60 (2) 2019: pp. 209–228.Google Scholar
Echenberg, Myron. Colonial Conscripts: The Tirailleurs Sénégalais in French West Africa, 1857–1960 (Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1991).Google Scholar
Echenberg, Myron. Africa in the Time of Cholera: A History of Pandemics from 1817 to the Present (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012).Google Scholar
Eckert, Andreas. “Cultural Commuters: African Employees in Late Colonial Tanzania,” in Lawrance, Benjamin, Osborn, Emily, and Roberts, Richard (eds.), Intermediaries, Interpreters, and Clerks: African Employees in the Making of Colonial Africa (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2006): pp. 248–269.Google Scholar
Enders, Armelle. “L’École Nationale de la France d’Outre-Mer et la formation des administrateurs coloniaux,” Revue d’histoire moderne et contemporaine 40 (2), 1993: pp. 272–288.Google Scholar
Evans, Martin (ed.). Empire and Culture: The French Experience, 1830–1940 (London: Palgrave, 2004).Google Scholar
Evans, Martin (ed.). The French Colonial Mind, two vols. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2011).Google Scholar
GénéralFaidherbe, . Le Sénégal: La France dans l’Afrique occidentale (Paris: Hachette, 1889).Google Scholar
Fairgrieve, Duncan, and Lichère, Françoise. “The Liability of Public Authorities in France,” in Oliphant, Ken (ed.), The Liability of Public Authorities in Comparative Perspective (Cambridge: Intersentia, 2016): pp. 156–175.Google Scholar
Feierman, Steven. “African Histories and the Dissolving of World History,” in Bates, Robert H., Mudimbe, Valentin-Yves, and O’Barr, Jean (eds.), Africa and the Disciplines: The Contributions of Research in Africa to the Social Sciences and Humanities (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993): pp. 167–211.Google Scholar
Fieldhouse, David Kenneth. Colonialism, 1870–1945: An Introduction (London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1981).Google Scholar
Freeman, Daniel, and Freeman, Jason. Paranoia: A Twenty-first Century Fear (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008).Google Scholar
Gallieni, Joseph Simon. Voyage au Soudan Français (Haut-Sénégal et pays de Ségou), 1879–1881 (Paris: Hachette, 1885).Google Scholar
Lieutenant-colonelGallieni, . Deux campagnes au Soudan Français, 1886–88 (Paris: Hachette, 1891).Google Scholar
Gaucher, Joseph. Les débuts de l’enseignement en Afrique francophone: Jean Dard et l’École Mutuelle de Saint-Louis du Sénégal (Paris: Le Livre Africain, 1968).Google Scholar
Gerkrath, Jorg. “Military Law in France,” in Nolte, Georg (ed.), European Military Law Systems (Berlin: De Gruyter Recht, 2003): pp. 277–336.Google Scholar
Getz, Trevor. Slavery and Reform in West Africa: Toward Emancipation in Nineteenth Century Senegal and the Gold Coast (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2004).Google Scholar
Getz, Trevor R., and Clarke, Liz. Abina and the Import Men: A Graphic History (New York: Oxford University Press, second edition, 2016).Google Scholar
Girault, Arthur. Principes de colonisation et de législation coloniale (Paris: L. Tenin, fourth edition, 1921–1923).Google Scholar
Glasman, Joël. Les corps habillés au Togo: Genèse coloniale des métiers de police (Paris: Karthala, 2014).Google Scholar
Glineur, Cédric. Histoire des Institutions administratives, Xè–XIXè siècle (Paris: Économica, 2017).Google Scholar
Gomez, Michael A. Pragmatism in the Age of Jihad: The Precolonial State of Bundu (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).Google Scholar
Goody, Jack. The Domestication of the Savage Mind (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977).Google Scholar
Gouvernement Général de l’AOF. Les Postes et Télégraphes en Afrique Occidentale (Corbeil: Éditions Crété, 1907).Google Scholar
Grafton, Anthony. The Footnote: A Curious History (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997).Google Scholar
Grant, John P., and Barker, J. Craig (eds.). Parry and Grant Encyclopedic Dictionary of International Law (Dobbs Ferry, NY: Oceana Publications, second edition, 2004).Google Scholar
Green, Toby. The Rise of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade in Western Africa, 1300–1589 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012).Google Scholar
Guyver, Christopher. The Second French Republic, 1848–1852: A Political Reinterpretation (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016).Google Scholar
Hale, Thomas. Griots and Griottes: Masters of Words and Music (Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1998).Google Scholar
Hanotaux, Gabriel, and Martineau, Alfred (eds.). Histoire des colonies françaises et l’expansion de France dans le monde (Paris: Société de l’histoire nationale and Plon, 1929).Google Scholar
Hanretta, Sean. Islam and Social Change in French West Africa: History of an Emancipatory Community (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009).Google Scholar
Harding, James. The Astonishing Adventure of General Boulanger (New York: Scribner, 1971).Google Scholar
Harms, Robert. The Diligent: A Voyage through the Worlds of the Slave Trade (New York: Basic Books, 2002).Google Scholar
Harrison, Christopher. France and Islam in West Africa 1860–1960 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988).Google Scholar
Hazareesingh, Sudhir, and Wright, Vincent. Francs-Maçons sous le Second Empire: Les loges provinciales du Grand-Orient à la veille de la Troisième République (Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2001).Google Scholar
Headrick, Daniel R. The Tools of Empire: Technology and European Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981).Google Scholar
Headrick, Daniel R. The Invisible Weapon: Telecommunications and International Politics, 1851–1945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991).Google Scholar
Henry, Yves. Le coton dans l’Afrique occidentale française (Paris: Augustin Challamel, 1906).Google Scholar
Herbst, Jeffrey. States and Power in Africa: Comparative Lessons in Authority and Control (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000).Google Scholar
Hoffmann, Stefan-Ludwig. The Politics of Sociability: Freemasonry and German Civil Society, 1840–1918 (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2007).Google Scholar
Hopkins, Antony Gerald. “Lessons of ‘Civilizing Missions’ Are Mostly Unlearned,” New York Times, Mar. 23, 2003, sec. 4, p. 5.Google Scholar
Lieutenant de Vaisseau.Hourst, Sur le Niger et au Pays des Touaregs: La Mission Hourst (Paris: Plon, 1898).Google Scholar
Humphrys, Stephen. Theater of the Rule of Law: Transnational Legal Intervention in Theory and Practice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010).Google Scholar
Irvine, William D. The Boulanger Affair Reconsidered: Royalism, Boulangism, and the Origins of the Radical Rights in France (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989).Google Scholar
Lieutenant de Vaisseau.Jaime, De Koulikoro à Tombouctou à bord du “Mage,” 1889–1890 (Paris: E. Dentu, 1892).Google Scholar
Jankowski, Paul. “The Republic and Justice,” in Berenson, Edward, Duclert, Vincent, and Prochassan, Christophe (eds.), The French Republic: History, Values, Debates (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2011): pp. 154–162.Google Scholar
Jennings, Robert, and Watts, Arthur (eds.). Oppenheim’s International Law (Harlow: Longman, ninth edition, 1992).Google Scholar
Jézéquel, Jean-Hervé. “‘Collecting Customary Law’: Educated Africans, Ethnographic Writing, and Colonial Justice in French West Africa,” in Lawrence, Benjamin N., Emily, L. Osborn, , and Roberts, Richard (eds.), Intermediaries, Interpreters, and Clerks: African Employees in the Making of Colonial Africa (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2006): pp. 139–158.
Google Scholar
GeneralJoalland, . Le drame de Dankori: Mission Voulet–Chanoine: Mission Joalland–Meynier (Paris: Argo, 1931).Google Scholar
Johnson, G. Wesley. The Emergence of Black Politics in Senegal: The Struggle for Power in the Four Communes, 1900–1920 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1971).Google Scholar
Johnson, G. Wesley. “William Ponty and Republican Paternalism in French West Africa (1866–1915),” in Gann, Lewis Henry and Duignan, Peter (eds.), African Proconsuls: European Governors in Africa (New York: Free Press, 1978): pp. 127–156.
Google Scholar
Jones, Hilary. The Métis of Senegal: Urban Life and Politics in French West Africa (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2013).Google Scholar
Kamanda, Alfred M. A Study of the Legal Status of Protectorates in Public International Law (Ambilly: The Graduate Institute, Geneva, 1961).Google Scholar
Kanya-Forstner, Alexander Sydney. The Conquest of the Western Sudan: A Study in French Military Imperialism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969).Google Scholar
Kessler-Harris, Alice. “AHR Roundtable: Why Biography?” American Historical Review 114 (3), 2009: pp. 625–630Google Scholar
Kirk-Greene, Anthony H. M. “Thin White Line: The Size of the British Colonial Service in Africa,” African Affairs 79, 1980: pp. 26–44.Google Scholar
Klein, Martin A. Islam and Imperialism in Senegal: Sin-Saloum, 1847–1914 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1968).Google Scholar
Klein, Martin A. “Social and Economic Factors in the Muslin Revolution in Senegambia,” JAH 13 (4), 1972: pp. 419–441.Google Scholar
Klein, Martin A. Slavery and Colonial Rule in French West Africa (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998).Google Scholar
ColonelKlobb, Jean François Arsène, and Lieutenant Meynier, Octave. À la recherche de Voulet: Sur les traces sanglantes de la mission Afrique centrale, 1898–1899, Ahounou, Chantal (ed.) (Paris: Cosmopole, 2001).Google Scholar
Kopytoff, Larissa. “French Citizens and Muslim Law: The Tensions of Citizenship in Early Twentieth-Century Senegal,” in Marback, Richard and Kruman, Marc W. (eds.), The Meaning of Citizenship (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2011): pp. 320–337.Google Scholar
Krygier, Martin. “Four Puzzles about the Rule of Law: Why, What, Where? And Who Cares?” in Fleming, James E. (ed.), Getting to the Rule of Law (New York: New York University Press, 2011): pp. 64–104.Google Scholar
Krygier, Martin. “The Rule of Law (and Rechtstaat),” International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences 20 (2015): pp. 780–787, second edition.Google Scholar
Larkin, Maurice. “Fraternité, solidarité et sociabilité: Les racines herbeuses du Grand Orient de France (1900–1920),” in Hazareesingh, Sudhir (ed.), L’héritage jacobin dans la France d’aujourd’hui: Essais en l’honneur de Vincent Wright (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002).Google Scholar
LieutenantLautour, Gaston. Journal d’un Spahi au Soudan, 1897–1899 (Paris: Perin et Cie., 1909).Google Scholar
Lawrance, Benjamin, Osborn, Emily, and Roberts, Richard. “Introduction: African Intermediaries and the ‘Bargain’ of Collaboration,” in Lawrance, Benjamin, Osborn, Emily, and Roberts, Richard (eds.), Intermediaries, Interpreters, and Clerks: African Employees in the Making of Colonial Africa (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2006): pp. 3–34.Google Scholar
Lawrance, Benjamin, and Roberts, Richard (eds.). Trafficking in Slavery’s Wake: Law and the Experience of Women and Children (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2012).Google Scholar
Lecomte, Henri. Le coton: Monographie, culture et histoire économique (Paris: Carré et Naud, 1900).Google Scholar
Lee, Brandy X. (ed.). The Dangerous Case of Donald Trump: 27 Psychiatrists and Mental Health Experts Assess a President (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2017).Google Scholar
Lewis, David Levering. Race to Fashoda: European Colonialism and African Resistance in the Scramble for Africa (New York: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1987).Google Scholar
Lewis, Mary Dewhurst. Divided Rule: Sovereignty and Empire in French Tunisia, 1881–1938 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2014).Google Scholar
Lugard, Frederick John Dealtry, Baron. The Dual Mandate in Tropical Africa (Edinburgh; London: W. Blackwood and Sons, 1922).Google Scholar
Lugard, Frederick John Dealtry. Political Memoranda, Revision of Instructions to Political Officers on Subjects Chiefly, Political and Administrative 1913–1918 (original London: F. Cass, 1906; republished 1970).Google Scholar
Lydon, Ghislaine. “Obtaining Freedom at the Muslims’ Tribunal: Colonial Kadijustiz and Women’s Divorce Litigation in Ndar (Senegal),” in Jeppie, Shamil, Moosa, Ebrahim, and Roberts, Richard (eds.), Muslim Family Law in Sub-Saharan Africa: Colonial Legacies and Post-colonial Challenges (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2010): pp. 135–164.Google Scholar
Mademba, Abd-el-Kader. “Au Sénégal et au Soudan Français,” Bulletin du Comité d’études historiques et scientifiques de l’Afrique occidentale français 13 (2) April–June 1930: pp. 100–216.Google Scholar
Mademba, Ben Daoud. “La dernière étape d’un conquérant: Odyssée des dernières années du Sultan Ahmadou de Ségou, racontée par son cousin et compagnon d’infortune Mouhamadou Hassimiou Tall,” Bulletin du Comité des études historiques et scientifiques de l’AOF 3 1921: pp. 473–480.
Google Scholar
Mademba, Racine. “Les céréales d’été en Égypte,” L’Agronomie coloniale 1 (12) 1914: pp. 166–174.Google Scholar
Mann, Gregory. Native Sons: West African Veterans and France in the Twentieth Century (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2006).Google Scholar
Marion, Marcel. Dictionnaire des Institutions de la France aux XVIIè et XVIIIè siècles (Paris: Auguste Picard, 1923).Google Scholar
Mark, Peter, and Horta, José da Silva. The Forgotten Diaspora: Jewish Communities in West Africa and the Making of the Atlantic World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011).Google Scholar
M’Baye, Saliou. Histoire des institutions coloniales françaises en Afrique de l’Ouest: 1816–1960 (Dakar: Imprimerie St. Paul, 1991).Google Scholar
Mbayo, Tamba. Muslim Interpreters in Colonial Senegal, 1850–1920: Mediations of Knowledge and Power in the Lower and Middle Senegal River Valley (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2016).Google Scholar
McAuliffe, Mary. Dawn of the Belle Époque: The Paris of Monet, Zola, Bernhardt, Eiffel, Debussy, Clemenceau, and Their Friends (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2011).Google Scholar
McIlwraith, Malcolm. “The Declaration of a Protectorate over Egypt and Its Legal Effects,” Journal of the Society of Comparative Legislation 17 (1–2) 1917: pp. 238–259.Google Scholar
Meillassoux, Claude. “Esclavage à Gumbu,” in Meillassoux, Claude (ed.), Esclavage en Afrique précoloniale (Paris: Maspero, 1975): pp. 221–251.Google Scholar
Méniaud, Jacques (ed.). Les pionniers du Soudan: Avant, avec, et après Archinard, 1879–1894 (Paris: Société des Publications Modernes, 1931).Google Scholar
Merriman, John M. The Agony of the Republic: The Repression of the Left in Revolutionary France, 1848–1851 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1978).Google Scholar
Meynier, Octave. La Mission Jolland–Meynier (Paris: Éditions de l’Empire français, 1947).Google Scholar
Michel, Marc. Les Africains et la Grande Guerre: L’appel à l’Afrique (1914–1918) (Paris: Karthala, 2003).Google Scholar
Miers, Suzanne. Britain and the Ending of the Slave Trade (New York: Africana Publishing Co., 1975).Google Scholar
Moitt, Bernard. “Slavery and Emancipation in Senegal’s Peanut Basin: The Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries,” International Journal of African Historical Studies 22 (1) 1989: pp. 27–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Monson, Jamie. “Claims to History and the Politics of Memory in Southern Tanzania, 1940–1960,” International Journal of African Historical Studies 33 (3) 2000: pp. 543–565.Google Scholar
Moyd, Michelle. Violent Intermediaries: African Soldiers, Conquest, and Everyday Colonialism in German East Africa (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2014).Google Scholar
Newbury, Colin. “The Formation of the Government General of French West Africa,” JAH 1 (1) 1960: pp. 111–128.Google Scholar
Newbury, Colin. Patrons, Clients, and Empire: Chieftaincy and Over-rule in Asia, Africa, and the Pacific (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003).Google Scholar
Ngalamulume, Kalala. Colonial Pathologies, Environment, and Western Medicine in Saint-Louis-du-Sénégal, 1867–1920 (New York: Peter Lang, 2012).Google Scholar
Nord, Philip. The Republican Moment: Struggles for Democracy in Nineteenth-Century France (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995).Google Scholar
Ochonu, Moses E. Colonialism by Proxy: Hausa Imperial Agents and Middle Belt Consciousness in Nigeria (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2014).Google Scholar
Odo, Georges. La Franc-Maçonnerie dans les colonies, 1738–1960 (Paris: Éditions Maçonniques de France, 2001).Google Scholar
Osborn, Emily. “‘Circle of Iron’: African Colonial Employees and the Interpretation of Colonial Rule in French West Africa,” JAH 44 (1) 2003: pp. 29–50.Google Scholar
Osborn, Emily. Our New Husbands Are Here: Households, Gender, and Politics in a West African State from the Slave Trade to Colonial Rule (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2011).Google Scholar
Pacteau, Bernard. Contentieux administratif (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1985).Google Scholar
Parsons, Timothy. The African Rank-and-File: Social Implications of Colonial Military Service in the King’s African Rifles, 1902–1964 (Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1999).Google Scholar
Peabody, Sue. “Microhistory, Biography, and Fiction: The Politics of Narrating the Lives of People under Slavery,” Transatlantica: Revue d’études américaines, American Studies Journal 2 (2012): pp. 1–19.Google Scholar
Peabody, Sue, and Grinberg, Keila (eds.). Free Soil in the Atlantic World (London: Routledge, 2015).Google Scholar
Pérignon, Aristide Auguste François. Haut-Sénégal et Moyen-Niger: Kita et Ségou (Paris: J. André, 1901).Google Scholar
Perinbam, B. Marie. Family Identity and the State in the Bamako Kafu, c. 1800–c. 1900 (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1997).Google Scholar
Pietri, , Capitaine. Les Français au Niger: Voyages et combats (Paris: Hachette, 1885).Google Scholar
Press, Steven. “Sovereignty at Guantánamo: New Evidence and a Comparative Historical Interpretation,” Journal of Modern History 85 (3) 2013: pp. 592–631.Google Scholar
Press, Steven. Rogue Empires: Contracts and Conmen in Europe’s Scramble for Africa (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2017).Google Scholar
Price, Roger. A Concise History of France (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, third edition, 2014).Google Scholar
Ranger, Terence. “The Invention of Tradition in Colonial Africa,” in Hobsbawm, Eric and Ranger, Terence O. (eds.), The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983): pp. 211–262.Google Scholar
Rebérioux, Madeleine. La République radicale? 1898–1914 (Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 1975).Google Scholar
Ridely, Frederick F., and Blondel., Jean Public Administration in France (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1969).Google Scholar
Roberts, Richard. “The Emergence of a Grain Market in Bamako, 1883–1908,” Canadian Journal of African Studies 14 (1) 1980: pp. 37–54.Google Scholar
Roberts, Richard. Warriors, Merchants and Slaves: The State and the Economy in the Middle Niger Valley, 1700–1914 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1987).Google Scholar
Roberts, Richard. “The End of Slavery in the French Soudan, 1905–1914,” in Miers, Suzanne and Roberts, Richard (eds.), The End of Slavery in Africa (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1988): pp. 282–307.Google Scholar
Roberts, Richard. “Guinée Cloth: Linked Transformations within France’s Empire in the Nineteenth Century,” Cahiers d’études africaines 32 (128) 1992: pp. 597–627.Google Scholar
Roberts, Richard. Two Worlds of Cotton: Colonial and the Regional Economy in the French Soudan, 1800–1949 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1996).Google Scholar
Roberts, Richard. Litigants and Households: African Disputes and Colonial Courts in the French Soudan, 1895–1912 (Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 2005).Google Scholar
Roberts, Richard. “Custom and Muslim Family Law in Native Courts of the French Soudan, 1905–1912,” in Jeppie, Shamil, Moosa, Ebrahim, and Roberts, Richard (eds.), Muslim Family Law in Sub-Saharan Africa: Colonial Legacies and Post-colonial Challenges (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2010): pp. 85–108.Google Scholar
Roberts, Richard. “Slavery, the End of Slavery, and the Intensification of Work in the French Soudan, 1883–1912,” African Economic History 49 (1) 2021: pp. 47–72.
Google Scholar
Roberts, Richard, and Klein, Martin A.. “The Banamba Slave Exodus of 1905 and the Decline of Slavery in the Western Sudan,” JAH 21 (3) 1980: pp. 375–394.Google Scholar
Roberts, Sophie B. Citizenship and Antisemitism in Colonial Algeria, 1870–1962 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018).Google Scholar
Roberts, Stephen H. History of French Colonial Policy (1870–1925) (London: P. S. King and Son, 1929).Google Scholar
Robinson, David. Chiefs and Clerics: Abdul Bokar Kane and Futa Toro, 1853–1891 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1975).Google Scholar
Robinson, David. The Holy War of Umar Tall: The Western Sudan in the Mid-Nineteenth Century (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985).Google Scholar
Robinson, David. Paths of Accommodation: Muslim Societies and French Colonial Authorities in Senegal and Mauritania, 1880–1920 (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2000).Google Scholar
Robinson, Ronald. “Non-European Foundations of European Imperialism: Sketch for a Theory of Collaboration,” in Owen, Roger and Sutcliffe, Bob (eds.), Studies in the Theory of Imperialism (London: Longman, 1972): pp. 117–142.Google Scholar
Roume, Ernest. “Préface,” in Méniaud, Jacques (ed.), Les pionniers du Soudan: Avant, avec, et après Archinard, 1879–1894 (Paris: Société des Publications Modernes, 1931): vol. 1, pp. vii–viii.Google Scholar
Royer, Jean-Pierre, Derasse, Nicolas, Allinne, Jean-Pierre, Durand, Bernard, and Jean, Jean-Paul. Histoire de la justice en France du XVIIIè siècle à nos jours (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1995).Google Scholar
Royer, Jean-Pierre, Martinage, Renée, and Lecocq, Pierre. Juges et notables au XIXè siècle (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1982).Google Scholar
Rudorff, Raymond. Belle Époque: Paris in the Nineties (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1972).Google Scholar
Saada, Emmanuelle. “The Republic and the Indigènes,” in Berenson, Edward, Duclert, Vincent, and Prochasson, Christophe (eds.), The French Republic: History, Values, Debates (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2011): pp. 224–225.Google Scholar
Saada, Emmanuelle. Empire’s Children: Race, Filiation, and Citizenship in the French Colonies, translated by Goldhammer, Arthur (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sabatié, Alexandre Camille. Le Sénégal: Sa conquête et son organisation (1364–1925) (Saint Louis: Imprimerie du Gouvernement, 1925).Google Scholar
Saint-Martin, Yves-Jean. “Un fils d’El Hadj Omar: Aguibou, roi du Dinguiray et du Macina (1843?–1907),” Cahiers d’études africaines 8 (29) 1968: pp. 144–178.Google Scholar
Saint-Martin, Yves-Jean. Le Sénégal sous le Second Empire: Naissance d’un empire colonial (1850–1871) (Paris: Karthala, 1989).Google Scholar
Saint-Martin, Yves-Jean. Félix Dubois, 1862–1945: Grand reporter et explorateur de Panama à Tamanrasset (Paris: L’Harmattan, 1999).Google Scholar
Sanoko, Soumaïla. Le royaume du Kénédougou, 1825–1898 (Bamako: Nouvelle Imprimerie Bamakoise, 2010).Google Scholar
Sarr, Dominique, and Roberts, Richard. “The Jurisdiction of Muslim Tribunals in Colonial Senegal, 1857–1932,” in Mann, Kristin and Roberts, Richard (eds.), Law in Colonial Africa (Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1991): pp. 131–145.Google Scholar
Saul, Mahir, and Royer, Patrick. West African Challenge to Empire: Culture and History in the Volta-Bani Anticolonial War (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2001).Google Scholar
Schneider, William. An Empire for the Masses: The French Popular Image of Africa, 1870–1900 (Westport, CN: Greenwood Press, 1982).Google Scholar
Schwartz, Bernard. French Administrative Law and the Common-Law World (New York: New York University Press, 1954).Google Scholar
Searing, James F. “God Alone Is King”: Islam and Emancipation in Senegal: The Wolof Kingdoms of Kajoor and Bawol, 1859–1914 (Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 2002).Google Scholar
Sharkey, Heather. Living with Colonialism: Nationalism and Culture in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003).Google Scholar
Shereikis, Rebecca. “From Law to Custom: The Shifting Legal Status of Muslim Originaires in Kayes and Médine, 1903–13,” JAH 42 (2) 2001: pp. 261–283.Google Scholar
Shiers, George (ed.). The Electric Telegraph: An Historical Anthology (New York: Arno Press, 1977).Google Scholar
Sibeud, Emmanuelle. Une science impériale pour l’Afrique? La construction des savoirs Africanistes en France, 1878–1930 (Paris: Ecole des hautes études en sciences sociales, 2002).Google Scholar
Simoën, Jean-Claude. Le Fils de rois: Le crépuscle sanglangt de l’aventure afriaine (Paris: J.-C. Lattès, 1996).Google Scholar
Soares, Benjamin F. Islam and the Prayer Economy: History and Authority in Malian Town (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2005).Google Scholar
Soleillet, Paul. Voyage à Ségou, 1878–1879, rédigé d’aprés les notes et journaux de Soleillet par Gabriel Gravier (Paris: Challamel, 1887).Google Scholar
Spear, Thomas. “Neo-traditionalism and the Limits of Invention in British Colonial Africa,” JAH 44 (1) 2003: pp. 3–27.Google Scholar
Steiner, Eva. French Law: A Comparative Approach (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018).Google Scholar
Stockreiter, Elke E. “Islamic and Colonial Discourses on Gender Relations and Female Status in Zanzibar, 1900–1950s,” in Burrill, Emily, Roberts, Richard, and Thornberry, Elizabeth (eds.), Domestic Violence and the Law in Africa: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2010): pp. 118–132.Google Scholar
Sy, Seydou Madani. Le capitaine Mamadou Racine Sy (1838–1902): Une figure sénégalaise au temps des Tirailleurs (Paris: Karthala, 2014).Google Scholar
Taithe, Bertrand. The Killer Trail: A Colonial Scandal in the Heart of Africa (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009).Google Scholar
Tamari, Tal. Les castes de l’Afrique occidentale: Artisans et musiciens endogames (Nanterre: Société d’ethnologie, 1997).Google Scholar
Thiriet, Emile. Au Soudan Français: Souvenirs 1892–1893, Macina–Tombouctou (Paris: Imprimerie André Lisot, 1932).Google Scholar
Thobie, Jacques. “La France coloniale de 1870 à 1914,” in Meyer, Jean, Tarrade, Jean, Rey-Goldzeiguer, Annie, and Thobie, Jacques (eds.), Histoire de la France coloniale: Des origines à 1914 (Paris: Armand Colin, 1991): pp. 555–746.Google Scholar
Tilly, Charles. “Retrieving European Lives,” in Zunz, Olivier (ed.), Reliving the Past: The Worlds of Social History (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985): pp. 11–52.Google Scholar
Todd, David. “A French Imperial Meridian, 1814–1870,” Past and Present 210 (Feb. 2011): pp. 155–186.Google Scholar
Traoré, Samba Lamine. La saga de la ville historique de Ségou (Paris: L’Harmattan, 2011).Google Scholar
Jean, Tulard, Monnier, François, and Echappé, Olivier (eds.). La Légion d’honneur: Deux siècles d’histoire (Paris: Perrin, 2004).Google Scholar
Tupper, Lewis. “Customary and Other Law in the East Africa Protectorate,” Journal of the Society of Comparative Legislation 8 (2) 1907: pp. 172–184.Google Scholar
Tymowski, Michal. “Les esclaves du Commandant Quinquandon,” Cahiers d’études africaines 158 2000: pp. 351–361.Google Scholar
United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations and Office of the High Commissioner of Human Rights. The United Nations Rule of Law Indicators: Implementation Guide and Project Tools (New York: United Nations Publications, 2011).Google Scholar
Urban, Yerri. L’indigène dans le droit colonial français, 1865–1955 (Clermont-Ferrand: Fondation Verenne, 2010).Google Scholar
Urban, Yerri. “La citoyennité dans l’Empire colonial français est-elle spécifique,” Jus Politicum: Review de droit politique 14 2017: pp. 151–187.Google Scholar
Ware, Rudolph T III. The Walking Qur’an: Islamic Education, Embodied Knowledge, and History in West Africa (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2014).Google Scholar
Wattel, Michel, and Wattel, Béatrice. Les Grand-Croix de la Légion d’Honneur de 1805 à nos jours: Titulaires français et étrangers (Paris: Archives et culture, 2009).Google Scholar
Webb, James L. A. Jr. Desert Frontier: Ecological and Economic Change along the Western Sahel, 1600–1850 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1995).Google Scholar
Weingast, Barry R. “The Political Foundations of Democracy and the Rule of Law,” American Political Science Review 91 (2) 1997: pp. 245–263.Google Scholar
White, Luise. Speaking with Vampires: Rumor and History in Colonial Africa (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000).Google Scholar
White, Luise, and Howland, Douglas (eds.). State of Sovereignty: State, Laws, Populations (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2009).Google Scholar
White, Owen. “Networking: Freemasons and the Colonial State in French West Africa, 1895–1914,” French History 19 (1) 2005: pp. 94–95.Google Scholar
White, Richard. The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815, twentieth anniversary edition (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011).Google Scholar
Wikipedia. “Monument aux héros de l’Armée Noire,” https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_aux_h%C3%A9ros_de_l%27Arm%C3%A9e_noire.Google Scholar
Wilks, Ivor. “Aspects of Bureaucratization in Ashanti in the Nineteenth Century,” JAH 7 (2) 1966: pp. 215–232.Google Scholar
Willms, Johannes. Paris, Capital of Europe: From the Revolution to the Belle Époque (New York: Homes and Meier, 1997).Google Scholar
Worger, William. “Parsing God: Conversations about the Meaning of Words and Metaphors in Nineteenth Century Southern Africa,” JAH 42 (3) 2001: pp. 417–447.Google Scholar
Wright, Marcia. Strategies of Slaves and Women: Life-stories from East/Central Africa (New York: L. Barber Press, 1993).Google Scholar