Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dk4vv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T05:21:04.093Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

8 - Connectivity in marine ecosystems: the importance of larval and spore dispersal

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 May 2010

By
Claudio Dibacco ,
Lisa A. Levin  and
Enric Sala
Edited by
Kevin R. Crooks  and
M. Sanjayan
Kevin R. Crooks
Affiliation:
Colorado State University
M. Sanjayan
Affiliation:
The Nature Conservancy, Virginia
Get access

Summary

INTRODUCTION

Connectivity is a concept shared in landscape and metapopulation ecology that is used to describe the movement or exchange of organisms between habitats on various temporal and spatial scales (Gilpin and Hanski 1991; Hanksi and Gilpin 1997; Crooks and Sanjayan Chapter 1; Taylor et al. Chapter 2; Moilanen and Hanski Chapter 3) and its population and community consequences. Many marine habitats, such as kelp forests, estuaries, wetlands, seagrass beds, coral and rocky reefs, and deep-sea hydrothermal vents, are naturally fragmented and patchy. As a result, many scientists working with marine populations and associated systems adopt a metapopulation-based interpretation of connectivity where landscapes are viewed as a network of habitat patches or fragments in which species occur as discrete local populations connected by the passive and active migration of individuals. In marine systems, connectivity may be generated by movements of early life stages such as larvae or spores (hereafter referred to as propagules), juveniles, or adults.

The majority of marine organisms, including benthic (living on or in the bottom), demersal (living near and in close association with the bottom), and holoplanktonic (living in the plankton) species, have a complex life cycle characterized by planktonic stages of development (e.g., larvae, spores). In the case of marine invertebrates and fishes, propagules exhibit a diversity of nutritional modes, development sites, planktonic durations, and morphological development patterns that can affect patterns of connectivity (Table 8.1).

Type
Chapter
Information
Connectivity Conservation , pp. 184 - 212
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2006

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aguilar-Perera, A., and Aguilar-Davila, W.. 1996. A spawning aggregation of Nassau grouper Epinephelus striatus (Pisces: Serranidae) in the Mexican Caribbean. Environmental Biology of Fishes 45:351–361.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alpine, A. E., and Cloern, J. E.. 1991. Trophic interactions and direct physical effects control phytoplankton biomass and production in an estuary. Limnology and Oceanography 37:946–955.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnes, D. K. A. 2002. Biodiversity: invasions by marine life on plastic debris. Nature 416:808–809.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barry, J. P. 1989. Reproductive response of a marine annelid to winter storms: an analog to fire adaptation in plants?Marine Ecology – Progress Series 54:99–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Botsford, L. W., Moloney, C. L., Hastings, A., et al. 1994. The influence of spatially and temporally varying oceanographic conditions on meroplanktonic metapopulations. Deep Sea Research II 41:107–145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burton, R. S. 1983. Protein polymorphisms and genetic differentiation of marine invertebrate populations. Marine Biology Letters 4:193–206.Google Scholar
Burton, R. S. 1997. Genetic evidence for long-term persistence of marine invertebrate populations in an ephemeral environment. Evolution 51:993–998.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Callaway, J. C., and Josselyn, M. N.. 1992. The introduction and spread of smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) in south San Francisco Bay. Estuaries 15:218–226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlton, J. T. 1979. History, biogeography, and ecology of the introduced marine and estuarine invertebrates of the Pacific coast of North America. Ph.D. dissertation, Davis, California, University of California.
Carlton, J. T. 1985. Transoceanic and interoceanic dispersal of coastal marine organisms: the biology of ballast water. Oceanography and Marine Biology Annual Review 23:313–371.Google Scholar
Carlton, J. T. 1996. Biological invasions and cryptogenic species. Ecology 77:1653–1655.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chia, F. S., Buckland-Nicks, J., and Young, C.. 1984. Locomotion in marine invertebrate larvae: a review. Canadian Journal of Zoology 62:1205–1222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Connell, J. H. 1961. The influence of interspecific competition and other factors on the distribution of the barnacle Chthamalus stellatus. Ecology 42:710–723.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, A. B., and Mangel, M.. 1998. The dangers of ignoring metapopulation structure for the conservation of salmonids. Fishery Bulletin 97:213–226.Google Scholar
Cowen, R. K. 1985. Large-scale pattern of recruitment by the labrid, Semicossyphus pulcher: causes and implications. Journal of Marine Research 43:719–742.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cowen, R. K. 2002. Larval dispersal and retention and consequences for population connectivity. Pp. 149–170 in P. F. Sale (ed.) Coral Reef Fishes: Dynamics and Diversity in a Complex Ecosystem. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Cowen, R., and S. Sponaugle. 1997. Relationships between early life history traits and recruitment among coral reef fishes. Pp. 423–449 in Chambers, R. C., and E. A. Trippel (eds.) Early Life History and Recruitment in Fish Populations. London: Chapman and Hall.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cowen, R. K., Lwiza, K. M. M., Sponaugle, S., Paris, C. B., and Olson, D. B.. 2000. Connectivity of marine populations: open or closed?Science 287:857–859.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cowen, R. K., Gawarkiewicz, G., Pineda, J., Thorrold, S., and Werner, F.. 2002. Population Connectivity in Marine Systems, Report of a workshop to develop science recommendations for the National Science Foundation, November 4–6, 2002, Durango, CO.
Cox, G. W. 1999. Alien Species in North America and Hawaii. Washington, DC: Island Press.Google Scholar
Cronin, T. W. 1982. Estuarine retention of larvae of the crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 15:207–220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crooks, J. A., and Khim, H. S.. 1999. Architectural vs. biological effects of a habitat-altering, exotic mussel, Musculista senhousia. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 240:53–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cushing, D. H. 1996. Towards a Science of Recruitment in Fish Populations, Excellence in Ecology Vol. 7. Oldendorf/Luhe, Germany: Ecology Institute.Google Scholar
Davis, J. L. D. 2001. Variability in spot pattern of Girella nigricans, the California opaleye: variation among cohorts and among climate periods. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 100:24–35.Google Scholar
Dayton, P. K. 1971. Competition, disturbance and community organization: the provision and subsequent utilization of space in a rocky intertidal community. Ecological Monographs 41:351–389.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dayton, P. K., Tegner, M. J., Edwards, P. B., and Riser, K. L.. 1998. Sliding baselines, ghosts, and reduced expectations in kelp forest communities. Ecological Applications 8:309–322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dayton, P. K., Sala, E., Tegner, M. J., and Thrush, S.. 2000. Marine reserves: parks, baselines, and fishery enhancement. Bulletin of Marine Science 66:617–634.Google Scholar
deYoung, B., and Rose, G. A.. 1993. On recruitment and the distribution of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) off Newfoundland. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 50:2729–2741.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DiBacco, C., and Chadwick, D. B.. 2001. Use of elemental fingerprinting to assess net flux and exchange of brachyuran larvae between regions of San Diego Bay, California and nearshore coastal habitats. Journal of Marine Research 59:1–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DiBacco, C., and Levin, L. A.. 2000. Development and application of elemental fingerprinting to track marine invertebrate larvae. Limnology and Oceanography 45:871–880.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DiBacco, C., Sutton, D., and McConnico, L.. 2001. Vertical migration behavior and horizontal distribution of Brachyuran larvae in a low inflow estuary: implications for bay–ocean exchange. Marine Ecology – Progress Series 217:191–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doherty, P. 2002. Variable replenishment and the dynamics of reef fish populations. Pp. 327–355 in P. F. Sale (ed.) Coral Reef Fishes: Dynamics and Diversity in a Complex Ecosystem. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Doherty, P. J., Planes, S., and Mather, P.. 1995. Gene flow and larval duration in seven species of fish from the Great Barrier Reef. Ecology 76:2373–2391.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Domeier, M. L., and Colin, P. L.. 1997. Tropical reef fish spawning aggregations: defined and reviewed. Bulletin of Marine Science 60:698–726.Google Scholar
Eckman, J. E. 1996. Closing the larval loop: linking larval ecology to the population dynamics of marine benthic invertebrates. Journal of Experimental and Marine Biology and Ecology 200:207–237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Epifanio, C. E. 1988. Transport of invertebrate larvae between estuaries and the continental shelf. American Fisheries Society Symposium 3:104–114.Google Scholar
Farrell, T. M., Bracher, D., and Roughgarden, J.. 1991. Cross-shelf transport causes recruitment to intertidal populations in central California. Limnology and Oceanography 36:279–288.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flierl, G. R., and Wroblewski, J. S.. 1985. The possible influence of warm core Gulf Stream rings upon shelf water larval fish distribution. Fisheries Bulletin 38:313–330.Google Scholar
Gaines, S. D., and Bertness, M. D.. 1992. Dispersal of juveniles and variable recruitment in sessile marine species. Nature 360:579–580.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gell, F.R., and , C. M. Roberts. 2003. Benefits beyond boundaries: the fishery effects of marine reserves. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 18:448–455.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gillanders, B. M., Able, K. W., Brown, J. A., Eggleston, D. B., and Sheridan, P. F.. 2003. Evidence of connectivity between juvenile and adult habitats for mobile marine fauna: an important component of nurseries. Marine Ecology – Progress Series 247:281–295.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilpin, M. E., and Hanski, I.. 1991. Metapopulation Dynamics. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Goodsell, P. J., and Connell, S. D.. 2002. Can habitat loss be treated independently of heliostat configuration? Implications for rare and common taxa in fragmented landscapes. Marine Ecology – Progress Series 239:37–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graham, M. H.. 2003. Coupling propagule output to supply at the edge and interior of a giant kelp forest. Ecology 85:1250–1264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grahame, J., and Branch, G. M.. 1985. Reproductive patterns of marine invertebrates. Oceanography and Marine Biology, Annual Review 23:373–398.Google Scholar
Hanski, I., and Gilpin, M. (eds.) 1997. Metapopulation Biology: Ecology, Genetics, and Evolution. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Havenhand, J. N. 1995. Evolutionary ecology of larval types. Pp. 79–122 in L. McEdward (ed.) Ecology of Marine Invertebrate Larvae. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Hellberg, M. E., Burton, R. S., Neigel, J. E., and Palumbi, S. R.. 2002. Genetic assessment of connectivity among marine populations. Bulletin of Marine Science 70:273–290.Google Scholar
Highsmith, R. C. 1985. Floating and algal rafting as potential dispersal mechanisms in brooding invertebrates. Marine Ecology – Progress Series 25:169–179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hjort, J. 1914. Fluctuations in the great fisheries of northern Europe. Rapports et Procès-verbaux des Réunions, Counseil international pour l'Exploration de la Mer 20:1–228.Google Scholar
Hobday, A. J. 2000. Abundance and dispersal of drifting kelp Macrocystis pyrifera rafts in the southern California Bight. Marine Ecology – Progress Series 195:101–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Incze, L. S., and Naimie, C. E.. 2000. Modelling the transport of lobster (Homarus americanus) larvae and postlarvae in the Gulf of Maine. Fisheries Oceanography 9:99–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johannes, R. E. 1978. Reproductive strategies of coastal marine fishes in the tropics. Environmental Biology of Fishes 3:65–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, D. F., Botsford, L. W., Methot, R. D. Jr., and Wainwright, T. C.. 1986. Wind stress and cycles in Dungeness crab (Cancer magister) catch off California, Oregon, and Washington. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 43:838–845.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, G. P., Milicich, M. J., Emslie, M. J., and Lunow, C.. 1999. Self-recruitment in a coral reef fish population. Nature 402:802–804.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kimmerer, W. J., Garstide, E., and Orsi, J. J.. 1994. Predation by an introduced clam as the likely cause of substantial declines in zooplankton of San Francisco Bay. Marine Ecology – Progress Series 113:81–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kinlan, B. P., and Gaines, S. D.. 2003. Propagule dispersal in marine and terrestrial environments: a community perspective. Ecology 84:2007–2020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leis, J. M., and Carson-Ewart, B. M.. 1997. In situ swimming speeds of the pelagic larvae of some Indo-Pacific coral-reef fishes. Marine Ecology – Progress Series 159:165–174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levin, L. A. 1984. Life history and dispersal patterns in a dense infaunal polychaete assemblage: community structure and response to disturbance. Ecology 65:1185–1200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levin, L. A. 1990. A review of methods for labeling and tracking marine invertebrate larvae. Ophelia 32:115–144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levin, L. A., and T. Bridges. 1995. Pattern and diversity in reproduction and development. Pp. 1–48 in L. McEdward (ed.) Ecology of Marine Invertebrate Larvae. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Levin, L. A., and Talley, T. S.. 2002. Natural and manipulated sources of heterogeneity controlling early faunal development of a salt marsh. Ecological Applications 12:1785–1802.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martel, A., and Diefenbach, T.. 1993. Effects of body size, water current, and microhabitat on mucous-thread drifting in post-metamorphic gastropods Lacuna spp. Marine – Ecology Progress Series 99:215–220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matarese, A.C., Kendall, A.W. Jr., Blood, D.M., and Vinter, B.M.. 1989. Laboratory Guide to Early Life History Stages of Northeast Pacific Fishes, NOAA Technical Report No. NMFS 80 Seattle, WA: US Department of Commerce.Google Scholar
McConaugha, J. R. 1992. Decapod larvae: dispersal, mortality, and ecology – a working hypothesis. American Zoology 32:512–523.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meinesz, A. 1999. Killer Algae: The True Tale of a Biological Invasion. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Moilanen, A., and Nieminen, M.. 2002. Simple connectivity measures in spatial ecology. Ecology 83:1131–1145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mora, C., and Sale, P.. 2002. Are populations of coral reef fish opened or closed?Trends in Ecology and Evolution 17:422–428.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morgan, S. G., and Christy, J. H.. 1994. Plasticity, constraint, and optimality in reproductive timing. Ecology 75:2185–2203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moseman, S. M., Levin, L. A., Currin, C., and Forder, C.. 2004. Colonization, succession, and nutrition of macrobenthic assemblages in a restored wetland at Tijuana Estuary, California. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 60:755–770.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moyle, P. B. 1986. Fish introductions into North America: patterns and ecological impact. Pp. 27–43 in Mooney, H. A., and J. A. Drake (eds.) Ecology of Biological Invasions of North America and Hawaii. New York: Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National Research Council. 2001. Marine Protected Areas: Tools for Sustaining Ocean Ecosystems. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar
Navarrete, S. A., B. Broitman, E. A. Wieters, et al. 2002. Recruitment of intertidal invertebrates in the southeast Pacific: interannual variability and the 1997–1998 El Niño. Limnology and Oceanography 47:791–802.CrossRef
Neubert, M. G., and Caswell, H.. 2000. Demography and dispersal: calculation and sensitivity analysis of invasion speeds for structured populations. Ecology 81:1613–1628.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
OEUVRE 1998. Ocean Ecology: Understanding and Vision for Research. NSF Workshop.
Olson, R. R. 1985. The consequences of short-distance larval dispersal in a sessile marine invertebrate. Ecology 66:30–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paine, R. T. 1974. Intertidal community structure: experimental studies on the relationship between a dominant competitor and its principal predator. Oecologia 15:93–120.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Palmer, M. S. 1988. Dispersal of marine meiofauna: a review and conceptual model explaining passive transport and active emergence with implications for recruitment. Marine Ecology – Progress Series 48:81–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palumbi, S. R. 1994. Genetic divergence, reproductive isolation, and marine speciation. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 25:547–572.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palumbi, S. R. 2001. The ecology of marine protected areas. Pp. 509–530 in Bertness, M.D., Gaines, S.D., and M.E. Hay (eds.) Marine Community Ecology. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.Google Scholar
Palumbi, S. R. 2002. Marine Reserves: A Tool for Ecosystem Management and Conservation. Arlington, VA: Pew Oceans Commission.Google Scholar
Pineda, J. 1991. Predictable upwelling and shoreward transport of planktonic larvae by internal tidal bores. Science 253:548–551.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Planes, S., Galzin, R., and Bonhomme, F.. 1996. A genetic metapopulation model for reef fishes in oceanic islands: the case of the sturgeonfish, Acanthurus triostegus. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 9:103–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Planes, S., Galzin, R., Rubies, A. Garcia, et al. 2000. Effects of marine protected areas on recruitment processes with special reference to Mediterranean littoral ecosystems. Environmental Conservation 27:126–143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pogson, G. H., Taggart, C. T., Mesa, K. A., and Boutilier, R. G.. 2001. Isolation by distance in the Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, at large and small geographic scales. Evolution 55:131–146.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Por, F. D. 1978. Lessepian Migration: The Influx of Red Sea Biota into the Mediterranean by Way of the Suez Canal. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quinn, T. P. 1993. A review of homing and straying of wild and hatchery-produced salmon. Fisheries Research 18:29–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quinn, T. J., and Deriso, R. B.. 1999. Quantitative Fish DynamicsNew York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Race, M. S. 1982. Competitive displacement and predation between introduced and native mud snails. Oecologia 54:337–347.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reiss, C. S., Anis, A., Taggart, C. T., Dower, J. F., and Ruddick, B.. 2002. Relationships among vertically structured in situ measures of turbulence, larval fish abundance and feeding success and copepods on Western Bank, Scotian Shelf. Fisheries Oceanography 11:156–174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reitzel, A. M., Miner, B. G., and McEdward, L. R.. 2004. Relationships between spawning date and larval development time for benthic marine invertebrates: a modeling approach. Marine Ecology – Progress Series280 13–23.Google Scholar
Roberts, C. M. 1995. Rapid build up of fish biomass in a Caribbean marine reserve. Conservation Biology 9:815–826.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, C. M., Bohnsack, J. A., Gell, F., Hawkins, J. P., and Goodridge, R.. 2001. Effects of marine reserves on adjacent fisheries. Science 294:1920–1923.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roughgarden, J., Pennington, J. T., Stoner, D., Alexander, S., and Miller, K.. 1991. Collisions of upwelling fronts with the intertidal zone: the cause of recruitment pulses in barnacle populations of central California. Acta Oecologia 12:35–51.Google Scholar
Rowe, P. M., and Epifanio, C. E.. 1994. Flux and transport of larval weakfish in Delaware Bay, USA. Marine Ecology – Progress Series 110:115–120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruiz, G. M., and J. A. Crooks. 2001. Biological invasions of marine ecosystems: patterns, effects and management. Pp. 3–17 in Gallagher, P., and Bendell-Young, L. (eds.) Marine Invaders: Patterns, Effects, and Management of Non-Indigenous Species. New York: Kluwer Academic Publishers.Google Scholar
Ruiz, G. M., Fofonoff, P. W., Carlton, J. T.,, M. J. Wonham and A. H. Hines. 2000. Invasion of coastal marine communities in North America: apparent patterns, processes, and biases. Annual Reviews of Ecology and Systematics 31:481–531.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russ, G. R., Alcala, A. C., and Maypa, A.P.. 2003. Spillover from marine reserves: the case of Naso vlamingii at Apo Island, the Philippines. Marine Ecology – Progress Series 264:15–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sadovy, Y., and Eklund, A.-M.. 1999. Synopsis of Biological Data on the Nassau Grouper, Epinephelus striatus (Bloch, 1792), and the jewfish, E. itajara (Lichtenstein, 1822). NOAA Technical Report No. NMFS 146. Seattle, WA: US Department of Commerce.
Sala, E., Ballesteros, E., and Starr, R. M.. 2001. Rapid decline of Nassau grouper spawning aggregations in Belize: fishery management and conservation needs. Fisheries 26:23–30.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sala, E., Aburto-Oropeza, O., Paredes, G., et al. 2002. A general model for designing networks of marine reserves. Science 298:1991–1993.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sammarco, P. W. 1994. Larval dispersal and recruitment processes in Great Barrier Reef corals: analysis and synthesis. Pp. 35–72 in Sammarco, P. W., and M. L. Heron (eds.) The Bio-Physics of Marine Larval Dispersal. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sant, N., Delgado, O., Rodriguez-Prieto, C., and Ballesteros, E.. 1996. The spreading of the introduced seaweed Caulerpa taxifolia (Vahl) C. Agardh in the Mediterranean Sea: testing the boat transportation hypothesis. Botanica Marina 3:427–430.Google Scholar
Scheltema, R. S. 1971. The dispersal of the larvae of shoal-water benthic invertebrate species over long distances by ocean currents. In 4th European Marine Biology Symposium, pp. 7–28.Google Scholar
Scheltema, R. S. 1986. On dispersal and planktonic larvae of benthic invertebrates: an eclectic overview and summary of problems. Bulletin of Marine Science 39:290–322.Google Scholar
Scheltema, R. S. 1988. Initial evidence for the transport of teleplanic larvae of benthic invertebrates across the east Pacific barrier. Biological Bulletin 174:145–152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shanks, A. L. 1983. Surface slicks associated with tidally forced internal waves may transport pelagic larvae of benthic invertebrates and fishes shoreward. Marine Ecology – Progress Series 13:311–315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shanks, A. L. 1995. Mechanisms of cross-shelf dispersal of larval invertebrates and fish. Pp. 323–367 in L. McEdward (ed.) Ecology of Marine Invertebrate Larvae. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Sponaugle, S., Cowen, R. K., Shanks, A., et al. 2002. Predicting self-recruitment in marine populations: biophysical correlates and mechanisms. Bulletin of Marine Science 70:341–376.Google Scholar
Steneck, R. S., and Wilson, C. J.. 2001. Large-scale and long-term, spatial and temporal patterns in demography and landings of the American lobster, Homarus americanus, in Maine. Marine and Freshwater Research 52:1303–1319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stobuzki, I. C. 1998. Interspecific variation in sustained swimming ability of late pelagic stage reef fish from two families (Pomacentridae and Chaetodontidae). Coral Reefs 17:111–119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swearer, S. E., Caselle, J. E., Lea, D. W., and Warner, R. R.. 1999. Larval retention and recruitment in an island populations of coral-reef fish. Nature 402:799–802.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swearer, S. E., Shima, J. S., Hellberg, M. E., et al. 2002. Evidence of self-recruitment in demersal marine populations. Bulletin of Marine Science 70:251–271.Google Scholar
Thorrold, S. R., Latkoczy, C., Swart, P. K., and Jones, C. M.. 2001. Natal homing in a marine fish metapopulation. Science 291:297–299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thorrold, S. R., Jones, G. P., Hellberg, M. E., et al. 2002. Quantifying larval retention and connectivity in marine populations with artificial and natural markers. Bulletin of Marine Science 70:291–308.Google Scholar
Thorson, G. 1946. Reproduction and larval development of Danish marine bottom invertebrates. Meddelelser fra Kommissionen for Danmarks Fiskeri- Og Havundersogelser, Serie Plankton 4:1–523.Google Scholar
Thorson, G. 1950. Reproductive and larval ecology of marine bottom invertebrates. Biological Reviews 25:1–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Victor, B. C., and Wellington, G. M.. 2000. Endemism and the pelagic larval duration of reef fishes in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Marine Ecology – Progress Series 205:241–248.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warner, R. R., and Cowen, R. K.. 2002. Local retention of production in marine populations: evidence, mechanisms, and consequences. Bulletin of Marine Science 70:245–249.Google Scholar
Werner, F. E., Blanton, B. O., Quinlan, J. A., and Luettich, R. A. Jr. 1999. Physical oceanography of the North Carolina continental shelf during the fall and winter seasons: implications for the transport of larval menhaden. Fisheries Oceanography 8 (Suppl. 2): 7–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wing, S. R., Largier, J. L., Botsford, L. W., and Quinn, J. F.. 1995. Settlement and transport of benthic invertebrates in an intermittent upwelling region. Limnology and Oceanography 40:316–329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wooldridge, T. H. 1991. Exchange of two species of decapod larvae across an estuarine mouth inlet and implications of anthropogenic changes in the frequency and duration of mouth closure. South African Journal of Marine Science 87:519–525.
Young, C. 1990. Larval ecology of marine invertebrates: a sesquicentennial history. Ophelia 32:1–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zacherl, D. C., Manriquez, P. H., Paradis, G., et al. 2003. Trace elemental fingerprinting of gastropod statoliths to study larval dispersal trajectories. Marine Ecology – Progress Series 248:297–303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×