Abbreviations
- AB
appellate body (WTO)
- ABNJ
areas beyond national jurisdiction
- ABPMM
area-based protection and management measures
- ABS
access and benefit-sharing
- AC
Arctic Council
- AHTEG
The Ad Hoc Technical Expert Group
- AMOC
Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
- AOA
agreement on agriculture (WTO)
- ATS
Antarctic Treaty System
- Basel Convention
Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal
- BBNJ
biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction
- BMSY
biomass that enables a fish stock to deliver the maximum sustainable yield
- BSAP
Baltic Sea Action Plan
- CBD
Convention on Biological Diversity
- CCAMLR
Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources
- CCSBT
Convention for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna
- CIGI
Centre for International Governance Innovation
- CJEU
Court of Justice of the European Union
- CLCS
Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf
- CMAR
The Eastern Tropical Pacific Marine Corridor
- CMM
conservation and management measures
- CMS
Convention on Migratory Species of Wild Animals
- CO2
carbon dioxide
- COC
ASEAN code of conduct
- COFI
The FAO Committee on Fisheries
- COLREG
Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972 (COLREGs)
- COP
conference of parties
- COPUOS
UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space
- COSIS
Commission of Small Island States on Climate Change and International Law
- CPPS
Permanent Commission for the South Pacific (Comisión Permanente del Pacifico Sur)
- CTE
Committee on Trade and Environment (WTO)
- DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid
- DOALOS
United Nations Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea
- DOC
China–ASEAN Declaration on Conduct of the Parties in the South China Sea
- DSI
digital sequence information
- DSM
dispute settlement mechanism
- EA
ecosystem approach
- EAF
ecosystem approach to fisheries
- EBSA
ecologically and biologically significant area
- ECHR
European Convention on Human Rights
- ECtHR
European Court of Human Rights
- EEZ
exclusive economic zone
- EIA
environmental impact assessment
- ESA
European Space Agency
- Espoo Convention
Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context
- ETP
Eastern Tropical Pacific
- ETPO
Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean
- EU
European Union
- EU IUU Regulation
Council Regulation (EC) No 1005/2008 of 29 September 2008 establishing a Community system to prevent, deter and eliminate illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing, amending Regulations (EEC) No 2847/93, (EC) No 1936/2001 and (EC) No 601/2004 and repealing Regulations (EC) No 1093/94 and (EC) No 1447/1999
- FAA
fisheries access agreement
- FAO
Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations
- FMSY
fishing mortality consistent with achieving Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY)
- FTA
free trade agreement
- GATT
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
- GES
good environmental status
- GESAMP
Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection
- GFCM
General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean
- GHG
green house gas emissions
- GLT
green legal theory
- GPA
The Global Programme of Action for Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-Based Activities
- Gt
gross tonnage
- HELCOM
Helsinki Commission / Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission
- HRCD
Human Rights Case Digest
- IACtHR
Inter-American Court of Human Rights
- IASC
International Arctic Science Committee
- IASS
Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies
- IATTC
Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission
- IAU
International Astronomic Union
- ICC
International Chamber of Commerce
- ICES
International Council for the Exploration of the Sea
- ICISS
International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty
- ICJ
International Court of Justice
- ICJ Rep.
ICJ reports of judgments, advisory opinions and orders
- ICRW
International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling
- IDDRI
Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations
- IEBMM
integrated ecosystem-based marine management
- IHRL
international human rights law
- ILC
International Law Commission
- ILM
international legal materials
- IMO
International Maritime Organization
- INTERPOL
The International Criminal Police Organization
- IOC
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO
- IPBES
Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
- IPCC
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
- IPOA IUU
FAO international plan of action to prevent, deter, and eliminate illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing
- ISA
International Seabed Authority
- ITLOS
International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
- ITLOS Rep.
ITLOS reports of judgments, advisory opinions and orders
- ITPGRFA
The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
- IUCN
International Union for Conservation of Nature
- IUCN-ELC
IUCN Environmental Law Centre
- IUU fishing
illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing
- IWC
International Whaling Commission
- Kyoto Protocol
Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
- LDC
least developed country
- LME
large marine ecosystem
- London Convention
Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter
- MAFF
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
- MARPOL
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships
- MC
ministerial conference (WTO)
- MGRs
marine genetic resources
- MLRs
marine living resources
- Montreal Protocol
Montreal Protocol on Substances that deplete the ozone layer
- MPAs
marine protected areas
- MSFD
marine strategy framework directive
- MSP
maritime spatial planning
- MSPD
maritime spatial planning directive
- MSR
marine scientific research
- MSY
maximum sustainable yield
- NAMCCO
North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission
- NDC
nationally determined contribution
- NEAFC
North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission
- NGR
negotiating group on rules (WTO)
- nm
nautical miles
- NOAA
The United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
- NPS
UN principles relevant to the use of nuclear power in outer space
- OECD
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development
- OJ
Official Journal of the European Union
- OSPAR Convention
Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic
- OZ
ocean zoning
- PA
Paris Agreement to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
- PAG
Pacific Arctic Group
- PAME
Arctic Council Working Group on Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment
- PCA
Permanent Court of Arbitration
- PCIJ
Permanent Court of International Justice
- PCIJ Rep.
PCIJ collection of judgment and advisory opinions
- PICES
North Pacific Marine Science Organization
- PSMA
agreement on port state measures
- PSSA
particularly sensitive sea areas
- RCRA
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (US Law)
- RECIEL
Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law
- RFB
regional fisheries bodies
- RFMA
regional fisheries management arrangement
- RFMO
Regional Fisheries Management Organisation
- RIIA
United Nations, Reports of International Arbitral Awards
- RMC
regional ministerial committee
- RMP
revised management procedure
- RNA
ribonucleic acid
- ROG
regional ocean governance
- RSP
Regional Seas Programme
- RTC
regional technical committee
- SBT cases
southern bluefin tuna cases
- SCM
subsidies and countervailing measures
- SCS
South China Sea
- SDG
sustainable development goal
- SDT
special and differential treatment
- SJD
San José Declaration
- SOLAS
International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea
- SPS
sanitary and phytosanitary measures
- TAC
ASEAN Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia
- TBT
technical barriers to trade
- TFEU
Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
- TMG
think tank for sustainability
- TOC
the ocean cleanup
- TRIPS Agreement
The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
- UKTS
The United Kingdom Treaty Series
- UN
United Nations
- UNCLOS
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
- UNCLOS III
The 3rd United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (1973–1982)
- UNCTAD
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
- UNEA
United Nations Environmental Assembly
- UNECE
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
- UNEP
United Nations Environment Programme
- UNEP-WCMC
UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre
- UNESCO
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
- UNFCCC
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
- UNFSA
United Nations Agreement Relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Migratory Fish Stocks
- UNGA
United Nations General Assembly
- UNISPACE
United Nations Conference on the Exploration and Peaceful Uses of Outer Space
- UNODC
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
- UNTOC
United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime
- UNTS
United Nations Treaty Series
- USC
United States code
- USCA
United States code annotated
- USD
United States dollar
- VLCT
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
- WFD
Water Framework Directive
- WTO
World Trade Organization
- WWF
World Wide Fund for Nature
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