Forests, Water and People in the Humid Tropics Past, Present and Future Hydrological Research for Integrated Land and Water Management
Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of contributors
- Foreword
- Preface
- Acknowledgements
- Symposium and Workshop
- Introduction
- Part I Current trends and perspectives on people–land use–water issues
- Part II Hydrological processes in undisturbed forests
- 10 An overview of the meteorology and climatology of the humid tropics
- 11 Synoptic and mesoscale rain producing systems in the humid tropics
- 12 Climatic variability in the tropics
- 13 Controls on evaporation in lowland tropical rainforest
- 14 Runoff generation in tropical forests
- 15 Erosion and sediment yield in the humid tropics
- 16 Rainforest mineral nutrition: the ‘black box’ and a glimpse inside it
- 17 Hydrology of tropical wetland forests: recent research results from Sarawak peatswamps
- 18 Tropical montane cloud forest: a unique hydrological case
- Part III Forest disturbance, conversion and recovery
- Part IV New methods for evaluating effects of land-use change
- Part V Critical appraisals of best management practices
- Conclusion: Forests, water and people in the humid tropics: an emerging view
- Plate section
- References
12 - Climatic variability in the tropics
from Part II - Hydrological processes in undisturbed forests
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 12 January 2010
Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of contributors
- Foreword
- Preface
- Acknowledgements
- Symposium and Workshop
- Introduction
- Part I Current trends and perspectives on people–land use–water issues
- Part II Hydrological processes in undisturbed forests
- 10 An overview of the meteorology and climatology of the humid tropics
- 11 Synoptic and mesoscale rain producing systems in the humid tropics
- 12 Climatic variability in the tropics
- 13 Controls on evaporation in lowland tropical rainforest
- 14 Runoff generation in tropical forests
- 15 Erosion and sediment yield in the humid tropics
- 16 Rainforest mineral nutrition: the ‘black box’ and a glimpse inside it
- 17 Hydrology of tropical wetland forests: recent research results from Sarawak peatswamps
- 18 Tropical montane cloud forest: a unique hydrological case
- Part III Forest disturbance, conversion and recovery
- Part IV New methods for evaluating effects of land-use change
- Part V Critical appraisals of best management practices
- Conclusion: Forests, water and people in the humid tropics: an emerging view
- Plate section
- References
Summary
ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY OF FORESTS AND ASSOCIATED CLIMATES
Previously, dense tropical forests were considered to be the most stable ecosystems on the planet, and their exceptional richness has often been associated specifically with their resistance to past climate changes. Because of recent advances in paleoecology, however, it has been shown that dense forests, such as those in Africa and in Amazonia, have in fact undergone profound changes in response to global climatic changes.
The history of dense forests and their dynamics can be reconstructed by the study of fossils such as pollens or – much rarer – wood or carbon, within specific disciplines such as palynology, paleo-botany or anthracology. Reconstitution of paleo-vegetation is one method, among others, of reconstructing the paleo-climates of past eras. Nevertheless, even though there has been much progress in studying the history of intertropical forests and their associated climates, several problems remain, linked mainly to the small amount of data available. This introduces subjectivity in describing the succession of paleo-environments.
Nearly all trees in dense tropical forests are angiosperms. It would be logical to begin the history of these forests at the time when angiosperms evolved, i.e. during the lower Cretaceous era through to the Barremian and the Aptian eras, around 120 million BP (Maley, 1996a). Up until then, gymnosperms were the dominant plant form but by the end of the Cretaceous, dense tropical forests had become made up almost entirely of angiosperms.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Forests, Water and People in the Humid TropicsPast, Present and Future Hydrological Research for Integrated Land and Water Management, pp. 267 - 286Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2005
References
, , , , , 1996. Analysis of the temporal variability of runoff in Ivory Coast: statistical approach and phenomena characterization. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 41, 6, 959–970CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bigot S. 1997. Les précipitations et la convection profonde en Afrique Centrale: Cycle saisonnier, variabilité interannuelle et impact sur la végétation. Thèse de docorat de l'université de Bourgogne, 283 p
1998. Possible impacts of climate variability and change on tropical forest hydrology. Climatic Change, 39, 215–272CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonnefille R. 1986. Modifications des végétations intertropicales et changements climatiques. In: Changements globaux en Afrique durant le Quaternaire passé-présent-futur 1986, INQUA-ASEQUA Symposium International, Dakar, Avril 1986, Ed. ORSTOM, coll. Travaux et Documents no. 197, Paris
, , 1990. Temperature and rainfall estimates for the past 40,000 years in equatorial Africa. Nature, 346, 347–349CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1991. Températures et Précipitations des derniers 40 000 ans en Afrique Equatoriale. Sécheresse, 4, 2, 279Google Scholar
, , , , 1997. Water resource variations of the Atlantic river basins of Africa: the long term effect of rain shortage. Journal of Water Science, 3, 321–337Google Scholar
Brou Yao T. 1997. Analyse et dynamique de la pluviométrie dans le sud forestier ivoirien: recherche de corrélations entre les variables climatiques et les variables liées aux actions anthropiques. Thèse de doctorat de l'Université de Cocody, 211 p
, , 1998. Contribution à l'analyse des inter-relations entre activités humaines et variabilité climatique: cas du sud-est forestier ivoirien. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris, Serie Iia, 327, 833–838Google Scholar
, , 1998. On the stability of the atmosphere-vegetation system in the Sahara/Sahel region. J. Geophys. Res. 103, D24, 31.613–31.624CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, 1987. Water vapour transport over Africa and the Atlantic ocean during summer 1979. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Sci., 113, 581–602CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1975. Dynamics of deserts and droughts in the Sahel. Quat. J. of Roy. Meteo. Soc., 101, 193–202CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , 1977. A comparative study of the effects of albedo change on drought in semi-arid regions. Journal of Atmospheric Science, 34, 1366–13852.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1994. On coupling global biome models with climate models. Climate Research, 4, 203–221CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1997. Modeling bio-geophysical feedback in the African and Indian monsoon region. Climate Dynamics, 13, 247–257CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, 1997. The greening of the Sahara during the mid-Holocene: results of an interactive atmosphere-biome model. Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters, 6, 369–377CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , 1998. Modelling global terrestrial vegetation-climate interaction. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B., 353, 53–63CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , , 1999. Simulation of an abrupt change in Saharan vegetation in the mid-Holocene. Geophysical Research Letters, 26, 14, 2037–2040CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Claussen M. 2001. Biogeophysical feedbacks and the dynamics of climate. In: Global Biogeochemical Cycles in the Climate System, Academic Press Ed., 61–71
, , 2001. Biogeophysical versus biogeochemical feedbacks of large-scale land cover change. Geophysical Research Letters, 28, 6, 1011–1014CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , 1998. Relationships between precipitation anomalies in Uruguay and Southern Brazil and sea surface temperatures in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Journal of Climate, 11, 251–2712.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dolman, A. J., Van der Molen, M. K., Ter Maat, H. W. and Hutjes, R. W. A. (2003). The effects of forests on mesoscale atmospheric processes. In: Forest and the Atmosphere, eds. M. Mencucini and J. Grace (in press)
, , , 2000. Vegetation change in equatorial West Africa: time-slices for the last 150 ka. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclim., Palaeoecology, 155, 95–122CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1998. Tropical forest under the climates of the last 30,000 years. Climatic Change, 39, 177–197CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Folland C. K., Parker D. E., Colman A. W., Washington R. 1998. Large Scale Modes of Ocean Surface Temperature since the late nineteenth century. In: Climate Research Technical Note no. 81, Hadley Center for Climate Prediction and Research, Meteorological Office, London, 38 p
1991. Variations pluviométriques et connexions climatiques: l'exemple des aires de mousson indienne et ouest-africaine. Sécheresse, 4, 2, 259–264Google Scholar
, 1993. L'évolution des idées sur la variabilité interannuelle récente des précipitations en Afrique de l'Ouest. La Météorologie, 1, 28–53Google Scholar
, , , , 1998a. Anomalies de températures de surface de la mer et précipitations tropicales. La Météorologie, 23, 14–35CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , 1998b. Evolution of the relationships between near global and atlantic sea surface temperatures modes and the rainy season in West Africa: statistical analysis and sensitivity experiment. Climate Dynamics, 14, 451–473CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , 1999. Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Surface Variability and its Climate Impacts in the Tropical Atlantic Region. Climate Dynamics, 15, 451–473CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , 1999. How do atmosphere and land surface influence seasonal changes of convection in the Tropical Amazon. Journal of Climate, 12, 1306–13212.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , 1998. The influence of vegetation-atmosphere-ocean interaction on climate during the mid-Holocene. Science 280, 1916–1919CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, 1991. Tropical Deforestation: Albedo and the Surface-Energy Balance. Climatic Change, 19, 1–2, 123–133CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, 1996. Sources of moisture for rainfall in West Africa. Water Resources Research, 32, 10, 3115–3121CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, 1991. History of climate and forests in tropical Africa during the last 8 millions years. Climatic Change, 19, 65–78CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , 1987. The Southern Oscillation in the Tropical Atlantic Sector. Beitr. Phys. Atmosph., vol. 60, No 4: 447–763Google Scholar
1993. Ecosystem structure and growth of the African savanna. Global and Planetary Change, 8, 231–248CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1991. A synopsis of climatic and vegetational change in South East Asia. Climatic Change, 19, 53–61CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, 1998. Neogene and Quaternary development of the neotropical rainforest: the forest refugia hypothesis, and a literature overview. Earth-Science Review, 44, 147–183CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1991. Tropical Deforestation and Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide. Climatic Change, 19, 1–2, 99–117CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hubert P., Servat E., Paturel J. E., Kouame B., Bendjoudi H., Carbonnel J. P., Lubes-Niel H. 1998. La procédure de segmentation, dix ans après. In: Water resources variability in Africa during the XXth century (Servat E., Hughes D., Fritsch J. M. and Hulme M. Eds), IAHS pub. no. 252, 267–273
IPCC 1996. Climate Change 1995 – The Science of Climate Change. In: Contribution of Working Group 1 to the second assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Houghton J. T., Filho Meira L. G., Callander B. A., Harris N., Katenbberg A., Maskell K. Ed. OMM/UNEP, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 572 p
1995. Le point sur la désertification et les changements climatiques. La Météorologie, 4, 1–15Google Scholar
Janicot S. 1999. Atlantique Tropical et Climat Africain. In: Colloque PNEDC, 13–14 Décembre 1999, Météo France, Toulouse, France
, , 1996. Sahel droughts and ENSO dynamics. Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 23, No 5: 515–518CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, 1997. Evolution saisonnière des corrélations entre précipitations en Afrique guinéenne et températures de surface de la mer (1945–1994). Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris, Serie IIa, 324, 785–792Google Scholar
, , 1996. Sahel droughts and ENSO dynamics. Geophysical Research Letters, 23, 515–518CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and 30 authors 1998. Biome reconstruction from pollen and plant macrofossil data for Africa and the Arabian peninsula at 0 and 6000 years. J. of Biogeography, 25, 1007–1027CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , 1994. Climat du futur: le témoignage du passé. Natures, Sciences, Sociètés, 2, 4, 298–308CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , 1991. Effects of tropical deforestation on global and regional atmospheric chemistry. Climatic Change, 19, 139–157CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and 2000. Variance and predictability of precipitation at seasonal to inter-annual timescales. Journal of Hydrometeorology 1, 26–462.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, 1998. Simulation of the global bio-geophysical interactions during the Last Glacial Maximum. Climate Dynamics, 14, 461–471CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, 1986. The influence of changing orbital parameters and surface boundary conditions on climate simulations for the past 18,000 years. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 1726–17592.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , 2001. Spatiotemporal variations in hydrological regimes within Central Africa during the XXth century. J. Hydrology, 245, 104–117CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lezine A. M. 1998. Pollen records of past climate changes in West Africa since the last glacial maximum. In: A. S. Issar and N. Brown (eds), Water, environment and society in times of climatic change, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 295–317
, , , 1999. On the stability of the high-latitude vegetation-climate system in a coupled atmosphere-biosphere model. Global Ecol. Biogeography, 8, 6, 489–500CrossRefGoogle Scholar
L'Hote Y., Mahé G. 1996. Map of mean annual rainfall for West and Central Africa (1951–1989), 1/6000000. Collection des cartes ORSTOM. ORSTOM (IRD) Ed
Mahé G., Lerique J., Olivry J. C. 1990. Le fleuve Ogooue au Gabon. Reconstitution des débits manquants et mise en évidence de variations climatiques à l'équateur. Hydrologie Continentale, Ed. ORSTOM, 5, 2, 105–124
Mahé G. 1993. Les Ecoulements Fluviaux sur la Façade Atlantique de l'Afrique: Etude des Elements du Bilan Hydrique et Variabilité Interannuelle, Analyse des Situations Hydroclimatiques moyennes et extrêmes. Thèse de doctorat, Ed. ORSTOM, coll. Etudes et Thèses, Paris, 438 p
Mahé G., Citeau J. 1993. Interactions between Ocean-atmosphere-continent in Africa, related to the Atlantic monsoon flow. General pattern and the 1984 case study. Veille Climatique Satellitaire Ed. ORSTOM-METEO FRANCE, 44, 34–54
, 1995. Variation des précipitations et des écoulements en Afrique de l'Ouest et Centrale de 1951 à 1989. Sécheresse, 6, 109–117Google Scholar
Mahé G., Dessouassi R., Cissoko B., Olivry J. C. 1998. Comparaison des fluctuations interannuelles de piezometrie, precipitation et debit sur le bassin versant du Bani a Douna. In: Water resources variability in Africa during the XXth century (Servat E., Hughes D., Fritsch J. M. and Hulme M. Eds), IAHS pub. no. 252, 289–295
, 1999. Assessment of freshwater yields to the ocean along the intertropical Atlantic coast of Africa (1951–1989). C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, serie IIa, 328, 621–626Google Scholar
, , , , , 2000. Relations eaux de surface-eaux souterraines d'une rivière tropicale au Mali. C. R. Acad. Sci Paris, serie IIa, 330, 689–692Google Scholar
, , , 2001. Trends and discontinuities in regional rainfall of West and Central Africa: 1951–1989. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 46, 2, 211–226CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mahé G., Dray A., Paturel J. E., Cres A., Kone F., Manga M., Cres F. N., Djoukam J., Maiga A. H., Ouedraogo M., Conway D., Servat E. 2002. Climatic and anthropogenic impacts on the flow regime of the Nakambe River in Burkina. FRIEND 4th International Conference, Cape Town, South Africa, 2002, IAHS Pub. 274, 69–76
Maley J. 1990. L'histoire récente de la forêt dense humide africaine: essai sur le dynamisme de quelques formations forestières. In: Paysages quaternaires de l'Afrique Centrale Atlantique, 367–389
1991. The African rainforest vegetation and paleoenvironments during late Quaternary. Climatic Change, 19, 79–98CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1996a. The African rainforest: main characteristics of changes in vegetation and climate from the upper Cretaceous to the Quaternary. Proceed. R. Soc. Edinburg, Biol. Sc., 104B, 31–73Google Scholar
Maley J. 1996b. Fluctuations majeures de la forêt dense humide africaine au cours des 20 derniers millénaires. In: L'alimentation en forêt tropicale: interactions bioculturelles et perspectives de développement vol.1. Paris, UNESCO, 55–76
1997. Middle to late Holocene changes in tropical Africa and other continents: paleomonsoon and sea surface temperature variation. NATO ASI series, 1, 611–639Google Scholar
, 1998. Vegetation dynamics, Paleoenvironments and Climatic Changes in the forests of Western Cameroon during the last 28 000 years B. P. Review of Paleobotany and Palynology, 99, 157–187CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maley J., Brenac P., Bigot S., Moron V. 2000. Variations de la végétation et des paléoenvironnements en forêt dense africaine au cours de l'Holocène. Impact de la variation des températures marines. In: Dynamique à long terme des Ecosystèmes forestiers intertropicaux, M. Servant and S. Servant-Vildary eds., Mémoire UNESCO, Paris, 205–220
, , , , , , 1993. Southern Oscillation signal in South American paleoclimatic data of the last 7000 years. Quat. Res., 39, 338–346CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Monteny B. A. 1987. Contribution à l'étude des interactions végétation-atmosphère en milieu tropical humide. Thèse de doctorat de l'Université d'Orsay, 176 p
Monteny B. A., Lhomme J. P., Chebhouni A., Amadou M., Troufleau D., Brunel J. P., Bessemoulin P., Sicot M., Galle S., Lloyd C., Said F. 1996. Les Interactions Surface Continentale-Atmosphère en Milieu Sahélien. Passage de l'Echelle Stationnelle à l'Echelle Régionale. In: Interactions Surface Continentale-Atmosphère: l'Expérience HAPEX-Sahel, Actes des Xe Journées Hydrologiques de Montpellier, 13–14 Septembre 1994, Ed. ORSTOM, Ed. Scient.: Hoepffner M., Lebel T., Montény B., 287–303
, 1993. Gramineae cuticle: a key indicator of Late Cenozoic climatic change in the Niger delta. Rev. of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 77, 119–127CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , 1995. Rainfall variability in subequatorial america and africa and relationships with the main sea-surface temperature modes (1951–1990). Int. J. Climatol., vol. 15: 1297–1322CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1991. Tropical Forests: Present status and Future Outlook. Climatic Change, 19, 1–2, 3–31CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, 1991. Tropical forests and the greenhouse effect: a management response. Climatic Change, 19, 215–225CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, 1992. Modelling the effects of albedo change associated with tropical deforestation. Climatic Change, 21, 317–343CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, 1986. Rainfall Variability in Equatorial and Southern Africa: Relationships with Sea Surface Temperatures along the Southwestern Coast of Africa. Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology, vol. 26, No 5: 561–5782.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, 1997. The Relationship of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation to African Rainfall. Int. J. Climatol., Vol 17: 117–1353.0.CO;2-O>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , 2000. Mid-Holocene greening of the Sahara: firstresults of the GAIM 6000 year BP Experiment with two asynchronously coupled atmosphere/biome models. Climate Dynamics, 16, 643–659CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , 1995. Sensitivity of conceptual rainfall-runoff algorithms to errors in input data – case of the GR2M model. J. Hydrology, 168, 111–125CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , 1998. Analyse de séries pluviométriques de longue durée en Afrique de l'Ouest et Centrale non sahélienne dans un contexte de variabilité climatique. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 43, 6, 937–946CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, 1996. Mise en évidence de variations climatiques holocenes rapides, en phase dans les deserts actuels de Chine et du Nord de l'Afrique. Sciences de la Terre et des Planetes, 322, 847–851Google Scholar
Polcher J. 1994. Etude de la sensibilité du climat tropical à la déforestation. Thèse de doctorat de l'Université de Paris VI, 185 p
, , , , , 2000. The ice record of greenhouse gases: a view in the context of future changes. Quat.Sc.Rev., 19, 9–17CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , 1996. Végétation et climat dans les forêts du Sud-Est Cameroun depuis 4770 ans B.P.: Analyse pollinique des sédiments du Lac Ossa. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris, Serie IIa, 322, 749–755Google Scholar
, 1991. Possible Climatic Impacts of Tropical Deforestation. Climatic Change, 19, 1–2, 177–195CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1992. Asséchement climatique vers 3000 B.P. et expansion Bantu en Afrique Centrale Atlantique: quelques réflexions. Bull Soc Géol France, 163, 352–361Google Scholar
Schwartz D., Elenga H., Vincens A., Bertaux J., Mariotti A., Achoundong G., Alexandre A., Belingard C., Girardin C., Guillet B., Maley J., De Namur C., Reynaud-Farrera I., Youta-Happi J. 2000. Origine et évolution des savanes des marges forestières en Afrique centrale Atlantique (Cameroun, Gabon, Congo): approche aux échelles millénaires et séculaires. In: Dynamique à long terme des Ecosystèmes forestiers intertropicaux, M. Servant and S. Servant-Vildary eds., Mémoire UNESCO, Paris, 325–338
, 1996. A GCM Study of the Teleconnections between the Continental Climate of Africa and Global Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies. J. of Climate, vol. 9, No 10: 2480–24972.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , 1990. Satellite data transmission and hydrological forecasting in the fight against onchocerciasis in West Africa. J. Hydrology, 117, 187–198CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, 1991. Selection of calibration objective functions in the context of rainfall-runoff modelling in a sudanese savannah area. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 36, 4, 307–330CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, 1993. Rainfall-runoff modelling and water resources assessment in northwestern Ivory Coast. Tentative extension to ungauged catchments. J. Hydrology, 148, 231–248CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, 1995. Instability of water resources and management of a planned water system in non-Sahelian West Africa. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 40, 2, 217–230CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , , 1997. De la diminution des écoulements en Afrique de l'Ouest et Centrale. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, série IIa, 325, 679–682Google Scholar
, , , , , 1997. Climatic variability in humid Africa along the Gulf of Guinea. Part I: detailed analysis of the phenomenom in Cote d'Ivoire. Journal of Hydrology, 191, 1–15CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Servat E., Paturel J. E., Kouame B., Travaglio M., Ouedraogo M., Boyer J. F., Lubes-Niel H., Fritsh J. M., Masson J. M., Marieu B. 1998. Identification, caractérisation et conséquences d'une variabilité hydrologique en Afrique de l'Ouest et Centrale. In: Water resources variability in Africa during the XXth century (Servat E., Hughes D., Fritsch J. M. and Hulme M. Eds), IAHS pub. no. 252, 323–337
, , , , , , 1993. Tropical forests changes during the late Quaternary in African and South American lowlands. Global and Planetary Change, 7, 25–40CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , et al. 1994. La sédimentation lacustre indicateur de changements des paléoenvironnements au cours des 30 000 dernières années (Carajas, Amazonie, Brésil). Comptes Rrendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris, Serie IIa, 318, 1645–1652Google Scholar
Tardy C. 1998. Paléoincendies naturels, feux anthropiques et environnements forestiers de Guyane Française du Tardiglaciaire à l'Holocène récent. Thèse de docorat de l'Univ. Montpellier-II, 343 p
, , , , , , , , 1997. Quantifying the role of biosphere-atmosphere feedbacks in climate change: coupled model simulations for 6000 years BP and comparison with palaeodata for northern Eurasia and Northern Africa. Climate Dynamics, 13, 865–882CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1997. The definition of El Niño. Bull of the Amer Meteo Soc, 78, 2771–27772.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , 1998. The relationships between Tropical and Atlantic sea surface temperature and the North-East Brazil monthly precipitation. Journal of Climate, 11, 551–5622.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , , , 1994. Feux, climats et végétations au Brésil central durant l'Holocène. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Serie IIa, 319, 1391–1397Google Scholar
Vincens A., Elenga H., Reynaud-Farrera I., Schwartz D., Alexandre A., Bertaux J., Mariotti A., Martin L., Meunier J. D., Nguetsop F., Servant M., Servant-Vildary S., Wirrmann D. 2000. Réponse des forêts aux changements du climat en Afrique Atlantique équatoriale durant les derniers 4000 ans et héritage sur les paysages végétaux actuels. in Dynamique à long terme des Ecosystèmes forestiers intertropicaux, M. Servant and S. Servant-Vildary eds., Mémoire UNESCO, Paris, 381–387
, , , , 1998. Late Holocene climatic changes in Western Equatorial Africa inferred from pollen from Lake Sinnda, Southern Congo. Quat Res., 50, 34–45CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , 1995. Analyzing the space-time variability of annual rainfall linked to the African monsoon using regional vectors. Veille Climatique Satellitaire, ED. ORSTOM-Meteo France, 52, 58–73Google Scholar
, , and 1999. Enhancement of interdecadal climate variability in the Sahel by vegetation interaction. Science 286, 1537–1540CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, 1997. The response to deforestation and desertification in a model of West African monsoons. Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 155–158CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, 1998. The role of vegetation in the dynamics of West African monsoons. Journal of Climate, 11, 2078–2097CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, 1999. A 400,000 year record of vegetational and climatic changes from a volcanic basin, Leizhou Peninsula, southern China. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimat., Palaeoecol., 145, 339–362CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 1
- Cited by