Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-4rdpn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-09T02:21:51.571Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

19 - Natural disturbances and the hydrology of humid tropical forests

from Part III - Forest disturbance, conversion and recovery

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 January 2010

By
F. N. Scatena ,
E. O. Planos-Gutierrez  and
J. Schellekens
Edited by
M. Bonell  and
L. A. Bruijnzeel
F. N. Scatena
Affiliation:
Department of Earth and Environmental Science, 240 South 33rd Street, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
E. O. Planos-Gutierrez
Affiliation:
Instituto de Meteorología, Havana, Cuba
J. Schellekens
Affiliation:
Faculty of Earth and Scionces Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
M. Bonell
Affiliation:
UNESCO, Paris
L. A. Bruijnzeel
Affiliation:
Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam
Get access

Summary

INTRODUCTION

Humid tropical forests are highly dynamic ecosystems that are affected by a wide array of environmental processes and disturbances (Figure 19.1). Quantifying the magnitude, frequency, and impacts of natural disturbances is essential for designing hydraulic structures, developing water management strategies, and distinguishing between natural variation and man-made influences.

A disturbance can be defined as any discrete event that transfers mass and energy from one part of a system to another in a manner that disrupts ecosystem, community, or population structure and changes resource availability or the physical environment (see White and Pickett 1985 for a detailed discussion). Natural disturbances can be driven by both external factors – for example, hurricanes, meteor impacts – and the biological properties of the system such as senescence and pathogens. The natural disturbances specified by the United Nations in the International Decade of Natural Disaster Reduction were earthquakes, windstorms, tsunamis, floods, landslides, volcanic eruptions, wildfires, grasshopper and locust infestations, drought and desertification (Board on Natural Disasters, 1999). Additional natural disturbances known to affect the hydrology of humid tropical forests are tree falls, pathogens, exotic invasions and meteor impacts.

Quantifying the effects of disturbances on landform morphology and ecosystem development have been major themes in geomorphology and ecology (Wolman and Miller, 1960, Connell, 1978). This approach has led to the paradigm that landscapes are structured by the processes acting upon them (O'Neill et al., 1986; Urban et al., 1987; Scatena, 1995).

Type
Chapter
Information
Forests, Water and People in the Humid Tropics
Past, Present and Future Hydrological Research for Integrated Land and Water Management
 , pp. 489 - 512
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2005

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ahmad, R., Earle, A. H., Hugues, P., Maharaj, R., and Robinson, E. 1993a. Landslide Damage to the Boar River Water supply pipeline, Bromley Hill Jamaica: Case Study of a Landslide Caused by Hurricane Gilbert (1988). Engineering Geology Bulletin 47: 59–70Google Scholar
Ahmad, R., Scatena, F. N., and Gupta, A. 1993b. Morphology and Sedimentation in Caribbean Montane streams: examples from Jamaica and Puerto Rico. Sedimentary Geology 85: 157–169CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anthes, R. A. 1982. Tropical Cyclones. Their Evolution, Structure, and Effect. American Meteorological Society. Meteorological Monographs 19(41) pp. 208Google Scholar
Barbosa, P. M., Stroppiana, D., Gregoire, J., and Cardoso, Pereira J. M. 1999. An assessment of vegetation fire in Africa (1981–1991): Burned areas, burned biomass, and atmospheric emissions. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 13(4): 933–950CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bartareau, T., Skull, S. 1994. The Effects of Past Fire Regimes on the Structural Characteristics of Coastal Plain Melaleuca viridiflora Sol. Ex Gaert. Woodlands and the Distribution Patterns of Epiphytes (Dendrobium canaliculatum R. Br., Dischidia nummularia R. Br.) in Northeastern Queensland. Biotropica 26(2): 118–123CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Becker, P., Rabenold, P. E., Idol, J. R., and Smith, A. P. 1988. Water potential gradients for gaps and slopes in a Panamanian tropical moist forest dry season. Journal of Tropical Ecology 4: 173–184CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beard, J. S. 1945. Progress of Plant Succession on the Soufrière of St. Vincent. Journal of Ecology 33(1): 1–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blood, E. R., Anderson, P., Smith, P. A., Nybro, C., and Ginsberg, K. A. 1991. Effects of Hurricane Hugo on Coastal Soil Solution Chemistry in South Carolina. Biotropica 23(4a): 348–355CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Board on Natural Disasters. 1999. Natural Hazards and Policy. Mitigation Emerges as Major Strategy for Reducing Losses Caused by Natural Disasters. Science 284: 1943–1947CrossRef
Bongers, F., Popma, J., Moave del Castillo, J., Carabias, J., 1988. Structure and floristic composition of a lowland rainforest of Los Tuxtlas, Mexico. Vegetatio 74: 55–80CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boose, E. R., Foster, D. R., and Fluet, M. 1994. Hurricane impacts to tropical and temperate forest landscapes. Ecological Monographs 64(4): 396–400CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowden, W. B., McDowell, W. H., Asbury, C. E., and Finley, A. M. 1992. Riparian nitrogen dynamics in two geomorphically distinct tropical rainforest watersheds: nitrous oxide fluxes. Biogeochemistry 18: 77–99CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brokaw N. V. L. 1985. Treefalls, regrowth and community structure in tropical forests. In: S. T. A. Pickett and P. S. White (Eds.) The Ecology of Natural Disturbances and Patch Dynamics. Academic Press, New York. 53–69p
Bruijnzeel L. A. 1990. Hydrology of Moist Tropical Forests and Effects on Conversion: A State-of-Knowledge Review. IHP-UNESCO Humid Tropical Programme, Paris
Brunig, E. F. 1969. On the Seasonality of Droughts in the Lowlands of Sarawak (Borneo). Erdkunde 23(2): 127–133Google Scholar
Bush, M. B., Whittaker, R. J., and Partomihardjo, T. 1995. Colonization and Succession on Krakatau: An Analysis of the Guild of Vining Plants. Biotropica 27(3): 355–372CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cochrane, M. A., Alencar, A., Schulze, M. D., Souza, C. M., Neostad, D. C., Lefebvre, P., and Davidson, E. A. 1999. Positive Feedbacks in the Fire Dynamics of Closed Canopy Tropical Forest. Science 284: 1832–1834CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cochrane, M. A., and Schulze, M. D. 1999. Fire as a recurrent event in tropical forests of the eastern Amazon: Effects in Forest Structure, Biomass, and Species Composition. Biotropica 31(1): 2–16Google Scholar
Coen E. 1983. Climate. In D. H. Janzen (ed.) Costa Rican Natural History pp. 35–46. University of Chicago Press. Chicago
Condit, R., Hubbell, S. P., Foster, R. B., 1995. Mortality rates of 205 tropical tree and shrub species and the impact of a severe drought. Ecological Monographs 65: 419–439CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Connell, J. H. 1978. Diversity in tropical rainforest and coral reefs. Science 199: 1302–1210CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Costa J. E. 1984. Physical Geomorphology of Debris Flows. In Developments and Applications of Geomorphology. Edited by J. E. Costa and P. J. Fleisher. Springer-Verlag-Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 268–317
Covich, A. P., Crowl, T. A., Johnson, S. L., and Pyron, M. 1996. Distribution and abundance of tropical freshwater shrimp along a stream corridor: response to disturbance. Biotropica 28(4a): 482–492CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crow, T. R. 1980. A rainforest chronicle: a 30-year record of change in structure and composition at El Verde, Puerto Rico. Biotropica 12: 42–55CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crutcher H. L., Quayle R. G., 1974. Mariners' Worldwide Climate Guide to Tropical Storms at Sea. US Dept. Commerce, NOAA/EDS. National Climate Center, Ashville, North Carolina
Cunningham, C. G., Fary, R. W., Guffanti, M., Laura, D., Lee, M. P., Master, C. D., Miller, R. L., Quinones, F., Pebbles, R. W., Reinemund, J. A., and Russ, D. P. 1984. Earth and Water Resources and Hazards in Central America. US Geological Survey Circular 925: 1–40Google Scholar
Curran, L. M., Caniago, I., Paoli, G. D., Astianti, D., Kusneti, M., Leighton, M., Nirarita, C. E., and Haeruman, H. 1999. Impact of El Niño and logging on canopy tree recruitment in Borneo. Science 286: 2184–2185CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davis, T. A., and Richards, P. W. 1933. The vegetation of Moraballi Creek, British Guiana: An ecological study of a limited area of tropical rainforest. Part 1. Journal of Ecology 21: 350–384CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Denslow, J. S. 1987. Tropical treefall gaps and tree species diversity. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 18: 431–451CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diaz H. F., and Pulwarty R. S. 1997. Hurricanes, Climate and Socioeconomic Impacts. Springer-Verlag Heidelberg
Dillon, W., and ten Brink, U.. 1999. Seismic and tsunami hazards in Northeast Caribbean. EoS 80(28): 309–310CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dittus, W. P. J. 1985. The influence of leaf monkeys on their feeding trees in a cyclone-disturbed environment. Biotropica 17: 100–106CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Emanuel, K. A. 1987. The dependence of hurricane intensity on tropical cyclones. Nature 326: 483–485CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Emanuel K. A. 1997. Climate variations and hurricane activity: some theoretical issues. In Diaz H. F. and Pulwarty R. S. (Eds.) Hurricanes, Climate and Socioeconomic Impacts. Springer-Verlag Heidelberg
Ferraro, R., Vicente, G., Ba, M., Gruber, A., Scofield, R., Li, Q., and Weldon, R. 1999. Satellite techniques yield insight into devastating rainfall from Hurricane Mitch. EoS 80(3): 505CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flecker, A. S., and Feifarek, B. 1994. Disturbance and the temporal variability of invertebrate assemblages in two Andean streams. Freshwater Biology 31: 131–142CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Florentin, J. M., Maurrasse, R., and Gautam, S. 1991. Impacts, tsunamis, and the Haitian Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary layer. Science 252: 1690–1692Google Scholar
Foster R. B. 1990. The Floristic composition of the Rio Manu Floodplain forest. In Four Neotropical Rainforests (A. H. Gentry, ed.) Yale University Press, New Haven, pp. 99–111
Foster R. B., Brokaw N. V. L., 1982. Structure and history of the vegetation on Barro Colorado Island. In Leigh E. G. Jr., Rand A. S., and Windsor, D. M. (eds.) The Ecology of a Tropical Forest: Seasonal Rhythms and Long-term Changes. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C., pp. 67–81
Francis, J. K., Gillespie, A. J. R., 1993. Relating gust speed to tree damage in Hurricane Hugo, 1989. Journal of Arboriculture 19(6): 368–373Google Scholar
Garcia-Montiel, D., and Scatena, F. N. 1994. The effect of human activity on the structure and composition of a tropical forest in Puerto Rico. Forest Ecology and Management 63: 57–78CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garwood, N., Janos, D. P., and Brokaw, N. 1979. Earthquake-caused landslides: a major disturbance to tropical forests. Science 205: 997–999CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garland, G. G., and Olivier, M. J. 1993. Predicting landslides from rainfall in a humid, subtropical region. Geomorphology 8: 165–173CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gellis, A. 1993. The effects of Hurricane Hugo on suspended sediment loads, Lago Loiza Basin, Puerto Rico. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 18: 505–517CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldammer, J. G. 1999. Forests on fire. Science 284: 1782–1783CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gray W. M., Sheaffer J. D., and Landsea C. W. 1997. Climate trends associated with multidecadal variability of Atlantic hurricane activity. In Diaz H. F., and Pulwarty R. S. (eds.) Hurricanes, Climate and Socioeconomic Impacts. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 15–53
Guariguata, M. R. 1990. Landslide disturbances and forest regeneration in the Upper Luquillo Mountains of Puerto Rico. Journal of Ecology 78: 814–832CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guilderson, T. P., Fairbanks, R. G., and Rubenstone, J. L. 1994. Tropical temperature variations since 20,000 years ago: modulating inter-hemispheric climatic change. Science 263: 663–664CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gupta, A. 1975. Stream characteristics in eastern Jamaica, an environment of seasonal flow and large floods. American Journal of Science 275: 825–847CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gupta A., 1988. Large floods as geomorphic events in the humid tropics. In Baker V. R., Kochel R. C., and Patton P. C. (eds.) Flood Geomorphology. John Wiley and Sons. New York, pp. 301–315
Gupta, A., and Dutt, A. 1989. The Auranga: description of a tropical monsoon river. Zeitschrift Geomorphologie, N.F. 33(1): 73–92Google Scholar
Hartshorn G. S. 1990. An overview of neotropical forest dynamics. In A. H. Gentry (ed.) Four Neotropical Rainforests. Yale University Press, New Haven. pp. 585–599
Hildebrand, A. R., and Boynton, W. V. 1990. Proximal Cretaceous—Tertiary boundary impact deposits in the Caribbean. Science 248: 843–846CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hodel, D. A., Curtis, J. H., Jones, G. A., Higuera-Gundy, A., Brenner, M., Binford, M. W., and Dorsey, K. T. 1991. Reconstruction of Caribbean climate change over the past 10, 500 years. Nature 352: 790–793CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horn S. P. 1991. Fire history and fire ecology in the Costa Rican Paramos. In Fire and the Environment: Ecological and Cultural Perspectives, Proceedings of an International Symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep., SE-69. Asheville NC, USDA Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, pp. 289–296
Hubbell S. P., and Foster R. B. 1990. Structure, dynamics and the equilibrium status of old-growth forest on Barro Colorado Island. In A. H. Gentry (ed.) Four Neotropical Rainforests. Yale University Press, New Haven, pp. 522–541
Hulme M., and Viner D. 1995. A Climate Change Scenario for Assessing the Impact of Climate Change on Tropical Rain Forests. A Report for the World Wildlife Service by the Climatic Research Unit, School of Environmental Sciences. University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
Junk W. J. 1989. Flood tolerances and tree distributions in Amazonian floodplains. In L. B. Nieelsen, I. C. Nielsen, and H. Balslev (eds.) Tropical Forests: Botanical Dynamics, Speciation, and Diversity. Academic Press, London, pp. 47–64
Kalliola, R., Saol, J., Puhakka, M., and Rajasilta, M. 1991. New site formation and colonizing vegetation in primary succession on the Western Amazon floodplains. Journal of Ecology 79: 877–901CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knutson, T. R., Tuleya, R. E., and Kurihara, Y. 1998. Simulated increase of hurricane intensities in a CO2-warmed climate. Science 279: 1018–1020CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lamotte, S. 1990. Fluvial dynamics and succession inn the Lower Ucayali River Basin, Peruvian Amazonia. Forest Ecology and Management 33/34: 141–156CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larsen M. C. 1997. Tropical geomorphology and geomorphic work: a study of geomorphic processes and sediment and water budgets in montane humid tropical forested and developed watersheds, Puerto Rico. Ph. D. thesis, University of Colorado
Larsen, M. C., and Simon, A. 1993. A rainfall intensity—duration threshold for landslides in a humid-tropical environment, Puerto Rico. Geografiska Annaler 75A: 1–2: 13–23Google Scholar
Larsen, M. C., and Torres-Sanchez, A. J. 1998. The frequency distribution of recent landslides in three montane tropical regions of Puerto Rico. Geomorphology 24: 309–331CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larsen, M. C., and Parks, J. E. 1997. How wide is a road? The association of roads and mass wasting in a forested montane environment. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 22: 835–8483.0.CO;2-C>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larsen, M. C., Torres-Sanchez, A. J., and Concepción, I. M. 1999. Slopewash, surface runoff and fine-litter transport in forest and landslide scars in Humid-Tropical Steeplands, Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 2: 481–5023.0.CO;2-G>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lauer W. 1989. Climate and weather. In Leith H. and Werger M. J. A. (eds.) Tropical Rain Forest Ecosystems. Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 7–54
Lewis, L. A. 1974. Slow movement of earth under tropical rainforest conditions. Geology 2: 9–102.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lodge, D. J., McDowell, W. H., and McSwiney, C. P. 1994. The importance of nutrient pluses in tropical forests. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 9(10): 384–387CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lowry, J. B., Lee, D. W., Stone, B. C., 1973. Effect of drough on Mount Kinabalu. Malayan Nature Journal 26: 178–179Google Scholar
Lugo, A. E., and Scatena, F. N. 1996. Background and catastrophic tree mortality in tropical moist, wet, and rainforest. Biotropica 28(4a): 585–599CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McDowell, W. H., Bowden, W. B., and Asbury, C. E. 1992. Riparian nitrogen dynamics in two geomorphologically distinct tropical rainforest watersheds: subsurface solute dynamics. Biogeochemistry 18: 53–75CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McDowell, W. H., McSwiney, C. P., and Bowden, W. B. 1996. Effects of hurricane disturbance on groundwater chemistry and riparian function in a tropical rainforest. Biotropica 28(4a): 577–584CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meinzer O. E. 1942. Hydrology. New York, Dover Publications Inc
Middleton, B. A., Sanchez-Rojas, E., Suedmeyes, B., and Michels, A. 1997. Fire in a tropical dry forest of Central America: a natural part of the disturbance regime?Biotropica 29(4): 515–517CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mora, S., Madrigal, C.Estrada, J., and Schuster, R. L. 1993. The 1992 Rio Toro Landslide Dam, Costa Rica. Landslide News August 1993: 19–22Google Scholar
Morris G. L., and Fan J. 1997. Reservoir Sedimentation Handbook. New York, McGraw-Hill
Mueller-Dombois, D. 1987. Natural dieback in forests. BioScience 37: 575–583CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myster, R. W., Thomlison, J. R., and Larsen, M. C. 1997. Predicting landslide vegetation in patches on landscape gradients in Puerto Rico. Landscape Ecology 12: 299–307CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myster, R. W., and Fernandez, D. S. 1995. Spatial gradients and patch structure on two Puerto Rican landslides. Biotropica 27: 149–159CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nalivkin D. V. 1983. Hurricanes, Storms, and Tornadoes. Rotterdam, A. A. Balkema
Nakagawa, M., Tanaka, K., Nakashizuka, T., Ohkubo, T., Kato, T., Maeda, T., Sato, K., Miguchi, H., Nagamasu, H., Ogino, K., Teo., S.Hamia, A. A., Lee, H. S. 2000. Impact of severe drough assocuiated with the 1997–1998 El Niño in a tropical forest in Sarawak. Journal of Tropical Ecology 16: 355–367CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neelin, J. D., and Latif, M. 1998. El Niño Dynamics. Physics Today: December 1998, 32–36CrossRefGoogle Scholar
NOAA 1999. Hurricane Basics. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov
O'Brien, S. T., Hayden, B. P., and Shugart, H. H. 1992. Global climatic change, hurricanes, and a tropical forest. Climate Change 22: 175–190CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olander, L. P., Scatena, F. N., and Silver, W. L. 1998. Impacts of disturbance initiated by road construction in a subtropical cloud forest in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico. Forest Ecology and Management 109: 33–49CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Loughlin, E. M. 1986. Prediction of surface saturation zones in natural catchment by topographic analysis. Water Resources Research 22: 794–804CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olsen, P. E. 1999. Giant lava flows, mass extinctions, and mantle plumes. Science 284: 604–605CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Neill R. V., DeAngelis D. L., Waide J. B., and Allen T. F. H. 1986. A Hierarchical Concept of Ecosystems. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
Ostertag, R. 1998. Belowground effects of canopy gaps in a tropical wet forest. Ecology 79(4): 1294–1304CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pan American Health Organization 1998. Natural Disasters Mitigation in Drinking Water and Sewage Systems: Guidelines for Vulnerability Analysis. Disaster Mitigation Series. 110 pages
Pan American Health Organization 1999. The Devastating Path of Hurricane Mitch in Central America. A Supplement to Disasters: Preparedness and Mitigation in the Americas. Newsletter no. 1. http://www.PAHO.org
Parker G. G. 1985. The effect of disturbance on water and solute budgets on a hillslope tropical rainforest in northeastern Costa Rica. Ph. D. thesis, University of Georgia, Athens
Perez Suarez R., 1999. Informe Cientifico del Proyecto de los Ciclones Tropicales de Cuba, Su Variabilidad y Su Posible Vinculacion con Los Cambios Climaticos. La Habana, Cuba, Cuban Instituto de Meteorologia
Planos E. 1999. Analisis Hidrologico de las Grandes Precipitraciones: Suprovincia Fisico-Geografica Cuba Occidental y Central. La Habana, Cuba, Investigacion del Instituto de Meteorologia
Plaza-Nieto, G., Yepes, H., and Schuster, R. L. 1990. Landslide dam on the Pisque River, northern Ecuador. Landslide News: July 1990, 2–4Google Scholar
Pounds, A., Fogden, M. P. L., Campbell, J. H., 1999. Biological response to climate change on a tropical mountain. Nature 398: 611–615CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pringle, C. M., Trisha, F. J., and Browder, G. 1990. Spatial variation in basic chemistry of streams draining a volcanic landscape of Costa Rica's Caribbean slope. Hydrobiologia 206: 73–85CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pringle, C. M. 1991. Geothermally modified waters surface at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica: volcanic processes introduced chemical discontinuities into lowland tropical streams. Biotropica 24(4b): 523–529CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Putz, F. E. 1983. Treefall pits and mounds, buried seeds, and the importance of soil disturbance to pioneer trees on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Ecology 64: 1069–1074CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Putz, F. E., Coley, P. D., Lu, K., Montalvo, A., and Aiello, A. 1983. Uprooting and snapping of trees: Structural determinants and ecological consequences. Canadian Journal of Forestry Research 13: 1011–1022CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raghavendra V. K., 1982. A case study of rain storm in the eastern mountanious catchments of Brahmaputra leading to highest ever recorded flood level at Dibrugarh. In Proceedings of International Symposium on Hydrological Aspects of Mountainous Watersheds, School of Hydrology, University of Roorkee, Uttar Pradesh, India, pp. I-39 to I-44
Ramos-Gines O. 1999. Estimation of Magnitude and Frequency of Floods for Streams in Puerto Rico: New Empirical Models. US Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99–4142. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office
Rasanen, M. E., Salo, J. S., and Kalliola, R. J. 1987. Fluvial perturbance in the western Amazon Basin: regulation by long-term, sub-Andean tectonics. Science 238: 1398–1401CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reagan D. P., and Waide R. B. 1996. The Food Web of a Tropical Rain Forest. Chicago, IL, University of Chicago Press
Richards P. W. 1996. The Tropical Rain Forest: An Ecological Study, 2nd edn. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press
Rivera-Ramirez H. D. 1999. Peak discharge prediction, recession analysis, and evaluation of streamflow response to rainfall for watersheds in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico. M.Sc. thesis, University of Connecticut, Storres, CT
Rodbell, D. T., Seltzer, G. O., Anderson, D. M., Abbott, M. B., Enfield, D. B., and Newman, J. H. 1999. A 15,000 year record of El Niño-driven alluviation in southwestern Ecuador. Science 283: 516–520CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sadler, J. P., and Grattan, J. P. 1999. Volcanoes as agents of past environmental change. Global and Planetary Change 21: 181–196CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salo, J., Kalliola, R., Hakkinen, I., Makinen, Y., Niemela, P., Puhakka, K., and Coley, P. D. 1986. River dynamics and the diversity of Amazon lowland forests. Nature 322: 254–258CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sanford, R. L., Saldarriaga, J., Clark, K. E., Uhl, C., and Herrera, R. 1985. Amazon rain-forest fires. Science 227: 53–55CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scatena, F. N. 1990 Watershed scale rainfall interception on two forested watersheds in the Luquillo Mountains of Puerto Rico. Journal of Hydrology 113: 89–102CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scatena, F. N. 1995. Relative scales of time and effectiveness of watershed processes in a tropical montane rainforest of Puerto Rico. American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monographs 89: 103–111Google Scholar
Scatena, F. N., Silver, W., Siccama, T., Johnson, A. J., Sanchez, M. J., 1993. Biomass and nutrient content of the Bisley experimental watersheds, Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico, before and after Hurricane Hugo, 1989. Biotropica 25(1): 15–27CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scatena, F. N., and Lugo, A. E. 1995. Geomorphology, disturbance, and the soil and vegetation of two subtropical wet steepland watersheds of Puerto Rico. Geomorphology 13(1–3): 199–213CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scatena, F. N., Moya, S., Estrada, C., and Chinea, J. D. 1996. The first five years in the reorganization of aboveground biomass and nutrient use following Hurricane Hugo in the Bisley Experimental Watersheds, Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico. Biotropica 28(4a): 424–441CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schaefer, D. A., McDowell, W. H., Scatena, F. N., and Asbury, C. E. 2000. Effects of hurricane disturbance on stream water concentrations and fluxes in eight watersheds of the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico. Journal of Tropical Ecology 16: 189–207CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schellekens J. 2000. Hydrological processes in a humid tropical rainforest: a combined experimental and modelling approach. Ph. D. thesis, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Schellekens, J., Scatena, F. N., Bruijnzeel, L. A., and Wickel, A. J. 1999. Modeling rainfall interception by a lowland tropical rainforest in northeastern Puerto Rico. Journal of Hydrology 225: 168–184CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schulz XYZ 1960. Ecological studies of the rainforest in Northern Suriname. In De Hulster, I. A., and Lanjouw J. (eds.) The Vegetation of Suriname, vol. 2. Utrecht, The Netherlands, Botanical Museum Ryksuniversitet
Servant, M., Maley, J., Turcq, B., Absy, M., Bernac, P., Fournier, M., and Ledru, M. 1993. Tropical forest changes during the late Quaternary in African and South American lowlands. Global and Planetary Change 7: 25–40CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sheridan, R. P. 1991. Nitrogenase activity by Hapalosiphon flexuosus associated with Sphagnum erythrocalx mats in the cloud forest on the Volcano La Soufrière, French West Indies. Biotropica 23(2): 134–140CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Showstach, R. 1999. Hazards and geologic controls of stratovolcano collapse. EoS 80(46): 549–550Google Scholar
Shreve F. 1914. A Montane Rain-Forest: A Contribution to the Physiological Plant Geography of Jamaica. Washington, D.C., Carnegie Institution
Silver, W. L., Scatena, F. N., Johnson, A. H., Siccama, T. G., and Watt, F. 1996. At what temporal scales does disturbance affect belowground nutrient pools?Biotropica 28(4a): 441–457CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, J. M. B., 1979. Vegetation recovery from drought on Mt. Kinabalu. Malayan Nature Journal 32: 341–342Google Scholar
Struhsaker T. T. 1997. Ecology of an African Rainforest: Logging in Kibale and the Conflict between Conservation and Exploitation. Gainesville, FL, University of Florida Press
Tapin, D. R. 1999. Sediment slump likely caused 1998 Papua New Guinea tsunami. EoS 80(30): ⅹⅹ–ⅹⅹGoogle Scholar
Thompson, J., Proctor, J., Viana, V., Milliken, W., Ratter, J. A., and Scott, D. A. 1992. Ecological Studies on a lowland evergreen rainforest on maraca Island, Roraima, Brazil. 1. Physical environment, forest structure and leaf chemistry. Journal of Ecology 80(4): 705–717CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toon, O. B., Zahnle, K., Morrison, D., Turco, R. P., and Covey, C. 1997. Environmental perturbations caused by the impacts of asteroids and comets. Reviews of Geophysics 35(1): 41–78CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Uhl, C., Clark, K., Dezzeo, N., and Maquirrino, P. 1988. Vegetation dynamics in Amazonian treefall gaps. Ecology 69: 751–763CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Uhl, C., Jordan, C. F., Clark, K., Clark, H., and Herrera, R. 1982. Ecosystem recovery in Amazon caatinga forest after cutting, cutting and burning, and bulldozer clearing treatments. Oikos 38: 313–320CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Uhl, C. and Murphy, P. G., 1981. Composition, structure and regeneration of a tierra firme forest in the Amazon Basin of Venezuela. Tropical Ecology 22: 219–237Google Scholar
Uhl, C., and Jordan, C. F. 1984. Succession and nutrient dynamics following forest cutting and burning in Amazonia. Ecology 65: 1476–1490CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Urban, D. L., O'Neill, R. V., Shugart, H. H., 1987. Landscape ecology. BioScience 37(2): 119–127CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Leeuwen W. M. 1936. Krakatau 1883–1933, Part A, Botany. Leiden, The Netherlands, E. J. Brill
Vertessy, R. A., Hatton, T. J., O'Shaughnessy, P. J., Jayasuriya, M. D. A. 1993. Predicting water yield from a mountain ash (E. regnans) forest subject to clearfelling and regeneration. Journal of Hydrology 150: 665–700CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vitousek, P. M., and Denslow, J. S. 1987. Differences in extractable phosphorus among soils of La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica. Biotropica 19: 167–170CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, L. R., 2000. Seedling and sapling dynamics of treefall pits in Puerto Rico. Biotropica 32: 262–275CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, L. R., Brokaw, N. V. L., Lodge, D. L., and Waide, R. B. 1991. Ecosystem, plant, and animal responses to hurricanes in the Caribbean. BiotropicaSpecial Issue 23(4a): 521CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, L. R., Zarin, D. J., Fetcher, N., Myster, R. W., and Johnson, A. H. 1996. Ecosystem development and plant succession on landslides in the Caribbean. Biotropica 28(4a): 566–576CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallace J. M., and Hobbs P. V. 1977. Atmospheric Science. New York, Academic Press
Walsh R. P. D. 1997. Climate. In P. W. Richards (ed.) The Tropical Rain Forest, 2nd edn. Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press, pp. 159–205
Walsh, R. P. D, Newbery, D. M., 1999. The ecoclimatology of Danum, Sabah in the context of the world's rainforest regions, with particular reference to dry periods and their impact. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 354: 1869–1883CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waterloo M. J. 1994. Water and nutrient dynamics of Pinus caribea plantation forests on former grassland soils in southwest Viti Levu, Fiji. Ph. D. thesis, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
Weaver, P. L. 1986. Hurricane damage and recovery in the montane forests of the Luquillo Mountains of Puerto Rico. Caribbean Journal of Science 22: 53–70Google Scholar
Whigham, D. F., Olmsted, I., Cabrera Cano, E., and Harmon, M. E. 1991. The impact of Hurricane Gilbert on Trees, litterfall, and woody debris in a dry tropical forest in the northeastern Yucatan Peninsula. Biotropica 23(4a): 434–442CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White P. S., and Pickett S. T. A. 1985. Natural Disturbances and Patch Dynamics: An Introduction. In Pickett S. T. A. and White P. S. (eds.) The Ecology of Natural Disturbances and Patch Dynamics. San Diego, CA, Academic Press, pp. 3–13
White, S. M. 1990. The influence of tropical cyclones as soil eroding and sediment transporting events: an example from the Philippines. International Association of Hydrological Sciences Publication 192: 259–269Google Scholar
Whitmore T. C. 1984. Tropical Rain Forests of the Far East, 2nd edn. Oxford, UK, Clarendon Press
Whittaker, R. J., and Walden, J. 1992. Post-1883 ash fall on Panjang and Sertung and its ecological impact. GeoJournal 28(2): 153–171CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whittaker, R. J., Partomihardjo, T., and Riswan, S. 1995. Surface and buried seed banks from Krakatau, Indonesia: implications for the sterilization hypothesis. Biotropica 27(3): 346–354CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolman, M. G., and Miller, J. P. 1960. Magnitude and frequency of forces in geomorphic processes. Journal of Geology 68: 54–74CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woods, P. 1989. Effects of logging, drought, and fire on the structure and composition of tropical forests in Sabah, Malaysia. Biotropica 21: 290–298CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, S. J., 1992. Seasonal drought, soil fertility and the species density of tropical forest plant communities. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 7: 260–263CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zarin, D. J., and Johnson, A. H. 1995a. Base saturation, nutrient cation, and organic matter increases during early pedogenesis on landslide scars in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico. Geoderma 65: 317–330CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zarin, D. J., and Johnson, A. H. 1995b. Nutrient accumulation during primary succession in a montane tropical forest, Puerto Rico. Journal of the Soil Science Society of America 59: 1444–1452CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zimmerman, J. K., Everham, E. M., Waide, R. B., Lodge, D. J., Taylor, C. M., and Brokaw, N. V. L. 1994. Response of tree species to hurricane winds in subtropical wet forest in Puerto Rico: implications for tropical tree life histories. Journal of Ecology 82: 911–922CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zimmerman, J. K., Aide, T. M., Rosario, M., Serrano, M., and Herrera, L. 1995. Effects of land management and a recent hurricane on forest structure and composition in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico. Forest Ecology and Management 77: 65–76CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zou, X., and Gonzalez, G. 1997. Changes in earthworm density and community structure during secondary succession in abandoned tropical pastures. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 29: 627–629CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×