Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-mkpzs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T07:28:49.236Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 14 - Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 November 2024

By
Bhathika Perera
Edited by
David M. L. Branford ,
Satheesh K. Gangadharan ,
Mary Barrett  and
Regi T. Alexander
David M. L. Branford
Affiliation:
Independent Pharmacy Consultant
Satheesh K. Gangadharan
Affiliation:
Leicestershire Partnership NHS Trust
Mary Barrett
Affiliation:
Leicestershire Partnership NHS Trust
Regi T. Alexander
Affiliation:
Hertfordshire Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust
Get access

Summary

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a heterogeneous condition presenting with hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention that is pervasive. ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder with onset during childhood. Functional impairment can be manifested in academic, occupational, or social domains (American Psychiatric Association 2013; ICD-11 (11th revision) 2019). The degree of inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity is beyond what is expected for the person’s age or level of intellectual abilities and can’t be explained by another mental disorder, The chapter presents an overview of the condition, including gender or other forms of variations in presentation, the many treatments with medication available, and its relevance.

Keywords

hyperactivityimpulsivityinattentivestimulantsmethylphenidateatomoxetinedexamphetamineclonidinelisdexamphetamine
Type
Chapter
Information
The Frith Prescribing Guidelines for People with Intellectual Disability , pp. 199 - 208
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Agarwal, V., Sitholey, P., Kumar, S., & Prasad, M. (2001). Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of clonidine in hyperactive children with mental retardation. Mental Retardation, 39, 259–67. https://doi.org/10.1352/0047-6765(2001)039%3C0259:dbpcto%3E2.0.co;2.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ageranioti-Bélanger, S., Brunet, S., D’Anjou, G., et al. (2012). Behaviour disorders in children with an intellectual disability. Paediatrics & Child Health 17, 84–8. https://doi.org/10.1093/pch/17.2.84.Google ScholarPubMed
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. ed. American Psychiatric Association. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.Google Scholar
Camporeale, A., Upadhyaya, H., Ramos-Quiroga, J. A., et al. (2013). Safety and tolerability of atomoxetine hydrochloride in a long-term, placebo-controlled randomized withdrawal study in European and non-European adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The European Journal of Psychiatry, 27, 206–24. https://doi.org/10.4321/S0213-61632013000300005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Capone, G. T., Brecher, L., & Bay, M. (2016). Guanfacine use in children with Down syndrome and comorbid attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with disruptive behaviors. Journal of Child Neurology, 31, 957–64. https://doi.org/10.1177/0883073816634854.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Correia Filho, A. G., Bodanese, R., Silva, T. L., et al. (2005). Comparison of risperidone and methylphenidate for reducing ADHD symptoms in children and adolescents with moderate mental retardation. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44, 748–55. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.chi.0000166986.30592.67.Google ScholarPubMed
Courtenay, K., Elstner, S. (2016). Drug therapy in ADHD in people with intellectual disabilities. https://doi.org/10.1108/AMHID-06-2015-0032.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faraone, S. V., Banaschewski, T., Coghill, D., et al. (2021). The World Federation of ADHD International Consensus Statement: 208 Evidence-based Conclusions about the Disorder. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.022.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fernández-Jaén, A., Fernández-Mayoralas, D. M., Calleja Pérez, B., et al. (2010). Atomoxetine for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in mental retardation. Pediatric Neurology, 43, 341–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2010.06.003.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fosi, T., Lax-Pericall, M. T., Scott, R. C., Neville, B. G., & Aylett, S. E. (2013). Methylphenidate treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in young people with learning disability and difficult-to-treat epilepsy: Evidence of clinical benefit. Epilepsia, 54, 2071–81. https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.12399.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Francés, L., Quintero, J., Fernández, A., et al. (2022). Current state of knowledge on the prevalence of neurodevelopmental disorders in childhood according to the DSM-5: a systematic review in accordance with the PRISMA criteria. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 16, 27. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-022-00462-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kilincaslan, A., Mutluer, T. D., Pasabeyoglu, B., Tutkunkardas, M. D., & Mukaddes, N. M. (2016). Effects of atomoxetine in individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and low-functioning autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 26, 798–806. https://doi.org/10.1089/cap.2015.0179.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
La Malfa, G., Lassi, S., Bertelli, M., Pallanti, S., & Albertini, G. (2008). Detecting attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults with intellectual disability: The use of Conners’ Adult ADHD Rating Scales (CAARS). Research in Developmental Disabilities, 29, 158–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2007.02.002.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lopez, P. L., Torrente, F. M., Ciapponi, A., et al. (2018). Cognitive‐behavioural interventions for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010840.pub2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, J., Perera, B., Shankar, R. (2020). Clinical guidance on pharmacotherapy for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) for people with intellectual disability. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 21, 1897–913. https://doi.org/10.1080/14656566.2020.1790524.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2018). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: diagnosis and management: NICE guideline [NG87]. www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng87/chapter/Recommendations#maintenance-and-monitoring.Google Scholar
Osugo, M., & Cooper, S.-A. (2016). Interventions for adults with mild intellectual disabilities and mental ill-health: A systematic review. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 60, 615–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.12285.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oxelgren, U.W., Myrelid, Å., Annerén, G., et al. (2017). Prevalence of autism and attention-deficit–hyperactivity disorder in Down syndrome: A population-based study. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 59, 276–83. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.13217.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pearson, D.A., Santos, C.W., Roache, J.D., et al. (2003). Treatment effects of methylphenidate on behavioral adjustment in children with mental retardation and ADHD. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 42, 209–16. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200302000-00015.Google ScholarPubMed
Perera, B., Chen, J., Korb, L., et al. (2021). Patterns of comorbidity and psychopharmacology in adults with intellectual disability and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: An UK national cross-sectional audit. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 22, 1071–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/14656566.2021.1876028.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perera, B., Courtenay, K., Solomou, S., Borakati, A., & Strydom, A. (2020). Diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in intellectual disability: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder V versus clinical impression. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 64, 251–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.12705.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simonoff, E., Taylor, E., Baird, G., et al. (2013). Randomized controlled double-blind trial of optimal dose methylphenidate in children and adolescents with severe attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and intellectual disability. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54, 527–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02569.x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Strydom, A., Bosco, A., Vickerstaff, V., et al. (2020). Clinical and cost effectiveness of staff training in the delivery of Positive Behaviour Support (PBS) for adults with intellectual disabilities, autism spectrum disorder and challenging behaviour – randomised trial. BMC Psychiatry, 20, 161. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02577-1.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van de Loo-Neus, G. H. H., Rommelse, N., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2011). To stop or not to stop? How long should medication treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder be extended? European Neuropsychopharmacology, 21, 584–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2011.03.008.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health Organization. (2022). ICD-11: International classification of diseases (11th revision). https://icd.who.int/.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×