Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-hc48f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T18:58:14.440Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

8 - Self-initiated Expatriates

from Part II - Different Types of Expatriates and Stakeholders

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 November 2020

Jaime Bonache
Affiliation:
Carlos III University of Madrid
Chris Brewster
Affiliation:
University of Reading
Fabian Jintae Froese
Affiliation:
University of Goettingen
Get access

Summary

Self-initiated expatriates (SIEs) are an important group of the globally mobile workforce. In contrast to assigned expatriates (AEs), SIEs relocate on their own volition and without company support. In recent years, the literature on SIEs has started to burgeon leading to an enhanced knowledge of SIEs. The purpose of this chapter is to first review and summarize central findings in the nascent body of research concerned with SIEs. In this regard, we focus on the following key areas of inquiry: definitions of SIEs, their (demographic) profiles, main motivations to relocate, cross-cultural adjustment, as well as career experiences, and outcomes of self-initiated expatriation. In second step, based on our overview of the extant literatures, we outline directions for future research on SIEs in each key area. The suggested future research avenues will be helpful to guide the next generation of studies on SIEs and to move this stream of research ahead.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Al Ariss, A. & Crowley-Henry, M. 2013. Self-initiated expatriation and migration in the management literature: Present theorizations and future research directions. Career Development International, 18(1): 7896.Google Scholar
Al Ariss, A. & Özbilgin, M. 2010. Understanding self-initiated expatriates. Career experiences of Lebanese self-initiated expatriates in France. Thunderbird International Business Review, 52(4): 275285.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andresen, M., Bergdolt, F., Margenfeld, J., & Dickmann, M. 2014. Addressing international mobility confusion – developing definitions and differentiations for self-initiated and assigned expatriates as well as migrants. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25(16): 22952318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andresen, M., Biemann, T., & Pattie, M. W. 2015. What makes them move abroad? Reviewing and exploring differences between self-initiated and assigned expatriation. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 26(7): 932947.Google Scholar
Arthur, M. B. 1994. The boundaryless career: A new perspective for organizational inquiry. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 15(4): 295306.Google Scholar
Begley, A., Collings, D. G., & Scullion, H. 2008. The cross-cultural adjustment experiences of self-initiated repatriates to the Republic of Ireland labour market. Employee Relations, 30(3): 264282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhaskar-Shrinivas, P., Harrison, D. A., Shaffer, M. A., & Luk, D. M. 2005. Input-based and time-based models of international adjustment: Meta-analytic evidence and theoretical extensions. Academy of Management Journal, 48(2): 257281.Google Scholar
Biemann, T. & Andresen, M. 2010. Self‐initiated foreign expatriates versus assigned expatriates. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 25(4): 430448.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bierbrauer, G. & Pedersen, P. 1996. Culture and migration. In Semin, G. & Fiedler, K. (eds.), Applied Social Psychology: 399422. London: Sage.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Black, J. S. 1988. Work role transitions: A study of American expatriate managers in Japan. Journal of International Business Studies, 19(2): 277294.Google Scholar
Brookfield Global Relocations Services 2016. Global Mobility Trends Survey. http://globalmobilitytrends.bgrs.com/assets2016/downloads/Full-Report-Brookfield-GRS-2016-Global-Mobility-Trends-Survey.pdf accessed 25 April 2019.Google Scholar
Cao, L., Hirschi, A., & Deller, J. 2012. Self‐initiated expatriates and their career success. Journal of Management Development, 31(2): 159172.Google Scholar
Cao, L., Hirschi, A., & Deller, J. 2013. The positive effects of a protean career attitude for self-initiated expatriates: Cultural adjustment as a mediator. Career Development International, 18(1): 5677.Google Scholar
Cerdin, J.-L., Abdeljalil-Diné, M., & Brewster, C. 2014. Qualified immigrants’ success: Exploring the motivation to migrate and to adjust. Journal of International Business Studies, 45(2): 151168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cerdin, J.-L. & Le Pargneux, M. 2010. Career anchors. A comparison between organization-assigned and self-initiated expatriates. Thunderbird International Business Review, 52(4): 287299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cerdin, J.-L. & Selmer, J. 2014. Who is a self-initiated expatriate? Towards conceptual clarity of a common notion. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25(9): 12811301.Google Scholar
Ceric, A. & Crawford, H. J. 2016. Attracting SIEs. Influence of SIE motivation on their location and employer decisions. Human Resource Management Review, 26(2): 136148.Google Scholar
Chathurani, I., Froese, F. J., Bader, K., 2019. Relocation with or without you: An attachment theory perspective on expatriate withdrawal. Academy of Management Best Paper Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMBPP.2019.12Google Scholar
Chen, Y. P. & Shaffer, M. A. 2017. The influences of perceived organizational support and motivation on self-initiated expatriates’ organizational and community embeddedness. Journal of World Business, 52(2): 197208.Google Scholar
Crowley-Henry, M. 2007. The protean career: Exemplified by first world foreign residents in Western Europe? International Studies of Management & Organization, 37(3): 4464.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davies, S., Kraeh, A., & Froese, F. J. 2015. Burden or support? The influence of partner nationality on expatriate cross-cultural adjustment. Journal of Global Mobility, 3(2): 169182.Google Scholar
Dickmann, M., Suutari, V., Brewster, C., Mäkelä, L., Tanskanen, J., & Tornikoski, C. 2018. The career competencies of self-initiated and assigned expatriates. Assessing the development of career capital over time. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 29(16): 23532371.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doherty, N. 2013. Understanding the self-initiated expatriate. A review and directions for future research. International Journal of Management Reviews, 15: 447469.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doherty, N., Dickmann, M., & Mills, T. 2011. Exploring the motives of company-backed and self-initiated expatriates. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 22(3): 595611.Google Scholar
Doherty, N., Richardson, J., & Thorn, K. 2013. Self‐initiated expatriation: Career experiences, processes and outcomes. Career Development International, 18(1): 611.Google Scholar
Dorsch, M., Suutari, V., & Brewster, C. 2013. Research on self-initiated expatriation: History and future directions. In Andersen, M., Al Ariss, A., & Walther, M. (eds.) Self-initiated Expatriation: Individual, Organizational, and National Perspectives: 4256. Routledge: London.Google Scholar
Froese, F. J. 2012. Motivation and adjustment of self-initiated expatriates. The case of expatriate academics in South Korea. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23(6): 10951112.Google Scholar
Froese, F. J., Peltokorpi, V., & Ko, K. A. 2012. The influence of intercultural communication on cross-cultural adjustment and work attitudes: Foreign workers in South Korea. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 36(3): 331342.Google Scholar
Froese, F. J. & Peltokorpi, V. 2013. Organizational expatriates and self-initiated expatriates: Differences in cross-cultural adjustment and job satisfaction. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(10): 19531967.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fu, C., Hsu, Y.-S., Shaffer, A., M., & Ren, H. 2017. A longitudinal investigation of self-initiated expatriate organizational socialization. Personnel Review, 46(2): 182204.Google Scholar
Hall, D. T. 2004. The protean career. A quarter-century journey. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 65(1): 113.Google Scholar
Harrison, D. A., Shaffer, M. A., & Bhaskar-Shrinivas, P. 2004. Going places: Roads more and less traveled in research on expatriate experiences. Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, 23: 199247.Google Scholar
Haslberger, A., and Vaiman, V. 2013. Self-initiated expatriates: A neglected source of the global talent flow. In Vaiman, V. & Haslberger, A. (eds.), Talent Management of Self-Initiated Expatriates: A Neglected Source of Global Talent: 118. Palgrave Macmillan: Hampshire.Google Scholar
Hildisch, K., Froese, F. J., & Toh, S. M. 2015. Foreigners welcome? Discrimination and turnover of self-initiated expatriates in Asia. Paper presented at the annual meetings of the Academy of International Business, Bangalore, India, and European Academy of Management, Warsaw, Poland.Google Scholar
Howe-Walsh, L. & Schyns, B. 2010. Self-initiated expatriation. Implications for HRM. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 21(2): 260273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huff, K. C., Song, P., & Gresch, E. B. 2014. Cultural intelligence, personality, and cross-cultural adjustment. A study of expatriates in Japan. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 38: 151157.Google Scholar
Inkson, K. 2006. Protean and boundaryless careers as metaphors. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 69(1): 4863.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inkson, K., Arthur, M. B., Pringle, J., & Barry, S. 1997. Expatriate assignment versus overseas experience: Contrasting models of international human resource development. Journal of World Business, 32(4): 351368.Google Scholar
Inkson, K. & Myers, B. A. 2003. ‘The big OE’. Self‐directed travel and career development. Career Development International, 8(4): 170181.Google Scholar
Jansen, K. J., & Kristof-Brown, A. 2006. Toward a multidimensional theory of person-environment fit. Journal of Managerial Issues, 18(2): 193212.Google Scholar
Jokinen, T., Brewster, C., & Suutari, V. 2008. Career capital during international work experiences. Contrasting self-initiated expatriate experiences and assigned expatriation. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19(6): 979998.Google Scholar
Lee, C. H. 2005. A study of underemployment among self-initiated expatriates. Journal of World Business, 40(2): 172187.Google Scholar
Kim, J. & Froese, F. J. 2012. Expatriation willingness in Asia: The importance of host-country characteristics and employees’ role commitments. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23: 34143433.Google Scholar
Massey, D. & Espinosa, K. 1997. What’s driving Mexico-U.S. migration? A theoretical, empirical, and policy analysis. American Journal of Sociology, 102(4): 939999.Google Scholar
McDonnell, A. & Scullion, H. 2013. Self-initiated expatriates’ adjustment: A neglected terrain. In Vaiman, V. & Haslberger, A. (eds.), Talent management of self-initiated expatriates, 136155. London: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McNulty, Y. & Brewster, C. 2017. Theorizing the meaning(s) of ‘expatriate’. Establishing boundary conditions for business expatriates. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 28(1): 2761.Google Scholar
Meuer, J., Troster, C., Angstmann, M., Backes-Gellner, , & Pull, K. 2019. Embeddedness and the repatriation intention of assigned and self-initiated expatriates. European Management Journal, 37(6): 784793.Google Scholar
Myers, B. & Pringle, J. K. 2005. Self-initiated foreign experience as accelerated development. Influences of gender. Journal of World Business, 40(4): 421431.Google Scholar
Napier, N. K. & Taylor, S. 2002. Experiences of women professionals abroad: Comparisons across Japan, China and Turkey. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 13(5): 837851.Google Scholar
Nolan, E. M. & Morley, M. J. 2014. A test of the relationship between person–environment fit and cross-cultural adjustment among self-initiated expatriates. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25 (11): 16311649.Google Scholar
Peltokorpi, V. 2008. Cross-cultural adjustment of expatriates in Japan. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19(9): 15881606.Google Scholar
Peltokorpi, V., & Froese, F. 2009. Organizational expatriates and self-initiated expatriates. Who adjusts better to work and life in Japan? International Journal of Human Resource Management, 20(5): 10961112.Google Scholar
Peltokorpi, V. & Froese, F. 2012. Differences in self-initiated and organizational expatriates’ cross-cultural adjustment. In Andersen, M., Al Ariss, A., and Walther, M. (eds.), Self-initiated Expatriation: Individual, Organizational, and National Perspectives: 104118. Routledge: London.Google Scholar
Richardson, J. & Mallon, M. 2005. Career interrupted? The case of the self-directed expatriate. Journal of World Business, 40(4): 409420.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richardson, J. & McKenna, S. 2002. Leaving and experiencing. Why academics expatriate and how they experience expatriation. Career Development International, 7(2): 6778.Google Scholar
Rodriguez, J. K. & Scurry, T. 2014. Career capital development of self-initiated expatriates in Qatar. Cosmopolitan globetrotters, experts and outsiders. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25(7): 10461067.Google Scholar
Schein, E. H. 1990. Career Anchors: Discovering Your Real Values. San Diego, CA: Pfeiffer & Company.Google Scholar
Selmer, J. & Lauring, J. 2010. Self‐initiated academic expatriates: Inherent demographics and reasons to expatriate. European Management Review, 7(3): 169179.Google Scholar
Selmer, J. & Lauring, J. 2012. Reasons to expatriate and work outcomes of self‐initiated expatriates. Personnel Review, 41(5): 665684.Google Scholar
Selmer, J. & Lauring, J. 2013. Self-initiated expatriate academics: Personal characteristics and work outcomes. In Vaiman, V. & Haslberger, A. (Eds.), Talent management of self-initiated expatriates, 181201. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Selmer, J. & Lauring, J. 2014. Mobility and emotions. International Studies of Management & Organization, 44(3): 2543.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Selmer, J., Lauring, J., Normann, J., & Kubovcikova, A. 2015. Context matters: Acculturation and work-related outcomes of self-initiated expatriates employed by foreign vs. local organizations. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 49: 251264.Google Scholar
Shao, J. J. & Al Ariss, A. 2020. Knowledge transfer between self-initiated expatriates and their organizations: Research propositions for managing SIEs, International Business Review, 29(1). DOI:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2019.101634.Google Scholar
Stoermer, S., Davies, S., Froese, F. J. 2017. Expatriate cultural intelligence, embeddedness and knowledge sharing: A multilevel analysis. Academy of Management Best Paper Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMBPP.2017.155.Google Scholar
Suutari, V. & Brewster, C. 2000. Making their own way: International experience through self-initiated foreign assignments. Journal of World Business, 35(4): 417436.Google Scholar
Suutari, V., Brewster, C., Mäkelä, L., Dickmann, M., & Tornikoski, C. 2018. The effect of international work experience on the career success of expatriates. A comparison of assigned and self-initiated expatriates. Human Resource Management, 57(1): 3754.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suutari, V. & Taka, M. 2004. Career anchors of managers with global careers. Journal of Management Development, 23(9): 833847.Google Scholar
Tang, A. D., Chang, M.-L., & Cheng, C.-F. 2017. Enhancing knowledge sharing from self-initiated expatriates in Vietnam. The role of internal marketing and work-role adjustment in an emerging economy. Asia Pacific Business Review, 23(5): 677696.Google Scholar
Tharenou, P. 2010. Women’s self-initiated expatriation as a career option and its ethical issues. Journal of Business Ethics, 95(1): 7388.Google Scholar
Tharenou, P. 2013. Self-initiated expatriates: An alternative to company-assigned expatriates? Journal of Global Mobility, 1(3): 336356.Google Scholar
Tharenou, P. & Caulfield, N. 2010. Will I stay or will I go? Explaining repatriation by self-initiated expatriates. Academy of Management Journal, 53(5): 10091028.Google Scholar
Thorn, K. 2009. The relative importance of motives for international self‐initiated mobility. Career Development International, 14(5): 441464.Google Scholar
Vaiman, V. & Haslberger, A. 2013. Talent Management of Self-Initiated Expatriates. A Neglected Source of Global Talent. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Vaiman, V., Haslberger, A., & Vance, C. M. 2015. Recognizing the important role of self-initiated expatriates in effective global talent management. Human Resource Management Review, 25(3): 280286.Google Scholar
Vance, C.M. 2005. The personal quest for building global competence: A taxonomy of self-initiating career path strategies for gaining business experience abroad. Journal of World Business, 40(4): 374385.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Carey, G. 1988. Positive and negative affect and their relation to anxiety and depressive disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97(3): 346353.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×