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7 - Variable density groundwater flow: from modelling to applications

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 December 2010

By
C. T. Simmons ,
P. Bauer-Gottwein ,
T. Graf ,
W. Kinzelbach ,
H. Kooi ,
L. Li ,
V. Post ,
H. Prommer ,
R. Therrien  and
C. I. Voss
...Show all authors
Edited by
Howard S. Wheater ,
Simon A. Mathias  and
Xin Li
Howard S. Wheater
Affiliation:
Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London
Simon A. Mathias
Affiliation:
University of Durham
Xin Li
Affiliation:
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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Summary

INTRODUCTION

Arid and semi-arid climates are mainly characterised as those areas where precipitation is less (and often considerably less) than potential evapotranspiration. These climate regions are ideal environments for salt to accumulate in natural soil and groundwater settings since evaporation and transpiration essentially remove freshwater from the system, leaving residual salts behind. Similarly, the characteristically low precipitation rates reduce the potential for salt to be diluted by rainfall. Thus arid and semi-arid regions make ideal ‘salt concentrator’ hydrologic environments. Indeed, salt flats, playas, sabkhas and saline lakes, for example, are ubiquitous features of arid and semi-arid regions throughout the world (Yechieli and Wood,2002). In such settings, variable density flow phenomena are expected to be important, especially where hypersaline brines overlie less dense groundwater at depth. In contrast, seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers is a global phenomenon that is not constrained to only arid and semi-arid regions of the globe and is inherently a variable density flow problem by its very nature. These two examples make it clear that variable density flow problems occur in, but importantly extend beyond, arid and semi-arid regions of the globe. The intention of this chapter is therefore not to limit ourselves to modelling arid zone hydrological systems, but rather to present a more general treatment of variable density groundwater flow and solute transport phenomena and modelling. The concepts presented in this chapter are therefore not climatologically constrained to arid or semi-arid zones of the world, although they do apply equally there.

Type
Chapter
Information
Groundwater Modelling in Arid and Semi-Arid Areas , pp. 87 - 118
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2010

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