Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-m6dg7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-14T09:36:29.943Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

18 - Brain, Body, Habit, and the Performative Quality of Aesthetics

from Part III - Socially Embeddded and Culturally Extended Habits

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 November 2020

Fausto Caruana
Affiliation:
Institute of Neuroscience (Parma), Italian National Research Council
Italo Testa
Affiliation:
Università degli Studi, Parma
Get access

Summary

If cognitive neuroscience is meant to investigate what makes us human, cultural artifacts and artistic expressions should be at the top of the list of its explananda. Cognitive neuroscience, in tight cooperation and dialogue with the humanities, can shed new light on several theoretical issues related to aesthetics, traditionally dealt with exclusively within the camp of the humanities. A succinct description of embodied simulation theory in relation to aesthetic experience is proposed, and some accomplishments of this bottom-up approach to the experience of visual art and film are illustrated. The notion of “habit” is introduced, it is connected to its potential underlying neural mechanisms, and to the production and reception of human cultural artifacts. Capitalizing upon pragmatism, Pierre Bourdieu, and practice theory, the relationship between body, habit, practice, and rituals and its bearing on the creation of symbolic objects and cultural artifacts is analyzed from a neuropragmatist approach, which emphasizes the procedural and implicit forms of human cognition. The suggested gradual transition from tool-making to symbol-making grants the following: (a) It shows that utilitarian and symbolic behavior are both chapters of the same cognitive technology trajectory; (b) it does not require one to assume that symbol-making is the late externalization of a previously existing inner symbolic thought, because symbolic thought and symbol-making are the co-constructive outcome of the development of shared performative practices and habits; (c) it is fully compatible with the neurobiological characterization of human relational potentialities as instantiated by embodied simulation. It is proposed that through the repetition, combination, and memorization of particular shared behaviors and actions, and their mimetic ritualization, the social group infuses new cultural meanings into reused bodily performances.

Type
Chapter
Information
Habits
Pragmatist Approaches from Cognitive Science, Neuroscience, and Social Theory
, pp. 376 - 394
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Angelini, Monica, Calbi, Marta, Ferrari, Annachiara, Sbriscia-Fioretti, Beatrice, Franca, Michele, Gallese, Vittorio, and Umiltà, Maria Alessandra. 2015. “Motor Inhibition During Overt and Covert Actions: An Electrical Neuroimaging Study.” PLoS One 10 (5): e0126800.Google Scholar
Ardizzi, Martina, Ferroni, Francesca., Siri, Francesca, Maria, Alessandra Umiltà, Cotti, Anna, Calbi, Marta, Fadda, Elisabetta, Freedberg, David, and Gallese, Vittorio. 2018. “Beholders’ Sensorimotor Engagement Enhances Aesthetic Rating of Pictorial Facial Expressions of Pain.” Psychological Research 84(2): 3709.Google Scholar
Bell, Chaterine. 2009. Ritual. Perspectives and Dimensions. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bordwell, D. (1977), “Camera Movement and Cinematic Space”, Ciné-Tracts, 2: 1925.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre. 1992. The Logic of Practice. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre. 2000. Pascalian Meditations. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Caggiano, Vittorio, Fogassi, Leonardo, Rizzolatti, Giacomo, Pomper, Joern K., Thier, Peter, Giese, Martin, and Casile, Antonino. 2011. “View-Based Encoding of Actions in Mirror Neurons of Area F5 in Macaque Premotor Cortex.” Current Biology 21 (2): 1448.Google Scholar
d'Errico, Francesco, Henshilwood, Christopher Stuart, Lawson, Graeme, Vanhaeren, Marian, Tillier, Anne-Marie, Soressi, M., Bresson, Frédérique, Maureille, Bruno, Nowell, April, Lakarra, Joseba Andoni, Backwell, Lucinda, Julien, Michèle. 2003. “Archaeological Evidence for the Emergence of Language, Symbolism, and Music: An Alternative Multidisciplinary Perspective.” Journal of World Prehistory 17 (1): 170.Google Scholar
Dewey, John. 1972. “Imagination and Expression.” In The Early Works of John Dewey, 1882–1898, vol. 5: 1895–1898, Early Essays. Edited by Boydston, Jo Ann, 192201. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press.Google Scholar
Dewey, John. 1981. “Experience and Nature.” In The Later Works of John Dewey, 1925–1953, vol. 1: 1925, Experience and Nature. Edited by Boydston, J. A., 146. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press.Google Scholar
Dewey, John. 1983. “Human Nature and Conduct: An Introduction to Social Psychology.” In The Middle Works of John Dewey, 1899–1924, vol. 14: 1922 Human Nature and Conduct. Edited by Boydston, Jo Ann, 1227. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press.Google Scholar
Fodor, Jerry. 2008. LOT2: The Language of Thought Revisited. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Freedberg, David, and Gallese, Vittorio. 2007. “Motion, Emotion and Empathy in Aesthetic Experience.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 11: 197203.Google Scholar
Gallese, Vittorio. 2000. “The Inner Sense of Action: Agency and Motor RepresentationsJournal of Consciousness Studies 7: 2340.Google Scholar
Gallese, Vittorio. 2001. “The ‘Shared Manifold’ Hypothesis: From Mirror Neurons to Empathy.” Journal of Consciousness Studies 8 (5–7): 3350.Google Scholar
Gallese, Vittorio. 2003. “The Manifold Nature of Interpersonal Relations: The Quest for a Common Mechanism.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 358: 51728.Google Scholar
Gallese, Vittorio. 2005. “Embodied Simulation: From Neurons to Phenomenal Experience.” Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 4: 2348.Google Scholar
Gallese, Vittorio. 2007. “Before and Below Theory of Mind: Embodied Simulation and the Neural Correlates of Social Cognition.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 362: 65969.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gallese, Vittorio. 2008. “Mirror Neurons and the Social Nature of Language: The Neural Exploitation Hypothesis.” Social Neuroscience 3: 31733.Google Scholar
Gallese, Vittorio. 2009. “Motor Abstraction: A Neuroscientific Account of How Action Goals and Intentions Are Mapped and Understood.” Psychological Research 73 (4): 48698.Google Scholar
Gallese, Vittorio. 2011. “Embodied Simulation Theory: Imagination and Memory.” Neuropsychoanalysis 13 (2): 196200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gallese, Vittorio. 2012. “Aby Warburg and the Dialogue Among Aesthetics, Biology and Physiology.” Ph 2: 4862.Google Scholar
Gallese, Vittorio. 2014. “Bodily Selves in Relation: Embodied Simulation as Second-Person Perspective on Intersubjectivity.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 69, 20130177.Google Scholar
Gallese, Vittorio. 2016. “Finding the Body in the Brain. From Simulation Theory to Embodied Simulation.” In Alvin Goldman and His Critics. Edited by Kornblith, Hilary and McLaughlin, Brian, 297317. New York: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Gallese, Vittorio. 2017a. “Visions of the Body: Embodied Simulation and Aesthetic Experience.” Aisthesis 1 (1): 4150.Google Scholar
Gallese, Vittorio. 2017b. “Neoteny and Social Cognition: A Neuroscientific Perspective on Embodiment.” In Embodiment, Enaction and Culture. Investigating the Constitution of the Shared World. Edited by Durt, Christoph, Fuchs, Thomas, and Tewes, Christian, 30932. Boston, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Gallese, Vittorio. 2018a. “Embodied Simulation and Its Role in Cognition.” Reti, Saperi, Linguaggi 13: 1346.Google Scholar
Gallese, Vittorio. 2018b. “The Power of Images: A View from the Brain–Body.” Phenomenology and Mind 14: 709.Google Scholar
Gallese, Vittorio. 2019. “Embodied Simulation. Its Bearing on Aesthetic Experience and the Dialogue between Neuroscience and the Humanities.” Gestalt Theory 41 (2): 11328.Google Scholar
Gallese, Vittorio, and Cuccio, Valentina. 2015. “The Paradigmatic Body. Embodied Simulation, Intersubjectivity and the Bodily Self.” In Open MIND. Edited by Metzinger, Thomas and Windt, Jennifer M., 123. Frankfurt: MIND Group.Google Scholar
Gallese, Vittorio, and Guerra, Michele. 2020. The Empathic Screen. Cinema and Neuroscience. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Gallese, Vittorio, and Sinigaglia, Corrado. 2010. “The Bodily Self as Power for Action.” Neuropsychologia 48: 74655.Google Scholar
Gallese, Vittorio, Fadiga, Luciano, Fogassi, Leonardo, and Rizzolatti, Giacomo. 1996. “Action Recognition in the Premotor Cortex.” Brain 119: 593609.Google Scholar
Gallese, Vittorio, Keysers, Christian, and Rizzolatti, Giacomo. 2004. “A Unifying View of the Basis of Social Cognition.” Trends Cognitive Sciences 8: 396403.Google Scholar
Gell, Alfred. 1998. Art as Agency. An Anthropological Theory. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Glenberg, Arthur, and Gallese, Vittorio. 2012. “Action-Based Language: A Theory of Language Acquisition Production and ComprehensionCortex 48 (7): 90522.Google Scholar
Goldman, Alvin, and Gallese, Vittorio. 2000. “Reply to Schulkin.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 4: 25556.Google Scholar
Heimann, Katrin, Umiltà, Maria Alessandra, and Gallese, Vittorio. 2013. “How the Motor-Cortex Distinguishes among Letters, Unknown Symbols and Scribbles. A High-Density EEG Study.” Neuropsychologia 51: 283340.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heimann, Katrin, Umiltà, Maria Alessandra, Guerra, Michele, and Gallese, Vittorio. 2014. “Moving Mirrors: A High-Density EEG Study Investigating the Effects of Camera Movements on Motor Cortex Activation During Action Observation.” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 26 (9): 2087101.Google Scholar
Heimann, Katrin S., Uithol, Sebo, Calbi, Marta, Umiltà, Maria Alessandra, Guerra, Michele, and Gallese, Vittorio. 2017. “‘Cuts in Action’: A High-Density EEG Study Investigating the Neural Correlates of Different Editing Techniques in Film.” Cognitive Science 41 (6): 155588.Google Scholar
Heimann, Katrin, Calbi, Marta, Umiltà, Maria Alessandra, Guerra, Michele, Fingerhut, Joerg, and Gallese, Vittorio. 2019. “Embodying the Camera: An EEG Study on the Effect of Camera Movements on Film Spectators’ Sensorimotor Cortex Activation.” PLoS One 14(3): e0211026.Google Scholar
Henshilwood, Christopher S., d'Errico, Francesco, Yates, Royde, Jacobs, Zenobia, Tri-bol, Chantal, Duller, Geoffrey A. T., et al. 2002. “Emergence of Modern Human Behaviour: Middle Stone Age Engravings from South Africa.” Science 295: 127880.Google Scholar
Hildebrand, Adolf von. 1893. Das Problem der Form in der Bildenden Kunst. Strasbourg: Heitz.Google Scholar
Hodder, Ian. 2012. Entangled: An Archaeology of the Relationships between Humans and Things. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell.Google Scholar
Hume, David. 1985 [1739–40]. A Treatise of Human Nature. Harmondsworth: Penguin.Google Scholar
James, William. 1983 [1916]. Talks to Teachers on Psychology and to Students on Some of Life's Ideals. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Johnson, Mark. 2018. The Aesthetics of Meaning and Thought. The Bodily Roots of Philosophy, Science, Morality, and Art. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Kilpinen, Erkki. 2015. “Habit, Action, and Knowledge from the Pragmatist Perspective.” In Action, Belief and Inquiry – Pragmatist Perspectives on Science, Society and Religion. Edited by Zackariasson, Ulf, 15773. Nordic Studies in Pragmatism 3. Helsinki: Nordic Pragmatism Network.Google Scholar
Määttänen, Pentti. 2010. “Habits as Vehicles of Cognition.” In Ideas in Action: Proceedings of the Applying Peirce Conference. Edited by Bergman, Mats et al., 26574. Helsinki: Nordic Pragmatism Network.Google Scholar
Malafouris, Lambros. 2013. How Things Shape the Mind: A Theory of Material Engagement. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar
Malafouris, Lambros. 2015. “Metaplasticity and the Primacy of Material Engagement.” Time and Mind 8 (15): 35171.Google Scholar
Peirce, Charles S. 1992–1998. The Essential Peirce, 2 vols. Edited by The Peirce Edition Project. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Pulvermüller, Friedemann. 2005. “Brain Mechanisms Linking Language and Action.” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 6 (7): 57682.Google Scholar
Reckwitz, Andreas. 2002. “Toward a Theory of Social Practices. A Development in Culturalist Theorizing.” European Journal of Social Theory 5 (2): 24363.Google Scholar
Rizzolatti, Giacomo, and Sinigaglia, Corrado. 2008. Mirrors in the Brain: How Our Minds Share Actions, Emotions and Experience. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Rizzolatti, Giacomo, Fadiga, Luciano, Gallese, Vittorio and Fogassi, Leonardo. 1996. “Premotor Cortex and the Recognition of Motor Actions.” Cognitive Brain Research 3: 13141.Google Scholar
Sbriscia-Fioretti, Beatrice, Berchio, Cristina, Freedberg, David, Gallese, Vittorio, and Alessandra, Umiltà Maria. 2013. “ERP Modulation during Observation of Abstract Paintings by Franz Kline.” PLoS One 8 (10): e75241.Google Scholar
Scheer, Monique. 2012. “Are Emotions a Kind of Practice (and Is That What Makes Them Have a History)? A Bourdieuian Approach to Understanding Emotion.” History and Theory 51: 193220.Google Scholar
Simondon, Gilbert. 2001. Du Mode d'Existence des Objets Techniques. Paris: Aubier.Google Scholar
Testa, Italo. 2017. The Imaginative Rehearsal Model – Dewey, Embodied Simulation and the Narrative Hypothesis. Pragmatism Today 8 (1): 10412.Google Scholar
Turner, Victor. 1973. “Symbols in African Rituals.” Science 179: 11005.Google Scholar
Umiltà, Maria Alessandra, Berchio, Cristina, Sestito, Mariateresa, Freedberg, David, and Gallese, Vittorio. 2012. “Abstract Art and Cortical Motor Activation: An EEG study.” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 6: 311.Google Scholar
Wojciehowski, Hannah C., and Gallese, Vittorio. 2011. “How Stories Make us Feel. Toward an Embodied Narratology.” California Italian Studies 2 (1), https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3jg726c2.Google Scholar
Wojciehowski, Hannah C., and Gallese, Vittorio. 2018. “Introduction.” Costellazioni: Rivista di lingue e letterature 5: 922.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×