18 - Alternative Stellar Evolution Pathways

Summary

Color-magnitude diagrams of open clusters reveal many stars that do not fall on cluster main sequences or red giant branches including blue straggler stars, yellow giants, and sub-subgiants. In fact, as many as a quarter of the evolved stars in older open clusters do not fall on standard single-star isochrones. Rather than being anomalies, these stars are following frequently travelled alternative paths of stellar evolution. Most of these stars are in binary systems, and their origins likely stem from mass transfer, mergers and collisions within binaries. This chapter presents an overview of recent observational and modelling work to understand the processes that shape these alternative stellar evolution pathways, including an HST study of the blue straggler population of NGC 188, an abundance study of the blue stragglers of NGC 6819, establishing yellow giants as evolved blue straggler stars using asteroseismology, exploration of a new class of stars known as sub-subgiants, rotational identification of main sequence blue stragglers with Kepler/K2 and new insights into the angular momentum evolution of blue stragglers.