Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Dedication
- Acknowledgments
- Introduction
- Part One Individualism and Social Theory
- Part Two Individualism and Democracy in Poland
- Part Three Rupture and Reintegration
- Conclusion: The Resilience of Individualism
- Appendix 1 Selected Socioeconomic Development Indicators for Wrocław and Łódź at the Beginning of the Democratic Era (1994)
- Appendix 2 Interview Questionnaire for Sorting Out Individual and Corporate Identities
- Appendix 3 List of Interviewees together with Their Classification into Two Main Identity Types
- Index
3 - Theories of Social Individuation and a Way Forward
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 10 January 2024
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Dedication
- Acknowledgments
- Introduction
- Part One Individualism and Social Theory
- Part Two Individualism and Democracy in Poland
- Part Three Rupture and Reintegration
- Conclusion: The Resilience of Individualism
- Appendix 1 Selected Socioeconomic Development Indicators for Wrocław and Łódź at the Beginning of the Democratic Era (1994)
- Appendix 2 Interview Questionnaire for Sorting Out Individual and Corporate Identities
- Appendix 3 List of Interviewees together with Their Classification into Two Main Identity Types
- Index
Summary
The problem is posed in a classical fashion by Louis Dumont:
In rough and ready terms, the problem of the origins of individualism is very much how, starting from the common type of holistic societies, a new type has evolved that basically contradicts the common conception. How has the transition been possible, how can we conceive a transition between these two antithetic universes of thought, these two mutually irreconcilable ideologies?
Usual explanations of the origins of individualistic societies tend to alternate between two extremes: a determinism of modernization theory (whereby individualism is seen as inevitable by-product of universal social change), and a full historical particularization of the phenomenon (whereby it is seen as a unique product of unrepeatable circumstances). In place of both, I propose a framework that is abstract enough to incorporate all the known cases of the phenomenon and yet historically sensitive enough to link it (if not deterministically) with a single recognizable cultural tradition: that of the Judeo-Christian West. This kind of inquiry begins with a recognition that individualism can, and did, emerge more than once—but that it is an exceptional occurrence all the same, a product of a rare concatenation of circumstances.
Individuation: Unstoppable or Unrepeatable?
One dominant way of explaining individualism's origins comes from modernization theory, which was invented a century and a half ago by sociology's founding fathers. Despite countless challenges to its validity, this approach keeps returning in new forms and sociological guises. Modernization theorists view social individuation as a predictable accompaniment to the universal processes of technological and socioeconomic change that typically consist of industrialization, urbanization, occupational specialization, communications revolutions, and/or all of the above. Three assumptions guiding the framework are that (1) technology, economy, and other material conditions of existence drive changes in cultures and in human subjective orientations; (2) the process of individuation is universal; and (3) the process is irreversible and unstoppable. In a representative statement, Ronald Inglehart argues that “economic, cultural and political change go together in coherent patterns that are changing the world in predictable ways… . [O]ne can meaningfully speak of a model of ‘modern’ or ‘industrial’ society toward which all societies tend to move if they commit themselves to industrialization.”
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- Information
- Individualism and the Rise of Democracy in Poland , pp. 69 - 90Publisher: Boydell & BrewerPrint publication year: 2021