Index

doi:10.1017/9781108758666.016

Index

Albanian; see also Balkan languages

and Armenian; see Armenian and Albanian

and Balto-Slavic, 226–228, 281

and Balto-Slavic (language contact); see language contact, Albanian and Balto-Slavic

and Celtic; see Celtic and Albanian

and Germanic; see Germanic and Albanian

and Greek; see Greek and Albanian

and Greek (language contact); see language contact, Greek and Albanian

and Indo-Iranian, 230–231

and Italian (language contact); see language contact, Italian and Albanian

and Italic; see Italic and Albanian

and Latin (language contact); see language contact, Albanian and Latin

and Messapic; see Messapic and Albanian

alteuropäisch, 161

analogy; see innovations, morphological

Anatolian

and Celtic, 149

and Germanic, 166

and Indo-Iranian, 263

and Italic, 131

and Tocharian, 11, 88

and western subgroups, 76–77

Anatolian hypothesis, 37, 60, 61

archaisms, shared, 20, 21–26, 66, 102–103, 158, 262–263, 280

Armenian; see also Balkan languages

and Albanian, 12, 216, 228–229

and Germanic; see Germanic and Armenian

and Greek; see Greek and Armenian

and Phrygian; see Phrygian and Armenian

augment, 4, 197, 209, 217, 225

backmutation, 53, 57, 58

Balkan languages, 12, 14, 163, 189, 192, 193, 209, 216–217, 228, 233, 237–238, 239, 241; see also Albanian; Armenian; Greek; Macedonian, Ancient; Messapic; Phrygian

and Germanic; see Germanic and Balkan languages

and Indo-Iranian, 217

and Tocharian; see Tocharian and Balkan languages

Baltic

and Slavic, 44, 45, 196, 269–270, 274–279, 286–287

and Uralic (language contact); see language contact, Baltic and Uralic

Balto-Slavic

and Albanian; see Albanian and Balto-Slavic

and Germanic; see Germanic and Balto-Slavic

and Indo-Iranian; see Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic

Bartholomae’s Law

Indo-European, 44, 246–247

Indo-Iranian, 44, 246–247, 257

Bayesian inference, 1, 3, 7, 36, 37, 38, 55, 59, 60–61, 262; see also computational methods

biology, evolutionary, 33–34, 36, 37, 59

bootstrap values, 60–61

Brugmann’s Law (Indo-Iranian), 44, 164, 248–249

Celtic

and Albanian, 229

and Anatolian; see Anatolian and Celtic

and Germanic, 11–12, 149, 161–163

and Greek, 178

and Tocharian; see Tocharian and Celtic

centum vs. satem, 136, 161, 192, 196, 209, 217, 228–229, 238–240, 257–259, 264, 271, 281–282, 283–285

cognacy databases, 7, 36–38, 59, 272; see also Swadesh lists

common language, definition, 8–

compensatory lengthening

Albanian, 227, 232, 234, 235

Doric, 188–189

Eastern Ionic, 185

Goidelic, 144

Greek, 187, 232

Indo-Iranian, 248

Indo-Tocharian, 137

Ionic-Attic, 185

computational methods, 1–3, 4, 9, 10, 14–15, 22, 23–24, 26, 33–48, 52–61, 109, 159–225, 241, 262; see also Bayesian inference

contact; see language contact

convergence, 26–29, 116–118, 122, 161–162, 163, 165, 182, 184–185, 189, 190–191, 223, 269

Čop’s Law (Anatolian), 68

Core (Proto-)Indo-European; see Indo-Tocharian

Cowgill’s Law (Greek), 177; see also relative chronology

dating, 2, 37–38, 58–61

Proto-Anatolian, 75–76

Proto-Balto-Slavic, 270–271

Proto-Greek, 189

Proto-Indo-European, 2, 37–38, 59–61, 90

Proto-Indo-Tocharian, 90

Proto-Luwic, 70–71

Proto-Tocharian, 87–88

deaspiration

Balto-Slavic, 272

Nuristani, 254

Tocharian, 92

depalatalisation

Balto-Slavic, 271, 283–285

Indo-Iranian, 252

Nuristani, 254

dialect continuum, 26–29, 147, 159–160, 184, 275

dialects in proto-languages, 7, 26–29, 274–276, 286

DNA; see genetics

Dybo’s Shortening

Celtic, 137

Germanic, 137

Italic, 137, 210

Fortunatov’s Law (Indic), 250

Francis’ Law (Greek), 210

genetics, 38, 61, 122, 270, 271

Germanic

and Albanian, 163, 229–230

and Albanian (language contact); see language contact, Germanic and Albanian

and Anatolian; see Anatolian and Germanic

and Armenian, 165–166

and Balkan languages, 163

and Balto-Slavic, 12–13, 163–165, 279–281

and Celtic; see Celtic and Germanic

and Greek, 163, 178

and Illyrian; see Illyrian and Germanic

and Italic; see Italic and Germanic

and Latin (language contact); see language contact, Germanic and Latin

and Messapic; see Messapic and Germanic

and Thracian; see Thracian and Germanic

and Tocharian; see Tocharian and Germanic

and Venetic; see Venetic and Germanic

glottochronology, 33–34, 35, 262

Graeco-Armenian; see Greek and Armenian

Graeco-Aryan; see Greek and Indo-Iranian

grammaticalisation, 24, 25, 155

Baltic, 277

Balto-Slavic, 273

Greek, 180

Greek and Armenian, 212

Italic, 127

Luwic, 68

North Germanic, 157

Tocharian, 88

Grassmann’s Law

Armenian, 248

Greek, 247

Indo-Iranian, 247–248

Latin, 116, 248

Macedonian, Ancient, 191

Tocharian, 92, 248

Greek; see also Balkan languages

and Albanian, 12, 193, 225–226, 231–237, 241

and Albanian (language contact); see language contact, Albanian and Greek

and Ancient Macedonian; see Macedonian, Ancient, and Greek

and Armenian, 12, 14, 45, 193–196, 209–216, 225–226

and Celtic; see Celtic and Greek

and Germanic; see Germanic and Greek

and Indo-Iranian, 12, 178, 196–197, 260, 262

and Italic; see Italic and Greek

and Messapic; see Messapic and Greek

and Phrygian; see Phrygian and Greek

and Venetic; see Venetic and Greek

Hirt’s Law (Balto-Slavic), 271

Holtzmann’s Law (Germanic), 154

homeland

definition, 7–8

Indo-European, 2, 4, 27, 37, 60, 61; see also steppe hypothesis; Anatolian hypothesis

Illyrian, 161

and Albanian, 241

and Germanic, 163

Indic

and Iranian, 44, 45, 196, 251–257

and Nuristani, 251–257

Indo-Anatolian; see Indo-European

Indo-Anatolian hypothesis, 1–2, 5, 11, 13, 66, 77–79, 89–90, 168, 261–262

Indo-Aryan; see Indic

Indo-Hittite hypothesis; see Indo-Anatolian hypothesis

Indo-Iranian

and Albanian; see Albanian and Indo-Iranian

and Anatolian; see Anatolian and Indo-Iranian

and Balkan languages; see Balkan languages and Indo-Iranian

and Balto-Slavic, 12–13, 281–282

and Greek; see Greek and Indo-Iranian

and Italo-Celtic; see Italo-Celtic and Indo-Iranian

and Uralic (language contact); see language contact, Indo-Iranian and Uralic

Indo-Tocharian (Core Indo-European, Nuclear Indo-European, non-Anatolian Indo-European), 66, 77–79, 89–90, 122, 197, 232, 239, 251, 280

Indo-Tocharian hypothesis, 89–97, 168, 261–262

innovations, shared, 21–26, 225–226

lexical, 22, 23, 54, 91

morphological, 23, 25, 43, 45–47, 54, 56

phonological, 22, 54

syntactic, 23–24

weighting, 25

intermediate proto-language, definition, 8–9

Iranian

and Indic; see Indic and Iranian

and Nuristani, 251–257

and Tocharian (language contact); see language contact, Tocharian and Iranian

Italian

and Albanian (language contact); see language contact, Albanian and Italian

Italic

and Albanian, 230

and Anatolian; see Anatolian and Italic

and Celtic, 11, 44, 102–108, 131, 149

and Germanic, 12, 130, 161–162

and Greek, 130–131, 178

and Slavic, 131

Italo-Celtic; see also Italic and Celtic

and Indo-Iranian, 108–109, 111

Joseph’s Law (Celtic), 139–140

Joseph’s Law, expanded (Brittonic and Gaulish), 147

Junggrammatiker; see neogrammarians

Kluge’s Law (Germanic), 153

language contact, 20, 24; see also substrate

Albanian, 223, 225

Albanian and Balto-Slavic, 227

Albanian and Greek, 225

Albanian and Italian, 225

Albanian and Latin, 227

Baltic and Uralic, 271

Balto-Slavic, 283–285

Brittonic and Gallo-Romance, 145

Germanic, 37

Germanic and Albanian, 227

Germanic and Latin, 154

Indo-Iranian, 12, 258, 264

Indo-Iranian and Uralic, 264

Italo-Celtic, 110

Tocharian, 84

Tocharian and Iranian, 84–85, 87–88

Tocharian and Samoyedic, 84

Tocharian and Uralic, 84–87, 91

laryngeal metathesis

Indo-European, 93

laryngeals, loss

Armenian, 204

Balto-Slavic, 272, 282

Celtic, 137–138

Greek, 175, 177

Indo-Iranian, 248, 282

Italic, 118

Latin

and Albanian (language contact); see language contact, Albanian and Latin

and Germanic (language contact); see language contact, Germanic and Latin

lengthening; see compensatory lengthening

lenition

Anatolian, 66, 67

Armenian, 205

Brittonic, 146

Celtic, 142

Greek, 175, 177

Old Irish, 144

Phrygian and Greek, 192

Sabellic, 124

lexical clock, 59

lexical data; see cognacy databases

lexicostatistics, 33–34, 35, 36

Lidén’s Law (Balto-Slavic), 271

Lindeman’s Law, 118

Lusitanian, 22, 111, 135

Macedonian, Ancient, 12, 193; see also Balkan languages

and Greek, 12, 191

and Phrygian, 191

and Thracian, 191

maximum compatibility, 1, 53

maximum parsimony, 53

merger, phonological, 22, 54, 56

Messapic, 10, 14; see also Balkan languages

and Albanian, 240–241, 249

and Germanic, 163

and Greek, 193

methodology, 9, 10, 13, 14–15, 18–29, 33–48, 52–61, 90–91; see also Bayesian inference; computational methods; glottochronology; lexicostatistics

neogrammarians, 19–21, 22, 26–27

network, 28, 57–58

non-Anatolian (Proto-)Indo-European; see Indo-Tocharian

Nuclear (Proto-)Indo-European; see Indo-Tocharian

Nuristani

and Indic; see Indic and Nuristani

and Iranian; see Iranian and Nuristani

outgroup analysis, 52–53, 57

Palaeo-Balkanic; see Balkan languages

paradigmatisation

Germanic, 154–155

parallel development, 45, 53, 54, 57, 58, 90

para-proto-language, definition, 8–

perfect phylogeny, 37, 57

Phrygian, 10, 12, 14, 22, 109, 237; see also Balkan languages

and Ancient Macedonian; see Macedonian, Ancient, and Phrygian

and Armenian, 12, 191, 209, 212, 216, 217

and Greek, 12, 14, 177, 178, 190, 191–193, 212, 216, 217

Pictish, 135

Pre-Greek; see substrate in Greek

Pre-Samnite, 106, 115, 118, 125

preterite-presents (Germanic), 154, 167–168

productivity, sustained

Germanic, 168

prothetic vowels

Greek, 188

Greek and Armenian, 204

Greek and Phrygian, 192

Greek, Phrygian and Armenian, 192, 217

Proto-Indo-European, definition, 8

proto-language, definition, 7–8

pruning, 28–29

quantitative methods; see computational methods

Rask/Grimm’s Law (Germanic), 153

relative chronology, 23, 24–25, 29, 34, 38–41, 43–47, 58; see also dating

Armenian, 203

Balto-Slavic, 44, 271–272

Celtic, 136

Germanic, 54–56, 153

Greek, 175–176, 182

Greek and Armenian, 45

Indo-Iranian, 44

Italic, 24–25

Italo-Celtic, 44, 103–104, 108

Tocharian, 84–85

retentions; see archaisms, shared

rooting of tree, 56

ruki change, 27

Albanian, 258

Armenian, 206, 258, 282

Balto-Slavic, 258, 271

Indo-Iranian, 249–250, 258

Luwian, 258–259, 282

Samoyedic

and Tocharian (language contact);see language contact, Tocharian and Samoyedic

satem vs. centum; see centum vs. satem

Sicel, 115–116, 118

Slavic

and Baltic; see Baltic and Slavic

and Italic; see Italic and Slavic

speech community, 8, 18, 24, 26–29

Stang’s Law (Indo-European), 121

steppe hypothesis, 37, 60, 61

subgrouping, history of, 18–21

substrate; see also language contact

in Albanian, 240

in Armenian, 209

in Balto-Slavic, 283–285

in Greek, 180–181

in Greek and Armenian, 214–215

in Indo-Iranian, 249

in northwestern languages, 110

in Tocharian, 84, 91

Swadesh lists, 36, 127–128, 272; see also cognacy databases

Tartessian, 135

thorn clusters (Indo-European), 108, 136, 177, 232, 239–240, 252

Thracian

and Ancient Macedonian; see Macedonian, Ancient, and Thracian

and Germanic, 163

Thurneysen’s Law (Italic), 104

Thurneysen–Havet’s Law (Italic), 119

time depth; see dating

Tocharian

and Anatolian; see Anatolian and Tocharian

and Balkan languages, 216

and Celtic, 149

and Germanic, 166

and Uralic (language contact); see language contact, Tocharian and Uralic

Uralic

and Baltic (language contact); see language contact, Baltic and Uralic

and Indo-Iranian (language contact); see language contact, Indo-Iranian and Uralic

and Tocharian (language contact); see language contact, Tocharian and Uralic

Venetic, 11, 22, 106, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 127, 128, 161

and Germanic, 130, 162, 165

and Greek, 193

Verner’s Law (Germanic), 55, 153, 156

Verschärfung, 158, 159–160

Wackernagel’s Law, 149

wave model, 20, 26, 28–29, 159–160, 240–241

weighting; see innovations, weighting

Winter’s Law

Albanian, 227, 235

Balto-Slavic, 164, 227, 271, 275–6

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