Book contents
- The Indo-European Puzzle Revisited
- The Indo-European Puzzle Revisited
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Figures
- Tables
- Contributors
- Preface
- Introduction
- Part I Early Indo-European and the Origin of Pastoralism
- Part II Migratory Processes and Linguistic Dispersals between Yamnaya and the Corded Ware
- Part III The Cultural and Linguistic Significance of Bell Beakers along the Atlantic Fringe
- Part IV The Bronze Age Chariot and Wool Horizons
- Part V Kinship Systems, Marriage, Fosterage, Free, and Unfree
- 19 Mobility, Kinship, and Marriage in Indo-European Society
- 20 Marriage Strategies and Fosterage among the Indo-Europeans: A Linguistic Perspective
- 21 Fostering Women and Mobile Children in Final Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Central Europe
- 22 Hiding in Plain Sight? The Enigma of the Linguistic Remains of Prehistoric Slavery
- Concluding Reflections
- Index
- References
22 - Hiding in Plain Sight? The Enigma of the Linguistic Remains of Prehistoric Slavery
from Part V - Kinship Systems, Marriage, Fosterage, Free, and Unfree
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 29 April 2023
Book contents
- The Indo-European Puzzle Revisited
- The Indo-European Puzzle Revisited
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Figures
- Tables
- Contributors
- Preface
- Introduction
- Part I Early Indo-European and the Origin of Pastoralism
- Part II Migratory Processes and Linguistic Dispersals between Yamnaya and the Corded Ware
- Part III The Cultural and Linguistic Significance of Bell Beakers along the Atlantic Fringe
- Part IV The Bronze Age Chariot and Wool Horizons
- Part V Kinship Systems, Marriage, Fosterage, Free, and Unfree
- 19 Mobility, Kinship, and Marriage in Indo-European Society
- 20 Marriage Strategies and Fosterage among the Indo-Europeans: A Linguistic Perspective
- 21 Fostering Women and Mobile Children in Final Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Central Europe
- 22 Hiding in Plain Sight? The Enigma of the Linguistic Remains of Prehistoric Slavery
- Concluding Reflections
- Index
- References
Summary
The present chapter discusses the linguistic evidence for slaves and slavery in Proto-Indo-European, with the Latin lexicon as its point of departure. Slavery, as such, has proven to be quite an elusive field of investigation. Archaeologists in particular have been perplexed to find that, even in historical periods for which literary sources richly document slavery as a vital institution, the archaeological evidence is meager and ambiguous. In a sense, slaves are as invisible to archaeologists as they were anonymous and socially nonexistent in the societies that they helped build and maintain. One of the keys to the archaeologist’s problem is that, being possessions themselves, slaves tend not to own anything, and, given that they are not legitimate members of society, they are not likely to receive elaborate burials – to the extent that they are buried at all. However, there are other scenarios in which the material wealth of slaves was in fact similar to that of lower-class free individuals, rendering it impossible to tell the classes of free and unfree workers apart. For overviews of the complexities of slavery in the field of archaeology, see, for instance, Marshall (2016: 69) and Morris (2018).
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- The Indo-European Puzzle RevisitedIntegrating Archaeology, Genetics, and Linguistics, pp. 308 - 326Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2023
References
Anonymous. Rhetorica ad Herennium. Harry Caplan (transl.) (Loeb Classical Library 403). Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press 1953.Google Scholar
Appian. Vol. 3: The civil wars, Books 1–3.26. Horace White (transl.) (Loeb Classical Library 4). Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press 1913.Google Scholar
Benveniste, Émile. 1932. Le nom de l’esclave à Rome. Révue des Études Latines 10(2): 429–440.Google Scholar
Benveniste, Émile. 1969. Le vocabulaire des institutions indo-européennes. Vol. 1. Économie, parenté, société. Paris: Éditions de Minuit.Google Scholar
Blumenthal, Debra G. 2000. Implements of labor, instruments of honor: Muslim, Eastern and Black African slaves in fifteenth-century Valencia. PhD diss., University of Toronto.Google Scholar
Bock, Bettina, Lotze, Stefan, Zeilfelder, Susanne, & Ziegler, Sabine. 2015. Deutsche Wortfeldetymologie in europäischem Kontext. Vol. 3. Mensch und Mitmensch. Wiesbaden: Reichert.Google Scholar
Bréal, Míchel. 1889. De l’importance du sens en étymologie et en grammaire. Mémoires de la Société de Linguistique de Paris 6: 163–175.Google Scholar
Bréal, Michel, & Bailly, Anatole. 1885. Dictionnaire étymologique Latin. Paris: Hachette.Google Scholar
Brown, Christopher Leslie, & Morgan, Philip D (ed.). 2006. Arming slaves: From classical times to the modern age. New Haven (CT): Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Brugmann, Karl. 1906. Zu den Benennungen der Personen des dienenden Standes in den indogermanischen Sprachen. Indogermanische Forschungen 19: 377–391.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bryce, Trevor. 2002. Life and society in the Hittite world. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Buck, Carl Darling. 1904. A grammar of Oscan and Umbrian. 2nd rev. ed. Boston: Ginn & Company.Google Scholar
Cato the Elder & Varro. On Agriculture. W. D. Hooper & Harrison Boyd Ash (transl.) (Loeb Classical Library 283). Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press 1934.Google Scholar
Cicero. 1949. On invention. The best kind of orator. Topics. Translated by H. M. Hubbell. Loeb Classical Library 386. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Darmesteter, James. 1875. Notes sur quelques expressions zendes. Mémoires de la Société de Linguistique 2: 300–317.Google Scholar
Duchesne-Guillemin, Jacques. 1946. Études hittites Transactions of the Philological Society 45: 73–91.Google Scholar
Ernout, Alfred, & Meillet, Antoine. 1959. Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue latine. 4th ed. Paris: Klincksieck.Google Scholar
FAO. 2001. Pastoralism in the new millenium. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 150. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.Google Scholar
Finley, Moses. 1998 [1980]. Ancient slavery and modern ideology. Edited by Shaw, Brent D.. Princeton (NJ): Marcus Wiener Publishers. First published 1980 by Viking Press.Google Scholar
Gaius. 1904. Gai institutiones, or: Institutes of Roman law. Translated by Edward Poste, E. A. Whittuck, & A. H. J. Greenidge. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Gardani, Francesco. 2013. Dynamics of morphological productivity: The evolution of noun classes from Latin to Italian. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Hodkinson, Stephen. 2014. Pastoralism, Greek. In: Hornblower, Simon, Spawforth, Antony, & Eidinow, Esther (ed.), The Oxford companion to classical civilization. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ingold, Tim. 2000. The perception of the environment: Essays on livelihood, dwelling and skill. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Katz, Joshua T. 2006. The “‘urbi et orbi’-rule” revisited. Journal of Indo-European Studies 34(3–4): 319–362.Google Scholar
Kloekhorst, Alwin. 2006. Initial laryngeals in Anatolian. Historische Sprachforschung 119: 77–108.Google Scholar
Kroonen, Guus. 2013. Etymological dictionary of Proto-Germanic. Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Leumann, Manu. 1977. Lateinische Grammatik. Vol. 1. Lateinische Laut‑ und Formenlehre. 2nd ed. Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft 2.2.1. Munich: C. H. Beck. First published 1926–28.Google Scholar
Lévy-Bruhl, Henri. 1934. Quelques problèmes du très ancien droit romain: Essai de Solutions Sociologiques. Paris: Les éditions Domat-Montchrestien.Google Scholar
Lewis, Juan. 2013. Did Varro think that slaves were tools? Mnemosyne 66(4–5): 634–648.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Livy. History of Rome. Vol. 11: Books 38–40. J. C. Yardley (transl.) (Loeb Classical Library 313). Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press 1922.Google Scholar
Loth, Joseph. 1905. Contribution á la lexicographie et l’étymologie celtiques. In: d’Arbois de Jubainville, H. (ed.), Mélanges : Recueil de mémoires concernant la littérature et l’histoire celtiques dédié à M. H. d’Arbois de Jubainville à l’occassion du 78e anniversaire de sa naissance. Paris: Ancienne Librairie Thorin et fils.Google Scholar
Marshall, Lydia Wilson. 2016. Introduction: The comparative archaeology of slavery. In: Marshall, Lydia Wilson (ed.), The archaeology of slavery: A comparative approach to captivity and coercion, 1–23. Carbondale (IL): Southern Illinois University Press.Google Scholar
Martzloff, Vincent. 2006. Les thèmes de présent en yod dans l’épigraphie italique et en latin archaïque. PhD diss., Université Lumière–Lyon II.Google Scholar
Meiser, Gerhard. 2018. The phonology of Italic. In: Klein, Jared, Joseph, B. D., Fritz, Matthias, & Wenthe, Mark (ed.), Handbook of comparative and historical Indo-European linguistics 2. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
Morris, Sarah. 2018. Material evidence: Looking for slaves? The archaeological record: Greece. In: Hodkinson, Stephen, Kleijwegt, Marc, & Vlassopoulos, Kostas (ed.), The Oxford handbook of Greek and Roman slaveries. Oxford: Oxford University Press Web.Google Scholar
Mouritsen, Henrik. 2011. The freedman in the Roman world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murdock, G. P., & White, D. R.. 1969. Standard cross-cultural samples. Ethnology 8: 329–369.Google Scholar
Myrdal, Janken. 2011. Milking and grinding, digging and herding: Slaves and farmwork 1000–1300. In: Poulsen, Bjørn & Sindbæk, Søren Michael (ed.), Settlement and lordship in Viking and Early Medieval Scandinavia. Turnhout: Brepols.Google Scholar
Nielsen Whitehead, Benedicte. 2020. Family structures in Rome: The Roman family and its free and unfree members. In: Whitehead, Benedicte Nielsen, Olsen, Birgit Anette, & Jacquet, Janus Bahs (ed.), Kin, clan and community in Indo-European Society (Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European 9), 233–359. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, Alan J. 2017. Agentive and other derivatives of the “τόμος-type” nouns. In: Feuvre, Claire Le, Petit, Daniel, & Pinault, Georges-Jean (ed.), Verbal adjectives and participles in Indo-European languages: Proceedings of the Conference of the Society for Indo-European Studies (Indogermanische Gesellschaft), Paris, 24th to 26th September 2014 = Adjectifs verbaux et participes dans les langues indo-européennes, 233–266. Bremen: Hempen Verlag.Google Scholar
Olsen, Birgit Anette. 1999. The noun in Biblical Armenian: With special emphasis on the Indo-European heritage. Trends in Linguistics: Studies and Monographs 199. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Olsen, Birgit Anette. 2003. Another account of the Latin adjectives in -idus. Historische Sprachforschung 116(2), 234–275.Google Scholar
Olsen, Birgit Anette. 2020. Kin, clan and community in Proto-Indo-European Society. In: Whitehead, Benedicte Nielsen, Olsen, Birgit Anette, & Jacquet, Janus Bahs (ed.), Kin, Clan and Community in Indo-European Society (Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European 9), 39–180. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum.Google Scholar
Patterson, Orlando. 1982. Slavery and social death: A comparative study. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Patterson, Orlando. 2008. Slavery, gender, and work in the pre-modern world and early Greece: A cross-cultural analysis. In: Dal Lago, Enrico & Katsari, Constantina (ed.), Slave systems, ancient and modern, 32–69. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Diaconus, Paulus. De verborum significatu quae supersunt cum Pauli epitome. Thewrewkianis copiis usus. Edited by Lindsay, Wallace M.. Bibliotheca scriptorum Graecorum et Romanorum Teubneriana 1349. Berlin: De Gruyter 1997. First published 1913 by Teubner.Google Scholar
Pinault, Georges-Jean. 2011. Let us now praise famous gems. Tocharian and Indo-European Studies 12: 155–220.Google Scholar
Plutarch. 1916. Lives. Vol. 3. Pericles and Fabius Maximus. Nicias and Crassus. Loeb Classical Library 65. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Pokorny, Julius. 1959. Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Vol. 1. 3rd ed. Tübingen: Francke.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, Jens Elmegård. 1989. Studien zur Morphophonemik der indogermanischen Grundsprache. Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Spachwissenschaftt 55. Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck.Google Scholar
Rix, Helmut. 1994. Die Termini der Unfreiheit in den Sprachen Alt-Italiens. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner.Google Scholar
Rix, Helmut, Kümmel, Martin Joachim, Zehnder, Thomas, Lipp, Reiner, & Schirmer, Brigitte. 2001. LIV: Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben. 2nd ed. Wiesbaden: Reichert.Google Scholar
Rodriguez, Junius P. 1997. The historical encyclopedia of world slavery. Santa Barbara (CA): ABC-CLIO.Google Scholar
de Saussure, Ferdinand. 1931 [1915]. Cours de linguistique générale. 3rd ed. Edited by Bally, Charles, Sechehaye, Charles Albert, & Riedlinger, Albert. Paris: Payot. First published 1915.Google Scholar
Schrijver, Peter. 1991. The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Latin. Leiden Studies in Indo-European 2. Amsterdam: Rodopi.Google Scholar
Suetonius. Lives of the Caesars. Vol. 1: Julius. Augustus. Tiberius. Gaius. Caligula. J.C. Rolfe (transl.) (Loeb Classical Library 31). Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press 1914.Google Scholar
Suetonius. 1914. Lives of the Caesars. Vol. 1. Julius. Augustus. Tiberius. Gaius. Caligula. Translated by J. C. Rolfe. Loeb Classical Library 31. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Sütterlin, Ludwig. 1891. Zur Geschichte der verba denominativa im Altgriechischen. Strassburg: Karl J. Trübner.Google Scholar
Sütterlin, Ludwig. 1906. Die Denominativverba im Altindischen. Indogermanische Forschungen 19(1): 480–577.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, R. J., Bevan, Gareth A., & Donovan, Patrick A.. 1950. Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru: A dictionary of the Welsh language. Dublin: Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru.Google Scholar
Untermann, Jürgen. 2000. Wörterbuch des Oskisch-Umbrischen. Indogermanische Bibliothek, 1. Reihe: Lehr‑ und Handbücher. Handbuch der italischen Dialekte 3. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag C. Winter.Google Scholar
De Vaan, Michiel Arnoud Cor. 2008. Etymological dictionary of Latin and the other Italic languages. Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Varro. On the Latin language. Vol. 1: Books 5–7. Roland, G. Kent (transl.) (Loeb Classical Library 333). Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press 1938.Google Scholar
Vendryes, Joseph. 1935. A propos de lat. seruos. Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris 36: 124–130.Google Scholar
Vine, Brent Harmon. 2004. On PIE full grades in some zero-grade contexts: *-tí‑, *-tó‑. In: Clackson, James & Olsen, Birgit Anette (ed.), Indo-European Word Formation, 357–379. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press.Google Scholar
Vine, Brent Harmon. 2006. On ‘Thurneysen-Havet’s law’ in Latin and Italic. Historische Sprachforschung/Historical Linguistics 119: 211–249.Google Scholar
Vine, Brent Harmon. 2012. PIE mobile accent in Italic: Further evidence. In: Whitehead, Benedicte Nielsen, Olander, Thomas, Olsen, Birgit Anette, & Rasmussen, Jens Elmegård (ed.), The Sound of Indo-European: Phonetics, phonemics, and morphophonemics, 545–575. Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European 4. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum.Google Scholar
Walde, Alois, & Hofmann, J. B.. 1938 [1906]. Lateinisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Hofmann, J. B.: 3rd, revised ed. Indogermanische Bibliothek, Abt. 1, Reihe 2(1). Heidelberg: Winter. First published 1906.Google Scholar
Warmington, E. H. 1936. Remains of Old Latin 2: Livius Andronicus. Naevius. Pacuvius. Accius (Loeb Classical Library 314). Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Warmington, E. H. 1938. Remains of Old Latin. Vol. 3. Lucilius. The Twelve Tables. Loeb Classical Library 329. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Watkins, Calvert. 1995. How to kill a dragon. Aspects of Indo-European poetics. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Wiedemann, Thomas Ernst Josef. 1998. Review of Rix 1994. The Classical Review 48(1): 227–228.Google Scholar
Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, & Schneider, Carolin. 2008. Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter.Google Scholar
Woodard, Roger D. 2013. Myth, ritual, and the warrior in Roman and Indo-European antiquity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Zelnick-Abramovitz, Rachel. 2018. Greek and Roman terminologies of slavery. In: Hodkinson, Stephen, Kleijwegt, Marc, & Vlassopoulos, Kostas (ed.), The Oxford handbook of Greek and Roman slaveries. Oxford: Oxford University Press Web.Google Scholar