Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-8ctnn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T16:24:01.254Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

7 - The Role of Voluntary Sustainability Standards in Sustainable Livelihoods for Cocoa Farmers in Côte d’Ivoire

from Part III - Bottom-Up: Private Sector and Civil Society Initiatives on the Sustainable Development Goals

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 September 2020

By
Lee Ann Jackson  and
Kossivi Balema
Edited by
Cosimo Beverelli ,
Jürgen Kurtz  and
Damian Raess
Cosimo Beverelli
Affiliation:
World Trade Organization
Jürgen Kurtz
Affiliation:
European University Institute, Florence
Damian Raess
Affiliation:
World Trade Institute, University of Bern
Get access

Summary

Voluntary sustainability standards (VSS) play an important role in the structure of cocoa production in Côte d’Ivoire where climate change and land use pressures threaten to reduce supplies. The literature examining the participation of cocoa farmers in certification schemes has primarily emphasised the economic gains farmers perceive from joining these schemes and has offered less insight into the other determinants. These gains, however, are often subject to price volatility, offering only a partial explanation of what drives farmers to join and stay in certification programs. In this chapter, we evaluate household survey data to examine the characteristics of farmers who invest in VSS certification and the outcomes from adoption, including changes in production and management practices at the household level and subsequent environmental and economic outcomes. Using a Logit model, we identify factors that determine farmer adoption of VSS. The study found that socio-economic characteristics (age and sex of the household head, size of household, level of education of the head) and farm-specific factors such as size of land devoted to cocoa cultivation determine farmers’ adoption of certification programs in Côte d'Ivoire.

Keywords

cocoasustainable livelihoodsvoluntary sustainability standardsprivate standardssocial-environmental and economic- certificationseconomic certificationsUTZ/Rainforest AllianceFairtrade
Type
Chapter
Information
International Trade, Investment, and the Sustainable Development Goals
World Trade Forum
 , pp. 201 - 227
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Arrègle, J.-L., (2003). Les modèles linéaires hiérarchiques: principes et illustration, Management 6: 1–28.Google Scholar
Bacon, C. (2010). ‘A Spot of Coffee in Crisis: Nicaraguan Smallholder Cooperatives, Fair Trade Networks, and Gendered Empowerment’. Latin American Perspectives 37: 50–71.Google Scholar
Benayas, J. M. R., Newton, A. C., Diaz, A. and Bullock, J. M. (2009). ‘Enhancement of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services by Ecological Restoration: A Meta-analysis’. Science 325: 1121–1124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beuchelt, T. and Zeller, M. (2011). ‘Profits and Poverty: Certification’s Troubled Link for Nicaragua’s Organic and Fairtrade Coffee Producers’. Ecological Economics 70: 1316–1324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blackman, A and Rivera, J. E. (2010). ‘The Evidence Base for Environmental and Socioeconomic Impacts of “Sustainable” Certification’. RFF Discussion Paper 10–10. Washington, DC: Resources for the Future.Google Scholar
Bryk, A. S. and Raudenbush, S. W. (1992). Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods. Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Bymolt, R., Laven, A. and Tyszler, M. (2018). Demystifying the Cocoa Sector in Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire. The Royal Tropical Institute (KIT).Google Scholar
Cargill. (2019) ‘Re-defining Our Goals. How We Are Evolving the Cargill Cocoa Promise. Available at www.cargill.com/sustainability/cocoa/re-defining-our-goals.Google Scholar
Central Intelligence Agency. (2012). World Factbook. Washington, DC: CIA.Google Scholar
Chiputwa, B., Spielman, D. and Qaim, M. (2015). ‘Food Standards, Certification, and Poverty among Coffee Farmers in Uganda’. World Development 66: 400–412.Google Scholar
Confectionary News. (2017). ‘Cocoa Price for Ivorian Farmers May Drop 30% amid Widespread Poverty’. Available at www.confectionerynews.com/Article/2017/03/24/Cocoa-price-for-Ivorian-farmers-may-drop30?utm_source=copyright&utm_medium=OnSite&utm_campaign=copyright.Google Scholar
Confectionary Production. (2019). ‘Rainforest Alliance Calls on Developers to Help Cocoa Farms’. 8 February 2019. Available atwww.confectioneryproduction.com/news/25345/rainforest-alliance-calls-on-developers-to-help-cocoa-farms/.Google Scholar
Fairtrade International. (2018). ‘Cocoa Farmers to Earn More through a Higher Fairtrade Minimum Price’. Available at www.fairtrade.net/new/latest-news/single-view/article/cocoa-farmers-to-earn-more-through-a-higher-fairtrade-minimum-price.html.Google Scholar
FAOSTAT. (2017). FAO On-lineStatistical Database on Crop Production. Food and Agriculture Organization. Available at www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC.Google Scholar
Fountain, A. and Huetz-Adams, F. (2018). ‘Cocoa Barameter 2018’. Voice Network. Available at www.voicenetwork.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Cocoaborometer2018_web4.pdf.Google Scholar
Gayi, S. and Tsowou, K. (2015). Cocoa Industry: Integrating Small Farmers into the Global Value Chain. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.Google Scholar
Giovannucci, D. and Ponte, S. (2005). ‘Standards as a New Form of Social Contract? Sustainability Initiatives in the Coffee Industry’. Food Policy 30: 284–301.Google Scholar
Government of Ghana. (2018). Available at www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/news/4512-ghana-cote-d-ivoire-sign-agreement-on-cocoa.Google Scholar
Hiscox, M. J., Hainmueller, J. and Sequeira, S. (2015). ‘Consumer Demand for the Fair Trade Label: Evidence from a Multi-Store Field Experiment’. Review of Economics and Statistics 97: 242–256.Google Scholar
Ibanez, M. and Blackman, A. (2016). ‘Is Eco-Certification a Win–Win for Developing Country Agriculture? Organic Coffee Certification in Colombia’. World Development 82: 14–27.Google Scholar
Jewell, N. (2003). Statistics for Epidemiology. Chapman & Hall/CRC.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Markelova, H. and Mwangi, E. (2010). ‘Collective Action for Smallholder Market Access: Evidence and Implications for Africa’. Review of Policy Research 27: 621–640.Google Scholar
Minten, B., Tamru, S., Engida, E., and Kuma, T. (2015). ‘Transforming Staple Food Value Chains in Africa: The Case of Teff in Ethiopia’. The Journal of Development Studies 52: 627–645.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perez-Aleman, P. (2012). ‘Global Standards and Local Knowledge Building: Upgrading Small Producers in Developing Countries. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 109: 12344–12349.Google Scholar
Ponte, S. and Gibbon, P. (2006). ‘Quality Standards, Conventions and the Governance of Global Value Chains’. Journal of Economic and Society 34: 1–31.Google Scholar
Rainforest Alliance. (2019). ‘How Can Digital Technology Improve Supply Chain Sustainability?’ https://utz.org/better-business-hub/sourcing-sustainable-products/how-can-digital-technology-improve-supply-chain-sustainability/.Google Scholar
Rueda, X. and Lambin, E. (2013). ‘Linking Globalization to Local Land Uses: How Eco-consumers and Gourmands Are Changing the Colombian coffee landscapes’. World Development 41: 286–301.Google Scholar
Rusman, A., de Adelhart Toorop, R., de Boer, J., de Groot Ruiz, A. (2018). ‘Cocoa Farmer Income. The Household Income of Cocoa Farmers in Côte d’Ivôire and Strategies for Improvement. True Price/Fairtrade, April 2018. Available at www.fairtrade.net/fileadmin/user_upload/content/2009/resources/2018–04_Report_Fairtrade_Cocoa_Farmer_Income.pdf.Google Scholar
Sustainable Agricultural Network. (2010). ‘Sustainable Agriculture Standard 2010’. Available at https://sustainableagriculturenetwork.squarespace.com/.Google Scholar
Wessel, M., and Quist-Wessel, P. M. (2015). ‘Cocoa Production in West Africa: A Review and Analysis of Recent Developments’. NJAS – Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences 74–75: 1–7.Google Scholar
World Cocoa Foundation. (2016). ‘Learning as We Grow’. Putting CocoaAction into Practice. Abidjan: World Cocoa Foundation. Available at www.worldcocoafoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2016-CocoaActionReport-English_WEB_10-30.pdf.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×