Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T04:09:38.792Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Introduction: The Trump Era as a Linguistic Emergency

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 September 2020

Janet McIntosh
Affiliation:
Brandeis University, Massachusetts
Norma Mendoza-Denton
Affiliation:
University of California, Los Angeles
Get access

Summary

This substantial introduction covers Trump’s divisive verbal shock tactics during his rise. It offers a history of presidential oratory and speech style, discusses Trump’s use of social media, and his rhetorical feedback loop with his supporters. It analyzes the way the “culture wars” over so-called “politically correct language” feed into Trump’s popularity and the dismay of his critics. Trump supporters often refuse the notion that word choice creates problems, arguing instead that linguistic care stokes oversensitivity, or that it evades harsh realities that harsh language merely describes. They also feel his simple, profane verbal style and even his spelling and grammatical errors reflect his “authenticity” and positive masculinity. Trump’s critics, meanwhile, believe his insulting words and hate speech incite violence while his style denotes lack of education and care, possibly even dementia, while demoting the verbal standards expected of a president. Disagreements over Trump’s verbal style and propriety have sometimes played out over class lines. Trump’s well documented prevarications have exhausted journalists and seemed to influence his supporters, some of whom take his statements as merely hyperbolic articulations of a deeper underlying truth.

Type
Chapter
Information
Language in the Trump Era
Scandals and Emergencies
, pp. 1 - 44
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ablow, Keith. 2017. “Relax, Trump Is Stone Cold Sane.” Fox News article, February 15, 2017. https://fxn.ws/2PbWOUO.Google Scholar
Alim, H. Samy, and Smitherman, Geneva. 2012. Articulate While Black: Barack Obama, Language, and Race in the US. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Arendt, Hannah. 1972. Crises of the Republic: Lying in Politics; Civil Disobedience; On Violence; Thoughts on Politics and Revolution. Mariner Books.Google Scholar
Atkin, Emily. 2015. “What Language Experts Find So Strange about Donald Trump.” Think Progress, September 15, 2015. https://bit.ly/33atf9k.Google Scholar
Baker, Peter. 2019. “The Profanity President: Trump’s Four-Letter Vocabulary.” The New York Times, May 19, 2019. https://nyti.ms/2EdFHtG.Google Scholar
Bakhtin, Mikhail. 1983 The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays. Edited by Holquist, Michael. Translated by Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist. University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Barajas, Joshua. 2016. “Nazi Salutes ‘Done in a Spirit of Irony and Exuberance’, Alt-Right Leader Says.” PBS News Hour, November 22, 2016. https://to.pbs.org/34Cp2v7.Google Scholar
BBC News. 2018. “Air Force Once and Other White House Typos.” BBC News article, May 1, 2018. https://bbc.in/2KmEK3x.Google Scholar
Bell, Allan. 1984. “Language Style as Audience Design.Language in Society 13, no. 2: 145204.Google Scholar
Benen, Steve. 2017. “Conway: Look at Trump’s Heart, Not ‘What’s Come Out of His Mouth.’” MSNBC, January 9, 2017. https://on.msnbc.com/2jv9zJu.Google Scholar
Benesch, Susan, Buerger, Cathy, Glavinic, Tonei, and Manion, Sean. 2018. “Dangerous Speech: A Practical Guide.” Dangerous Speech Project, December 31, 2018. https://dangerousspeech.org/guide/.Google Scholar
Blow, Charles M. 2017. “Trump’s Degradation of the Language.” The New York Times, May 1, 2017. https://nyti.ms/2p1LhpJ.Google Scholar
Boorstin, Daniel J. 1962. The Image: A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America. Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Brinkbäumer, Klaus. 2018. “Trump and Iran: Time for Europe to Join the Resistance.” Spiegel Online, May 11, 2018. https://bit.ly/334ersA.Google Scholar
Bump, Philip. 2019. “All of The Things That ‘Everybody Knows,’ According to Trump.” The Washington Post, April 20, 2019. https://wapo.st/2Nybo6H.Google Scholar
Bruni, Frank. 2017. “I’m O.K. – You’re Pure Evil.” The New York Times, June 17, 2017. https://nyti.ms/2LY66kO.Google Scholar
Butler Bass, Diana. 2018. “Thank Trump, or You’ll Be Sorry.” The New York Times, April 22, 2018. https://nyti.ms/2YaSYiS.Google Scholar
Calfas, Jennifer. 2017. “Trump’s Official Inauguration Poster Has Glaring Typo.” The Hill, February 12, 2017. https://bit.ly/341rhbJ.Google Scholar
Cameron, Deborah. 1995. Verbal Hygiene. Routledge.Google Scholar
Carnes, Nicholas, and Lupu, Noam. 2017. “It’s Time to Bust the Myth: Most Trump Voters Were Not Working Class.” The Washington Post, June 5, 2017. https://wapo.st/2YAiXQa.Google Scholar
Carpenter, Amanda. 2018. Gaslighting America: Why We Love It When Trump Lies to Us. Broadside Books.Google Scholar
Cohen, Elizabeth. 2018. “The Truth about Those 7 Words ‘Banned’ at the CDC.” CNN Digital, January 31, 2018. https://cnn.it/2W1N8dJ.Google Scholar
Cohen, Marshall. 2019. “Fact-Checking Trump’s Flurry of Falsehoods and Lies after Mueller Declined to Exonerate Him.” CNN Digital, May 30, 2019. https://cnn.it/2OvxDw7.Google Scholar
Cole, Devan. 2020. “Bernie Sanders Says He Never Expected to See a Nazi Flag Waved at a Major Political Rally.” CNN Politics, March 8, 2020. https://cnn.it/2vcXsZ8.Google Scholar
Collins, Keith, and Roose, Kevin. 2018. “Tracing a Meme from the Internet’s Fringe to a Republican Slogan.” The New York Times, November 4, 2018. https://nyti.ms/2Dqkr5o.Google Scholar
Cooper, Anderson. 2019. “Cooper Stunned by Trump Official’s ‘Orwellian’ Response.” CNN video, 10:04. March 7, 2019. https://bit.ly/2yB7fq5.Google Scholar
Costello, Maureen B. n.d. Teaching the 2016 Election: The Trump Effect; The Impact of the Presidential Campaign on Our Nation’s Schools. Southern Poverty Law Center. https://bit.ly/25fcbgv.Google Scholar
Cotter, Colleen. 2010. News Talk: Investigating the Language of Journalism. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cotter, Colleen 2015. “Discourse and Media.” In The Handbook of Discourse Analysis, edited by Tannen, Deborah, Hamilton, Heidi E, and Schiffrin, Deborah, pp. 795821. 2nd edn. Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Cummings, William. 2019. “‘Achomlishments’: Photographer Snaps Look at Trump’s Notes in Rose Garden News Conference.” USA Today, May 23, 2019. https://bit.ly/2W2T1Mw.Google Scholar
Dale, Daniel. 2017. “The 5 False Things Donald Trump Has Already Said as President.” The Star, January 23, 2017. https://bit.ly/2kdXaXz.Google Scholar
Dallison, Paul. 2019. “Trump Makes Splash with ‘Prince of Whales’ Tweet.” Politico, June 13, 2019. https://politi.co/2HFBwZN.Google Scholar
Davis, Dorian Hunter, and Sinnreich, Aram. 2018. “Tweet the Press: Effects of Donald Trump’s ‘Fake News!’ Epithet on Civics and Popular Culture.” In President Donald Trump and His Political Discourse: Ramifications of Rhetoric via Twitter, edited by Lockhart, Michele, pp. 149–69. Routledge.Google Scholar
Davlashyan, Nyra, and Titova, Irina. 2018. “Ex-Workers at Russian ‘Troll Factory’ Trust US Indictment.” The Washington Post, February 20, 2018. https://wapo.st/2PIK1Xb.Google Scholar
Dejean, Ashley. 2017. “Exclusive: Classified Memo Tells Intelligence Analysts to Keep Trump’s Daily Brief Short.” Mother Jones, February 16, 2017. https://bit.ly/337Qr80.Google Scholar
Derysh, Igor. 2019. “‘MAGA Bomber’ Cesar Sayoc Was Radicalized by Trump and Fox News Before Terror Plot, Lawyer Says.” Salon, July 23, 2019. https://bit.ly/2T7dgnI.Google Scholar
Diamond, Jeremy. 2019. “Trump Focuses on ‘Perfect’ Ukraine Call Despite Allegations of Broader Pressure Campaign.” CNN Politics, November 4, 2019. https://cnn.it/2DSn8Lk.Google Scholar
Drum, Kevin. 2018. “Our President is an Asshole.” Mother Jones, November 10, 2018. https://bit.ly/2OCYbvD.Google Scholar
Duranti, Alessandro. 1993. “Intentions, Self, and Responsibility: An Essay in Samoan Ethnopragmatics.” In Responsibility and Evidence in Oral Discourse, edited by Hill, Jane H. and Irvine, Judith T, pp. 2447. Cambridge University PressGoogle Scholar
Edevane, Gillian. 2018. “What Does Donald Trump’s Handwriting Say about Him? Author J. K. Rowling Has an Answer.” Newsweek, May 11, 2018. https://bit.ly/2MqUlD5.Google Scholar
Edwards, David. 2019. “Kirstjen Nielsen Accused of Misleading Congress after Claiming Migrant Kids Are Not Kept in ‘Cages.’” Salon, March 6, 2019. https://bit.ly/2UbNn6Q.Google Scholar
Ehrenreich, Barbara, and Ehrenreich, John. 1977. “The Professional-Managerial Class.Radical America 11 no. 2: 732.Google Scholar
Enda, Jodi. 2017. “These Republicans Didn’t Like Trump at First. They Do Now.” CNN Digital, February 21, 2017. https://cnn.it/2LRDtGc.Google Scholar
Fang, Marina. 2018. “A History of Donald Trump’s Tasteless Comments about 911.” The Huffington Post, September 11, 2018. https://bit.ly/2Pgn2FW.Google Scholar
Farley, Robert. 2011. “Trump Said Obama’s Grandmother Caught on Tape Saying She Witnessed His Birth in Kenya.” PolitiFact, April 7, 2011. https://bit.ly/2PvPRyj.Google Scholar
Fausto-Sterling, Anne. 2000. Sexing the Body: Gender Politics and The Construction of Sexuality. Basic Books.Google Scholar
Fishkin, Rand. 2018. “We Analyzed Every Twitter Account Following Donald Trump: 61% Are Bots, Spam, Inactive, or Propaganda.” SparkToro, October 9, 2018. https://bit.ly/2RDiVki.Google Scholar
Folley, Aris. 2019a. “Tucker Carlson Calls Trump ‘Full-Blown BS Artist’ in Segment Defending Him from Media Coverage.” The Hill, November 28, 2019. https://bit.ly/2DI1cCB.Google Scholar
Folley, Aris 2019b. “Ex-GOP Lawmaker: Former Colleagues Privately Say They’re ‘Disgusted and Exhausted’ by Trump.” The Hill, November 29, 2019. https://bit.ly/2R9dax2.Google Scholar
Fox, Emily Jane. 2018. “Michael Cohen Says Trump Repeatedly Used Racist Language Before His Presidency.” Vanity Fair, November 2, 2018. https://bit.ly/2P7ybrQ.Google Scholar
Frischling, Bill. 2018. “‘Stable Genius’ – Let’s Go to the Data.” Factbl.og, January 8, 2018. https://bit.ly/31ctzCo.Google Scholar
Gartner, John, Reiss, David, and Buser, Steven. 2018. “Trump’s Troubling Behavior Raises Questions His Medical Exam Didn’t Answer.” USA Today, January 22, 2018. https://bit.ly/2n1a9hv.Google Scholar
Gessen, Masha. 2016. “The Putin Paradigm.” The New York Review Daily, December 13, 2016. https://bit.ly/31dV0vQ.Google Scholar
Gleeson, Scott. 2018. “Donald Trump vs NFL Players.” USA Today, May 24, 2018. https://bit.ly/34CKZtY.Google Scholar
Gomes, Luke Henriques. 2017. “‘I Was Quite Alarmed’: Handwriting Expert Analyses Trump’s Signature.” The New Daily, February 1, 2017. https://bit.ly/2MpNVnz.Google Scholar
Gonyea, Don. 2016. “F-Bomb on a T-Shift: At Trump Rallies, Profanity Comes Onstage and Off.” National Public Radio, June 17, 2016. https://n.pr/31eTFoe.Google Scholar
Gopnik, Adam. 2017. “Orwell’s ‘1984’ and Trump’s America.” The New Yorker, January 27, 2017. https://bit.ly/2zY09i4.Google Scholar
Green, Mark J., and Gail, MacColl. 1983. There He Goes Again: Ronald Reagan’s Reign of Error. Pantheon Books.Google Scholar
Haberman, Maggie, and Rappeport, Alan. 2016. “Trump Drops False ‘Birther’ Theory, But Floats a New One: Clinton Started It.” The New York Times, September 16, 2016. https://nyti.ms/322iep0.Google Scholar
Hahl, Oliver, Kim, Minjae, and Zuckerman Sivan, Ezra W.. 2018. “The Authentic Appeal of the Lying Demagogue: Proclaiming the Deeper Truth about Political Illegitimacy.American Sociological Review 83, no. 1: 133.Google Scholar
Hainey, Michael. 2016. “Clint and Scott Eastwood: No Holds Barred in Their First Interview Together.” Esquire, August 3, 2016. https://bit.ly/330LiP5.Google Scholar
Haney López, Ian. 2014. Dog Whistle Politics: How Coded Racial Appeals Have Reinvented Racism and Wrecked the Middle Class. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Harriot, Michael. 2017. “Maybe the Earth Is Flat.” The Root, February 21, 2017. https://bit.ly/2MBIrqa.Google Scholar
Harwell, Drew. 2019. “Faked Pelosi Videos, Slowed to Make Her Appear Drunk, Spread across Social Media.” The Washington Post, May 23, 2019. https://wapo.st/2LUrhEF.Google Scholar
Herb, Jeremy, and Raju, Manu. 2018. “Lewandowski to Democrats: I’m Not Answering Your ‘F--ing’ Questions.” CNN Digital, April 7, 2018. https://cnn.it/2JmMYZa.Google Scholar
Hill, Jane H. 2000. “‘Read My Article’: Ideological Complexity and the Overdetermination of Promising in American Presidential Politics.” In Regimes of Language: Ideologies, Politics, and Identities, edited by Kroskrity, Paul V, pp. 259–92. School of American Research Press.Google Scholar
Hill, Jane H. 2008. The Everyday Language of White Racism. Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Hill, Tim. 2018. “‘Be Best’: Does Melania Trump’s Oddly Named Initiative Break the Laws of Grammar?” The Guardian, May 8, 2018. https://bit.ly/3cNxdJuGoogle Scholar
Hochschild, Arlie Russell. 2018. Strangers in Their Own Land: Anger and Mourning on the American Right. The New Press.Google Scholar
Hodges, Adam. 2017. “Trump’s Formulaic Twitter Insults.” Anthropology News, January 18, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1111/AN.308.Google Scholar
Hodges, Adam 2018. “Government of, by, and for the Trolls.” Anthropology News, December 20, 2018. https://bit.ly/2KhvQ8N.Google Scholar
Hodges, Adam 2019a. When Words Trump Politics: Resisting a Hostile Regime of Language. Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Hodges, Adam 2019b. “Trump’s Metaphorical Drug Deal and Lynching Fallacy.” Stanford University Press Blog, October 30, 2019. https://bit.ly/38HlAR3.Google Scholar
Hughes, Kyle. 2017. “Lawmaker’s Increasing Use of ‘F-Word’ Concerns Some Political Observers.” Daily Freeman, June 14, 2017. https://bit.ly/2ORXQp5.Google Scholar
Inskeep, Steve. 2017. “How’s the New President Doing? Voters in One Trump County Talk.” NPR, February 3, 2017. https://n.pr/2LQacvc.Google Scholar
Irvine, Judith T., and Gal, Susan. 2000. “Language Ideology and Linguistic Differentiation.” In Regimes of Language: Ideologies, Polities, and Identities, edited by Kroskrity, Paul V, pp. 3584. School of American Research Press.Google Scholar
Jackson, Jennifer. 2013. Political Oratory and Cartooning: An Ethnography of Democratic Processes in Madagascar. Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Jamieson, Kathleen Hall. 1998. Eloquence in an Electronic Age: The Transformation of Political Speechmaking. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Jamieson, Kathleen Hall, and Taussig, Doron. 2017. “Disruption, Demonization, Deliverance, and Norm Destruction: The Rhetorical Signature of Donald J. Trump.Political Science Quarterly 132, no. 4: 619–50.Google Scholar
Jaworska, Sylvia, and Sogomonian, Tigran. 2019.“After We #VoteLeave We Can #TakeControl: Political Campaigning and Imagined Collectives on Twitter before the Brexit Vote.” In Reference and Identity in Public Discourses, edited by Lutzky, Ursula and Nevala, Minna, pp. 181202. John Benjamins Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Kakutani, Michiko. 2018. The Death of Truth: Notes on Falsehood in the Age of Trump. Tim Duggan Books.Google Scholar
Kessler, Glenn, Rizzo, Salvador, and Kelly, Meg. 2019. “President Trump has made 13,435 false or misleading claims over 993 days.” The Washington Post, October 14, 2019. https://wapo.st/2suJUX3.Google Scholar
Kilgore, Ed. 2018. “‘Political Incorrectness’ Is Just ‘Political Correctness’ for Conservatives.” Intelligencer, July 17, 2018. https://nym.ag/30vJhbX.Google Scholar
Klemperer, Victor. [1957]2000. The Language of the Third Reich. LTI: Lingua Tertii Imperii. Translated by Martin Brady. Athlone Press.Google Scholar
Konnikova, Maria. 2017. “How Norms Change.” The New Yorker, October 11, 2017. https://bit.ly/2yAeazM.Google Scholar
Kramer, Elise. 2012. “Interview with Elise Kramer on ‘Mutual Minorityhood.’” By Daniel Salas. The Wenner-Gren Blog, April 12, 2012. https://bit.ly/331ZrLS.Google Scholar
Kurtz, Jason. 2017. “Van Jones on Trump: ‘He Became President of the United States in That Moment, Period.’” CNNPolitics, March 1, 2017. https://cnn.it/2UbsZCQ.Google Scholar
Lakoff, George P., and Duran, Gil. 2018. “Trump Has Turned Words into Weapons. And He’s Winning the Linguistic War.” The Guardian, June 13, 2018. https://bit.ly/2GD3YKZ.Google Scholar
Landler, Mark. 2018. “White House Memo: With a Vocabulary From ‘Goodfellas,’ Trump Evokes His Native New York.” The New York Times, August 23, 2018. https://nyti.ms/2PzYbZK.Google Scholar
Lempert, Michael. 2011. “Barack Obama, Being Sharp: Indexical Order in the Pragmatics of Precision-Grip Gesture.Gesture 11, no. 3: 241–70.Google Scholar
Lempert, Michael, and Silverstein, Michael. 2012. Creatures of Politics: Media, Message, and the American Presidency. Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Lim, Elvin T. 2003. “The Lion and the Lamb: De-mythologizing Franklin Roosevelt’s Fireside Chats.Rhetoric and Public Affairs 6, no. 3: 437–64.Google Scholar
Linskey, Annie. 2018. “Inside the Trump Tweet Machine: Staff-Written Posts, Bad Grammar (On Purpose), and Delight in the Chaos.” The Boston Globe, May 22, 2018. https://bit.ly/3361BtT.Google Scholar
Liptak, Kevin. 2017. “Trump: ‘Nobody Knew Health Care Could Be So Complicated.’” CNNPolitics, February 28, 2017. https://cnn.it/2PvU2dt.Google Scholar
Lizza, Ryan. 2017. “Anthony Scaramucci Called Me to Unload about White House Leakers, Reince Priebus, and Steve Bannon.” The New Yorker, July 27, 2017. https://bit.ly/2vNo12x.Google Scholar
Lockhart, Michele, ed. 2018. President Donald Trump and His Political Discourse: Ramifications of Rhetoric via Twitter. Routledge.Google Scholar
Mastromonaco, Alyssa (@AlyssaMastro44). 2017. “That’s a fucking lie. To say president Obama (or past presidents) didn’t call the family members of soldiers KIA – he’s a deranged animal.” Twitter, October 16, 2017. https://bit.ly/2ZuhrfF.Google Scholar
Mazzarella, William. n.d. “Brand(ish)ing the Name, or Why Is Trump So Enjoyable?” Academia. https://bit.ly/2OuIZjZ.Google Scholar
McCarthy, Tom. 2018. “Trump Dictated Note Saying He Was ‘Astonishingly’ Healthy, Doctor Says.” The Guardian, May 2, 2018. https://bit.ly/2LsRKar.Google Scholar
McGranahan, Carole. 2017. “An Anthropology of Lying: Trump and the Political Sociality of Moral Outrage.American Ethnologist 44, no. 2: 243–48.Google Scholar
McIntosh, Janet. 2016. Unsettled: Denial and Belonging among White Kenyans. University of California Press.Google Scholar
McWhorter, John. 2017. “How to Listen to Donald Trump Every Day for Years.” The New York Times, January 21, 2017. https://nyti.ms/2jkAK67.Google Scholar
McWhorter, John 2018a. “What Trump’s Speech Says about His Mental Fitness.” The New York Times, February 6, 2018. https://nyti.ms/2GVcZgY.Google Scholar
McWhorter, John 2018b. “The Best Words: Trump and the Future of English.” The American Interest, April 23, 2018. https://bit.ly/2HYAqqF.Google Scholar
Meyer, Robinson. 2019. “The Air Really Was Cleaner under Obama.” The Atlantic, July 19, 2019. https://bit.ly/2XVAXnR.Google Scholar
Mitchell, Hilary. 2016. “24 Times Scottish Twitter Roasted the Fuck out of Trump.” BuzzFeed, October 7, 2016. https://bzfd.it/2dVU9Il.Google Scholar
Moye, David. 2018. “Geraldo Rivera Tells ‘The View’: ‘I Was a Right-Wing Lunatic’ about Bomb Threat Conspiracy.” The Huffington Post, November 1, 2018. https://bit.ly/2YDnRMk.Google Scholar
Nakamura, David. 2018. “Donald Trump May Have ‘Best Words,’ but Spelling Mistakes Are Commonplace among President and Team.” The Independent, March 22, 2018. https://bit.ly/2MCjdso.Google Scholar
Neiwert, David. 2020. “Neo-Nazi’s Swastika Flag Stunt at Sanders Rally in Phoenix Just the Latest Far-Right Event Attack.” Daily Kos, March 6. 2020. https://bit.ly/2ILLs45.Google Scholar
Nelson, Louis. 2017. “Spicer Refuses to Say Trump’s ‘Covfefe’ Tweet Was a Typo.” Politico, May 31, 2017. https://politi.co/2MDQ1RF.Google Scholar
Olson, Kyle. 2017. “CNN Host Calls Trump ‘Piece of Sh*t’ over Renewed Call for Travel Ban.” The American Mirror, June 3, 2017. https://bit.ly/2roE32M.Google Scholar
Orr, Caroline. 2018. “Convicted in Mass Murder Plot, Extremists Blame Trump’s Anti-Muslim Rhetoric.” The National Memo, November 2, 2018. https://bit.ly/2MypEvD.Google Scholar
Peters, Evan. 2017. “Fox News Had a Good Segment.” Slate, October 18, 2017.https://bit.ly/2rnMXQA.Google Scholar
Pinker, Stephen. 2019. “A Linguist’s Guide to Quid Pro Quo.” The New York Times, October 7, 2019. https://nyti.ms/352mPJE.Google Scholar
Pollock, Mica. 2017. “Three Challenges for Teachers in the Era of Trump.Educational Studies 53, no. 4: 426–27.Google Scholar
Polychroniou, C. J. 2016. “Trump in the White House: An Interview with Noam Chomsky.” Truthout, November 14, 2016. https://bit.ly/2SWZpjJ.Google Scholar
Prakash, Nidhi. 2017. “‘What Does He Mean When He Says Words’: Watch John Oliver’s Searing Takedown of Trump’s Lies.” Splinter News, February 13, 2017. https://bit.ly/2YnxnDQ.Google Scholar
Reichmann, Deb. 2019. “Trump Said He Got a Beautiful Letter from North Korea’s Kim Jong Un.” PBS News Hour, August 9, 2017. https://to.pbs.org/2ZfF5QU.Google Scholar
Samuels, Brett. 2018. “Trump Rally Crowd Erupts with Chants of ‘Lock Her Up’ about Feinstein.” The Hill, October 9, 2018. https://bit.ly/3346Ri9.Google Scholar
Sclafani, Jennifer. 2018. Talking Donald Trump: A Sociolinguistic Study of Style, Metadiscourse, and Political Identity. Routledge.Google Scholar
Sennett, Richard, and Cobb, Jonathan. 1972. The Hidden Injuries of Class. Knopf.Google Scholar
Shear, Michael D. 2018. “James Comey’s Interview on ABC’s ‘20/20’: Annotated Excerpts.” The New York Times, April 15, 2018. https://nyti.ms/2IYqOLQ.Google Scholar
Sherman, Gabriel. 2018. “‘Now I’m F–ing Doing It My Way’: Jubilant and Self-Liberated, the President Prepares for War with Mueller.” Vanity Fair, March 22, 2018. https://bit.ly/2pxFTMh.Google Scholar
Silverstein, Michael. 2003. Talking Politics: The Substance of Style from Abe to “W.” Prickly Paradigm Press.Google Scholar
Skinnell, Ryan. 2018a. “What Passes for Truth in the Trump Era: Telling It Like It Isn’t.” In Faking the News: What Rhetoric Can Teach Us about Donald J. Trump, edited by Skinnell, Ryan, pp. 7694. Imprint Academic.Google Scholar
Skinnell, Ryan, ed. 2018b. Faking the News: What Rhetoric Can Teach Us about Donald J. Trump. Imprint Academic.Google Scholar
Smilowitz, Elliot. 2017. “Trump Deletes Misspelled Tweet Saying He’s ‘Honered’ to Serve.” The Hill, January 21, 2017. https://bit.ly/2Lbd5Ee.Google Scholar
Snyder, Timothy. 2017. On Tyranny: Twenty Lessons from the Twentieth Century. Tim Duggan Books.Google Scholar
Stack, Liam. 2017. “Notre Dame Students Walk Out of Mike Pence Commencement Address.” The New York Times, May 21, 2017. https://nyti.ms/2qOfWbv.Google Scholar
Stanley, Jason. 2018a. “Bannon’s Deviant ‘Badge of Honor.’” The New York Times, March 13, 2018. https://nyti.ms/2LZVYYL.Google Scholar
Stanley, Jason 2018b. How Fascism Works: The Politics of Us and Them. Random House.Google Scholar
Starnes, Todd. 2017. “Thank You, Mr. Trump for Bringing ‘Merry Christmas’ Back to the White House.” Fox News article, November 29, 2017. https://fxn.ws/2LQ6vpE.Google Scholar
Steudeman, Michael J. 2018. “Demagoguery and the Donald’s Duplicitous Victimhood.” In Faking the News: What Rhetoric Can Teach Us about Donald J. Trump, edited by Skinnell, Ryan, pp. 114. Imprint Academic.Google Scholar
Stolee, Galen, and Caton, Steven. 2018. “Twitter, Trump, and the Base: A Shift to a New Form of Presidential Talk?Signs and Society 6, no. 1: 147–65.Google Scholar
Stuart, Tessa. 2016. “Donald Trump’s Meanest Twitter Insults.” Rolling Stone, March 10, 2016. https://bit.ly/2Zn7T5m.Google Scholar
Suk Gersen, Jeannie. 2018. “Donald Trump’s Brain Is a Catch-22.” The New Yorker, January 28, 2018. https://bit.ly/2GIX473.Google Scholar
Taylor, Lenore. 2019. “As a Foreign Reporter Visiting the US I Was Stunned by Trump’s Press Conference.” The Guardian, September 20, 2019. https://bit.ly/2DJO3bU.Google Scholar
Thomsen, Jacqueline. 2018. “Twitter Users Mock Trump for ‘Marine Core’ Misspelling.” The Hill, March 13, 2018. https://bit.ly/349sQEy.Google Scholar
Tobak, Steve. 2016. “Donald Trump’s War on Political Correctness.” Fox Business article, August 9, 2016. https://fxn.ws/2K8e1bS.Google Scholar
Todd, Sarah. 2017. “21 Unexpected Things That Donald Trump Thinks Are Beautiful.” Quartz, September 26, 2017. https://bit.ly/2wPdyb0.Google Scholar
Trump, Donald. 2015. “Donald Trump Campaign Rally in Hilton Head, South Carolina.” C-SPAN video, 00:24. March 7, 2017. www.c-span.org/video/?c4659877/trump-words.Google Scholar
Trump, Donald 2017. “Remarks by President Trump in Joint Address to Congress.” Whitehouse.gov, February 28, 2017. https://bit.ly/2rPz9xG.Google Scholar
Trump, Donald.(@realDonaldTrump). 2020a. “The Coronavirus is very much under control in the USA. We are in contact with everyone and all relevant countries. CDC & World Health have been working hard and very smart. Stock Market starting to look very good to me!” Twitter, February 24, 2020. https://bit.ly/2TEj61y.Google Scholar
Trump, Donald 2020b. “We have a perfectly coordinated and fine tuned plan at the White House for our attack on CoronaVirus. We moved VERY early to close borders to certain areas, which was a Godsend. V.P. is doing a great job. The Fake News Media is doing everything possible to make us look bad. Sad!” Twitter, March 8, 2020. https://bit.ly/2IxJmo7.Google Scholar
Tyson, Alec, and Maniam, Shiva. 2016. “Behind Trump’s Victory: Divisions by Race, Gender, Education.” Fact Tank, November 9, 2016. https://pewrsr.ch/2IrtQex.Google Scholar
van Dijk, Teun Adrianus. 2005. Racism and discourse in Spain and Latin America. John Benjamins Publishing.Google Scholar
Van Hout, Tom, and Burger, Peter. 2017. “Text Bite News: The Metapragmatics of Feature News.Text and Talk 37, no. 4: 461–84. https://doi.org/10.1515/text-2017–0015.Google Scholar
Viennot, Bérengère. 2016. “Pour les traducteurs, Trump est un casse-tête inédit et désolant.” Slate (France), December 14, 2016. https://bit.ly/2LlaEjj.Google Scholar
Wade, Peter. 2019. “Embassy Official Confirms Overhearing Trump’s Damning Ukraine Phone Call.” Rolling Stone, November 16, 2019. https://bit.ly/365SwSC.Google Scholar
Walley, Christine J. 2017. “Trump’s Election and the ‘White Working Class’: What We Missed.American Ethnologist 44, no. 2: 231–36.Google Scholar
Warzel, Charlie. 2019. “Epstein Suicide Conspiracies Show How Our Information System Is Poisoned.” The New York Times, August 11, 2019. https://nyti.ms/2qaNeGa.Google Scholar
Wayne, Teddy. 2017. “What We Talk about When We Talk about and Exactly Like Trump.” The New York Times, September 8, 2017. https://nyti.ms/2xU5Qbp.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, Alissa. 2019. “Errol Morris Thinks He May Have ‘Assumed Too Much’ with His Steve Bannon Documentary.” Vox, November 5, 2019. https://bit.ly/2ONuKow.Google Scholar
Williams, Patricia J. 2017. “How Donald Trump’s Words Create Emergencies: A Linguistic Political Analysis.” The Nation, May 18, 2017. https://bit.ly/2GJhZab.Google Scholar
Wodak, Ruth. 2015. The Politics of Fear: What Right-Wing Populist Discourses Mean. SAGE Publishing.Google Scholar
Wolff, Michael. 2018. Fire and Fury: Inside the Trump White House. Little Brown. https://bit.ly/2YmB0dm.Google Scholar
Wong, Alia. 2018. “Donald Trump Doesn’t Understand Community Colleges.” The Atlantic, March 30, 2018. https://bit.ly/33YmiIF.Google Scholar
WootsonJr., Cleve R. 2017. “Trump Mistakenly Tweeted That the Country Needs ‘to Heel.’ The Internet Gave Him Hell.” The Washington Post, August 20, 2017. https://wapo.st/327DnOO.Google Scholar
Young, Anna M. 2018. “Rhetorics of Fear and Loathing: Donald Trump’s Populist Style.” In Faking the News: What Rhetoric Can Teach Us about Donald J. Trump, edited by Skinnell, Ryan, pp. 2138. Imprint Academic.Google Scholar
Yurchak, Alexei. 2005. Everything Was Forever, Until It Was No More: The Last Soviet Generation. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Zelizer, Julian. 2019. “Donald Trump’s Week of Utter Chaos Sends a Message.” CNN Digital, April 5, 2019. https://cnn.it/2T0VBxS.Google Scholar
Zink, Nicki. 2017. “Trump Has ‘Inside Information’ on Who Protested in Charlottesville, Says Falwell Jr. in President’s Defense.” ABC News, August 20, 2017. https://abcn.ws/2MpMTYJ.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×