Book contents
- Law and Mind
- Law and the Cognitive Sciences
- Law and Mind
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Figures
- Contributors
- Acknowledgements
- 1 Introduction
- I Metatheory and Methodology
- II Ontology and Epistemology
- 6 Cognitive Science and the Nature of Law
- 7 The Architecture of the Legal Mind
- 8 The Psychology of the Trial Judge
- 9 Institutional Design and the Psychology of the Trial Judge
- 10 Bias at the Surface or the Core? A Comment on the Psychology of the Trial Judge
- III Legal Doctrine and Cognitive Sciences
- IV Evidence
- V Dissenting Opinions
- References
6 - Cognitive Science and the Nature of Law
from II - Ontology and Epistemology
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 21 April 2021
Book contents
- Law and Mind
- Law and the Cognitive Sciences
- Law and Mind
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Figures
- Contributors
- Acknowledgements
- 1 Introduction
- I Metatheory and Methodology
- II Ontology and Epistemology
- 6 Cognitive Science and the Nature of Law
- 7 The Architecture of the Legal Mind
- 8 The Psychology of the Trial Judge
- 9 Institutional Design and the Psychology of the Trial Judge
- 10 Bias at the Surface or the Core? A Comment on the Psychology of the Trial Judge
- III Legal Doctrine and Cognitive Sciences
- IV Evidence
- V Dissenting Opinions
- References
Summary
Law is not simply a matter of rules: it is also a domain of facts and objects, and explaining these facts – their nature and structure, and more in general the nature of law – is a crucial problem of jurisprudence. There is a relevant and quite intuitive sense in which social facts can be assumed to depend on the mental states of individuals. The features of this dependence, and the kinds of mental states involved, are two separate questions – the first metaphysical, the second psychological – which are, however, deeply intertwined. For this reason, legal metaphysics is inevitably an interdisciplinary research connected with cognitive psychology: it is not possible to have a clear idea of the nature of legal facts without understanding the cognitive underpinnings of the mental states those facts depend on.In this chapter, I will adopt this interdisciplinary approach and try to outline a picture, however tentative and incomplete, of the psychological problems and findings that are relevant for research in the metaphysics of law. The chapter is based on two separate assumptions, which I will put forward as my analytical framework. The first assumption is that legal facts are a subset of social fact: hence, legal metaphysics is a subset of social metaphysics. The second assumption is that legal institutions are peculiar social institutions that put in place a framework consisting of sanctions, along with the authority to define, apply, and enforce shared rules of conduct in a formal way. The analytical framework that I derive from these two assumptions will make it possible to distinguish two aspects of law: one is the law’s root in collective acceptance, the other is its structure, namely, a framework of sanctions and power/authority. Both these aspects ultimately trace back to cognitive mechanisms. The discussion is organized accordingly. I will first deal with the root of law, then with its structure, and for each aspect I will first present its conceptual and theoretical background and then describe the connected cognitive-psychological studies and topics of research.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Law and MindA Survey of Law and the Cognitive Sciences, pp. 99 - 137Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2021
References
Aichhorn, M., Perner, J., Kronbichler, M., Staffen, W., & Ladurner, G. (2006). Do Visual Perspective Tasks Need Theory of Mind? NeuroImage 30, 1059–1068.Google Scholar
Andrews, K. (2009). Understanding Norms Without a Theory of Mind. Inquiry 52, 433–448.Google Scholar
Andrews, K. (2015). The Folk Psychological Spiral: Explanation, Regulation, and Language. The Southern Journal of Philosophy 53, 50–66.Google Scholar
Astington, J. W. (1988). Children’s Understanding of the Speech Act of Promising. Journal of Child Language 15, 157–173.Google Scholar
Baillargeon, R., He, Z., Setoh, P. et al. (2013). False-Belief Understanding and Why It Matters. In Banaji, M. & Gelman, S. (eds.), Navigating the Social World: What Infants, Children, and Other Species Can Teach Us. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 88–95.Google Scholar
Barsalou, L. W. (1999). Perceptual Symbol Systems. Behavioural Brain Sciences 22, 577–660.Google Scholar
Barsalou, L. W. (2016). Situated Conceptualization: Theory and Application. In Coello, Y. & Fischer, M. H. (eds.), Perceptual and Emotional Embodiment. Vol. 1, pp. Foundations of Embodied Cognition. London and New York: Routledge, pp. 11–37.Google Scholar
Becchio, C., & Bertone, C. (2004). Wittgenstein Running: Neural Mechanisms of Collective Intentionality and We-mode. Consciousness and Cognition 13, 123–133.Google Scholar
Becchio, C., Del Giudice, M., Dal Monte, O., Latini-Corazzini, L., & Pia, L. (2013). In Your Place: Neuropsychological Evidence for Altercentric Remapping in Embodied Perspective Taking. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 8, 165–170.Google Scholar
Birch, J. (2017). The Philosophy of Social Evolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Blakemore, J. E. O. (2003). Children’s Beliefs about Violating Gender Norms: Boys Shouldn’t Look Like Girls, and Girls Shouldn’t Act Like Boys. Sex Roles 48, 411–419.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boehm, C. (1999). Hierarchy in the Forest: The Evolution of Egalitarian Behaviour. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Boesch, C. (2002). Cooperative Hunting Roles among Taïe Chimpanzees. Human Nature 13, 27–46.Google Scholar
Bolt, N. K., & Loehr, J. D. (2017). The Predictability of a Partner’s Actions Modulates the Sense of Joint Agency. Cognition 161, 60–65.Google Scholar
Borghi, A., & Binkofski, F. (2014). Words as Social Tools: An Embodied View on Abstract Concepts. Berlin: Springer.Google Scholar
Borghi, A., & Pecher, D. (2011). Introduction to the Special Topic Embodied and Grounded Cognition. Frontiers in Psychology 2, 1–3.Google Scholar
Bratman, M. (1992). Shared Cooperative Activities. The Philosophical Review 101, 327–341.Google Scholar
Brożek, B. (2013). Rule-Following: From Imitation to the Normative Mind. Kraków: Copernicus Center Press.Google Scholar
Bruner, E., Manzi, G., & Arsuaga, J. L. (2003). Encephalization and Allometric Trajectories in the Genus Homo: Evidence from the Neanderthal and Modern Lineages. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100, 15335–40.Google Scholar
Burazin, L. (2018). Legal Systems as Abstract Institutional Artifacts. In Burazin, L., Himma, K. E., and Roversi (eds.), C., Law as an Artifact. 112–35. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Burazin, L., Himma, K. E., & Roversi, C. (eds.) (2018). Law as an Artifact. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Burger, J. (2009). Replicating Milgram: Would Still People Obey Today? American Psychologist 64, 1–11.Google Scholar
Buttelmann, D. (2013). Selective Imitation of In-Group Over Out-Group Members in 14-Month-Old Infants. Child Development 84, 422–428.Google Scholar
Butterfill, S. (2012). Joint Action and Development. The Philosophical Quarterly 62, 23–47.Google Scholar
Camerer, C. (2003). Behavioral Game Theory: Experiments in Strategic Interaction. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Carlson, S. M., & Moses, L. J. (2001). Individual Differences in Inhibitory Control and Children’s Theory of Mind. Child Development 72, 1032–1053.Google Scholar
Carlson, S. M., Mandell, D. J., & Williams, L. (2004). Executive Function and Theory of Mind: Stability and Prediction from Age 2 to 3. Developmental Psychology 40, 1105–1122.Google Scholar
Carpenter, M. (2006). Instrumental, Social, and Shared Goals and Intentions in Imitation. In Rogers, S. J. & Williams, J. H. G. (eds.), Imitation and the Social Mind: Autism and Typical Development. New York and London: The Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Chilovi, S., & Pavlakos, G. (2019). Law Determination as Grounding: A Common Framework for Jurisprudence. Legal Theory 25, 53–76.Google Scholar
Coolidge, F. L., & Wynn, T. (2007). The Working Memory Account of Neanderthal Cognition: How Phonological Storage Capacity May Be Related to Recursion and the Pragmatics of Modern Speech. Journal of Human Evolution 52, 707–10.Google Scholar
Coolidge, F. L., & Wynn, T. (2009). The Rise of Homo sapiens: The Evolution of Modern Thinking. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Costa, M., & Bonetti, L. (2016). Geometrical Factors in the Perception of Sacredness. Perception 45(11), 1240–1266.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Darwall, S. L. (2006). The Second-Person Standpoint: Respect, Morality, and Accountability. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
de Quervain, D. J. F., Fischbacher, U., Treyer, V., et al. (2004). The Neural Basis of Altruistic Punishment. Science 305, 1254–1258.Google Scholar
De Waal, F. (1998). Chimpanzee Politics: Power and Sex among Apes, 2nd revised ed. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
De Waal, F. (2014). Natural Normativity: The “Is” and “Ought” of Animal Behaviour. Behaviour 151. 185–204.Google Scholar
Doherty, M., & Perner, J. (1998). Metalinguistic Awareness and Theory of Mind: Just Two Words for the Same Thing? Cognitive Development 13, 279–305.Google Scholar
Dubreuil, B. (2010). Human Evolution and the Origins of Hierarchies: The State of Nature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
d’Errico, F., Henshilwood, C., Vanhaeren, M., & van Niekerk, K. (2005). Nassarius kraussianus Shell Beads from Blombos Cave: Evidence for Symbolic Behaviour in the Middle Stone Age. Journal of Human Evolution 48, 3–24.Google Scholar
Epstein, B. (2015). The Ant Trap: Rebuilding the Foundations of the Social Sciences. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Epstein, B. (2018). Social Ontology. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/social-ontology/Google Scholar
Fehr, E., & Fischbacher, U. (2004). Third Party Punishment and Social Norms. Evolution and Human Behavior 25, 63–87.Google Scholar
Fehr, E., & Gächter, S. (2000a). Fairness and Retaliation: The Economics of Reciprocity. Journal of Economic Perspectives 14, 159–181.Google Scholar
Fehr, E., & Gächter, S. (2000b). Cooperation and Punishment in Public Good Experiments. The American Economic Review 90, 980–994.Google Scholar
Fiske, A. P. (1991). Structures of Social Life: The Four Elementary Forms of Human Relations. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Fittipaldi, E. (2012). Everyday Legal Ontology: A Psychological and Linguistic Investigation within the Framework of Leon Petrażycki’s Theory of Law. Milan: LED.Google Scholar
Fittipaldi, E. (2013). Conoscenza giuridica ed errore: Saggio sullo statuto epistemologico degli asserti prodotti dalla scienza giuridica. Rome: Aracne.Google Scholar
Fittipaldi, E. (2016). Leon Petrażycki’s Theory of Law. In Pattaro, E. & Roversi, C. (eds.), Legal Philosophy in the Twentieth Century: The Civil Law World. Tome 2, Main Orientations and Topics. Berlin: Springer, pp. 443–503.Google Scholar
Fittipaldi, E. (in press). Petrażycki’s Puzzle of Jural Emotions: Bridging the Psychological Theory of Law with Modern Social and Psychological Sciences. In Fittipaldi, E. & Treviño, A.J. (eds.), The Living Legacy of Leon Petrażycki. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Francey, D., & Bergmüller, R. (2012). Images of Eyes Enhance Investments in a Real-Life Public Good. PLoS ONE 7, e37397.Google Scholar
Gallotti, M. (2012). A Naturalistic Argument for the Irreducibility of Collective Intentionality. Philosophy of the Social Sciences 42, 3–30.Google Scholar
Geiger, T. (1964). Vorstudien zu einer Soziologie des Rechts. Neuwied am Rhein & Berlin: Luchterhand. (1st ed. 1947.)Google Scholar
German, T. P., & Johnson, S. C. (2002). Function and the Origins of the Design Stance. Journal of Cognition and Development 3, 279–300.Google Scholar
Gilbert, M. (2014). Joint Commitment: How We Make the Social World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Göckeritz, S., Schmidt, M. F. H., & Tomasello, M. (2014). Young Children’s Creation and Transmission of Social Norms. Cognitive Development 30, 81–95.Google Scholar
Gräfenhain, M., Behne, T., Carpenter, M., & Tomasello, M. (2009). Young Children’s Understanding of Joint Commitments. Developmental Psychology 45, 1430–1443.Google Scholar
Gräfenhain, M., Carpenter, M., & Tomasello, M. (2013). Three-Year-Olds’ Understanding of the Consequences of Joint Commitments. PLoS ONE 8, e73039.Google Scholar
Green, L. (2010). Law as a Means. In Cane, P. (ed.), The Hart-Fuller Debate in the Twenty-First Century. Oxford: Hart Publishing, pp. 169–188.Google Scholar
Greene, J. D. (2008). The Secret Joke of Kant’s Soul. In Sinnott-Armstrong, W. (ed.), Moral Psychology. Vol. 3. The Neuroscience of Morality: Emotion, Brain Disorders, and Development. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, pp. 35–79.Google Scholar
Hage, J. (2018). Foundations and Building Blocks of Law. Maastricht: Eleven International Publishing.Google Scholar
Hägerström, A. (1917). Till frågan om den objektiva rättens begrepp. I. Viljeteorien. Uppsala: Akademiska Bokhandeln/ Leipzig: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Hägerström, A. (1941). Der römische Obligationsbegriff im Lichte der allgemeinen römischen Rechtsanschauung. II. Uppsala: Alqvist & Wiksell.Google Scholar
Haidt, J. (2003). The Moral Emotions. In Davidson, R. J., Scherer, K. R., & Goldsmith, H. H. (eds.), Handbook of Affective Sciences. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 852–870.Google Scholar
Haidt, J. (2012). The Righteous Mind: Why Good People Are Divided by Politics and Religion. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Hamann, K., Warneken, F., & Tomasello, M. (2012). Children’s Developing Commitments to Joint Goals. Child Development 83, 137–145.Google Scholar
Haney, C., Banks, C., & Zimbardo, P. G. (1973a). Interpersonal dynamics in a simulated prison. International Journal of Criminology and Penology 1, 69–97.Google Scholar
Haney, C., Banks, C., & Zimbardo, P. G. (1973b). Naval Research Reviews: A Study of Prisoners and Guards in a Simulated Prison. Washington, DC: Office of Naval Research.Google Scholar
Harris, P. L., & Corriveau, K. H. (2013). Respectful Deference: Conformity Revisited. In Banaji, M. & Gelman, S. (eds.), Navigating the Social World: What Infants, Children, and Other Species Can Teach Us. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 230–234.Google Scholar
Haslam, S. A., & Reicher, S. D., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2019). Rethinking the Nature of Cruelty: The Role of Identity Leadership in the Stanford Prison Experiment. American Psychologist 74, 809–822.Google Scholar
Haun, D. B. M., Rekers, Y., & Tomasello, M. (2014). Children Conform to the Behaviour of Peers; Other Great Apes Stick With What They Know. Psychological Science 25, 2160–2167.Google Scholar
Haun, D. B. M., & Tomasello, M. (2011). Conformity to Peer Pressure in Preschool Children. Child Development 82, 1759–1767.Google Scholar
Henshilwood, C. S., d’Errico, F., Vanhaeren, M., van Niekerk, K., & Jacobs, Z. (2004). Middle Stone Age Shell Beads from South Africa. Science 384, 404.Google Scholar
Hermann, B., Thoni, C., & Gächter, S. (2008). Antisocial Punishment Across Societies. Science 319, 1362–1367.Google Scholar
Himma, K. E. (2018). The Conceptual Function of Law: Law, Coercion, and Keeping the Peace. In Burazin, L., Himma, K. E., & Roversi, C. (eds.), Law as an Artifact. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 136–159.Google Scholar
Hindriks, F., & Guala, F. (2015). Institutions, Rules, and Equilibria: A Unified Theory. Journal of Institutional Economics 11, 459–480.Google Scholar
Hodgson, G. M. (2006). What Are Institutions? Journal of Economic Issues 15, 1–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoffman, M. B. (2014). The Punisher’s Brain: The Evolution of Judge and Jury. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Horner, V., & Whiten, A. K. (2005). Causal Knowledge and Imitation/emulation Switching in Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and Children. Animal Cognition 8, 164–181.Google Scholar
House, B. R., Silk, J. B., Henrich, J. et al. (2013). Ontogeny of Prosocial Behaviour across Diverse Societies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110, 14586–91.Google Scholar
Hovers, E., Ilani, S., Bar-Yosef, O. & Vandermeersch, B. (2003). An Early Case of Color Symbolism Ocher Use by Modern Humans in Qafzeh Cave. Current Anthropology 44, 491–522.Google Scholar
Jones, O. D., & Kurzban, R. (2010). Intuitions of Punishment. The University of Chicago Law Review 77, 1633–1640.Google Scholar
Kalish, C. (2005). Becoming Status Conscious: Children’s Appreciation of Social Reality. Philosophical Explorations 8, pp. 245–262.Google Scholar
Kalish, C. W. (1998). Natural and Artifactual Kinds: Are Children Realists or Relativists About Categories? Developmental Psychology 34, 376–391.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kalish, C. W. (2013). Status Seeking: The Importance of Roles in Early Social Cognition. In Banaji, M. & Gelman, S. (eds.), Navigating the Social World: What Infants, Children, and Other Species Can Teach Us. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 216–219.Google Scholar
Kalish, C. W., & Cornelius, R. (2007). What Is to Be Done? Children’s Ascriptions of Conventional Obligations. Child Development 78, 859–878.Google Scholar
Kalish, C. W., & Lawson, C. A. (2008). Development of Social Category Representations: Early Appreciation of Roles and Deontic Relations. Child Development 79, 577–593.Google Scholar
Kalish, C. W., & Shiverick, S. M. (2004). Rules and Preferences: Children’s Reasoning about Motives for Behavior. Cognitive Development 19, 410–416.Google Scholar
Karakostas, A., & Zizzo, D. J. (2016). Compliance and the Power of Authority. Journal of Economic Behaviour and Organization 124, 67–80.Google Scholar
Kelly, D., Stich, S., Haley, K., Eng, S., & Fessler, D. (2007). Harm, Affect, and the Moral/conventional Distinction. Mind and Language 22, 117–131.Google Scholar
Kelsen, H. (1992). Introduction to the Problems of Legal Theory. Trans. by Paulson, S. and Paulson, B. L.. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Kemler Nelson, D. G., Holt, M. B., & Egan, L. C. (2004). Two- and Three-Year-Olds Infer and Reason about Design Intentions in Order to Categorize Broken Objects. Developmental Science 7, 543–549.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kenward, B. (2012). Over-Imitating Preschoolers Believe Unnecessary Actions Are Normative and Enforce Their Performance by a Third Party. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 112, 195–207.Google Scholar
Kinzler, K. D., Corriveau, K. H., & Harris, P. L. (2011). Children’s Selective Trust in Native-Accented Speakers. Developmental Science 14(1), 106–111.Google Scholar
Kinzler, K. D., Shutts, K., DeJesus, J., & Spelke, E. S. (2009). Accent Trumps Race in Guiding Children’s Social Preferences. Social Cognition 27, 623–634.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Konvalinka, I., Vuust, P., Roepstorff, A., & Frith, C.D. (2010). Follow You, Follow Me: Continuous Mutual Prediction and Adaptation in Joint Tapping. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 63, 2220–2230.Google Scholar
Krupenye, C., Kano, F., Hirata, S., Call, J., & Tomasello, M. (2016). Great Apes Anticipate that Other Individuals Will Act According to False Beliefs. Science 354, 110–114.Google Scholar
Kuhlmeier, V. A., & Boysen, S. T. (2002). Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) Recognize Spatial and Object Correspondences Between a Scale Model and Its Referent. Psychological Science 13, 60–63.Google Scholar
Lakoff, G. (1987). Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal About the Mind. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Larsson, S. (2017). Conceptions in the Code: How Metaphors Explain Legal Challenges in Digital Times. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lawson, T. (2012). Ontology and the Study of Social Reality: Emergence, Organisation, Community, Power, Social Relations, Corporations, Artefacts and Money. Cambridge Journal of Economics 36, 345–385.Google Scholar
Lawson, T. (2016). Comparing Conceptions of Social Ontology: Emergent Social Entities and/or Institutional Facts? Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 46, 359–399.Google Scholar
Leiter, B. (2011). The Demarcation Problem in Jurisprudence: A New Case for Scepticism. Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 31, 663–677.Google Scholar
Lewis, D. (1969). Convention: A Philosophical Study. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Lieberman, D. E., McBratney, B. M., & Krovitz, G. (2002). The Evolution and Development of Cranial Form in Homo sapiens. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99, 1134–1139.Google Scholar
Liu, D., Wellman, H. M., & Tardif, T. (2008). Theory of Mind Development in Chinese Children: A Meta-Analysis of False-Belief Understanding Across Cultures and Languages. Developmental Psychology 44, 523–531.Google Scholar
Lorini, G. (2018). Animal Norms: An Investigation of Normativity in the Non-Human Social World. Law, Culture, and the Humanities 2018, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/1743872118800008Google Scholar
Ludwig, K. (2016). From Individual to Plural Agency. Collective Action I. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lyons, D. E. & Keil, F. C. (2013). Overimitation and the Development of Causal Understanding. In Banaji, M. & Gelman, S. (eds.), Navigating the Social World: What Infants, Children, and Other Species Can Teach Us. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 145–149.Google Scholar
Mant, C. M., & Perner, J. (1988). The Child’s Understanding of Commitment. Developmental Psychology 24, 343–351.Google Scholar
Medin, D. L., & Shaffer, M. M. (1978). Context Theory of Classification Learning. Psychological Review 85, 207–238.Google Scholar
Michael, J. (2011). Shared Emotions and Joint Action. Review of Philosophy and Psychology 2, 355–373.Google Scholar
Michael, J., & Pacherie, E. (2015). On Commitments and Other Uncertainty Reduction Tools in Joint Action. Journal of Social Ontology 1, 89–120.Google Scholar
Michael, J., Sebanz, N., & Knoblich, G. (2016a). The Sense of Commitment: A Minimal Approach. Frontiers in Psychology 6, Article 1968.Google Scholar
Michael, J., Sebanz, N., & Knoblich, G. (2016b). Observing Joint Action: Coordination Creates Commitment. Cognition 157, 106–113.Google Scholar
Milgram, S. (1974). Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View. London: Harper and Row.Google Scholar
Miller, S. (2001). Social Action: A Teleological Account. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Nietzsche, F. (2006). On the Genealogy of Morality, ed. Ansell-Pearson, K.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
North, D. (1990). Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Nosofsky, R. M., & Palmeri, T. J. (1997). An Exemplar-Based Random Walk Model of Speeded Classification. Psychological Review 104, 266–300.Google Scholar
Noyes, A., & Dunham, Y. (2017). Mutual Intentions as a Causal Framework for Social Groups. Cognition 162, 133–142.Google Scholar
Noyes, A., Keil, F. C., & Dunham, Y. (2018). The Emerging Causal Understanding of Institutional Objects. Cognition 170, 83–87.Google Scholar
Onishi, K. H., & Baillargeon, R. (2005). Do 15-Month-Old Infants Understand False Beliefs? Science 308, 255–258.Google Scholar
Pacherie, E. (2011). Framing Joint Action. Review of Philosophy and Psychology 2, 173–192.Google Scholar
Pacherie, E., & Dokic, J. (2006). From Mirror Neurons to Joint Actions. Cognitive Systems Research 7, 101–112.Google Scholar
Parsons, T. (1935). The Place of Ultimate Values in Sociological Theory. International Journal of Ethics 45, 282–316.Google Scholar
Passerini Glazel, L. (2005). La forza normativa del tipo: teoria della categorizzazione e pragmatica dell’atto giuridico. Macerata: Quodlibet.Google Scholar
Pattaro, E. (2005). A Treatise of Legal Philosophy and General Jurisprudence, Vol. 1, The Law and the Right: A Reappraisal of the Reality that Ought to Be, ed. Pattaro, E.. Berlin: Springer.Google Scholar
Pattaro, E. (2016). Axel Hägerström at the Origins of the Uppsala School. In Pattaro, E. and Roversi, C. (eds.), Legal Philosophy in the Twentieth Century: The Civil Law World. Tome 2, Main Orientations and Topics. Berlin: Springer, pp. 319–363.Google Scholar
Perner, J., Aichhorn, M., Kronbichler, M., Staffen, W., & Ladurner, G. (2006). Thinking of Mental and Other Representations: The Roles of Left and Right Temporo-parietal Junction. Social Neuroscience 1, 245–258.Google Scholar
Petrażycki, A. (1955). Law and Morality, ed. Timasheff, N. S.. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Piaget, J. (1997). The Moral Judgment of the Child. New York: Free Press. (1st ed. 1932.)Google Scholar
Pinker, S. (2011). The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined. New York: Viking.Google Scholar
Plunkett, D. (2019). Robust Normativity, Morality, and Legal Positivism. In Plunkett, D., Shapiro, S. J. & Toh, K. (eds.), Dimensions of Normativity: New Essays on Metaethics and Jurisprudence. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 105–136.Google Scholar
Rakoczy, H. (2007). Play, Games and the Development of Collective Intentionality. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development 115, 53–67.Google Scholar
Rakoczy, H. (2008). Taking Fiction Seriously: Young Children Understand the Normative Structure of Joint Pretence Games. Developmental Psychology 44, 1191–1205.Google Scholar
Rakoczy, H., & Tomasello, M. (2007). The Ontogeny of Social Ontology: Steps to Shared Intentionality and Status Functions. In Tsohatzidis, S. L. (ed.), Intentional Acts and Institutional Facts. Berlin: Springer, 113–137.Google Scholar
Rakoczy, H., Tomasello, M., & Striano, T. (2005a). On Tools and Toys: How Children Learn to Act on and Pretend with “Virgin” Objects. Developmental Science 8, 57–73.Google Scholar
Rakoczy, H., Tomasello, M., & Striano, T. (2005b). How Children Turn Objects into Symbols: A Cultural Learning Account. InNamy (ed.), L., Symbol Use and Symbol Representation. New York: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Rakoczy, H., Warneken, F., & Tomasello, M. (2008). The Sources of Normativity: Young Children’s Awareness of the Normative Structure of Games. Developmental Psychology 44, 875–881.Google Scholar
Raz, J. (1979). The Authority of Law: Essays on Law and Morality. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Reicher, S. D., Haslam, A., & Smith, J. R. (2012). Working Toward the Experimenter: Reconceptualizing Obedience within the Milgram Paradigm as Identification-Based Followership. Perspectives on Psychological Science 7, 315–324.Google Scholar
Rhodes, M. (2013). The Conceptual Structure of Social Categories: The Social Allegiance Hypothesis. In Banaji, M. & Gelman, S. (eds.), Navigating the Social World: What Infants, Children, and Other Species Can Teach Us. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 258–262.Google Scholar
Rhodes, M., & Gelman, S. A. (2009). A Developmental Examination of the Conceptual Structure of Animal, Artifact, and Human Social Categories across Two Cultural Contexts. Cognitive Psychology 59, 244–274.Google Scholar
Richerson, P. I., & Boyd, R. (2005). Not by Genes Alone. How Culture Transformed Human Evolution. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Robinson, P. H., & Kurzban, R. (2007). Concordance and Conflict in Intuitions of Justice. Minnesota Law Review 91, 1829–1907.Google Scholar
Rockenbach, B., & Milinski, M. (2006). The Efficient Interaction of Indirect Reciprocity and Costly Punishment. Nature 444, 718–723.Google Scholar
Rohr, C. R., von, Burkart, J. M., & van Schaik, C. P. (2011). Evolutionary Precursors of Social Norms in Chimpanzees: a New Approach. Biology and Philosophy 26, 1–30.Google Scholar
Rosch, E. (1978). Principles of Categorization. In Rosch, E. & Lloyd, B. B. (eds.), Cognition and Categorization. New Jersey: Hillsdale, pp. 27–48.Google Scholar
Rosch, E., & Mervis, C. B. (1975). Family Resemblances: Studies in the Internal Structure of Categories. Cognitive Psychology 7, 573–605.Google Scholar
Rossano, F., Rakoczy, H., & Tomasello, M. (2011). Young Children’s Understanding of Violations of Property Rights. Cognition 121, 219–227.Google Scholar
Roversi, C. (2016). Legal Metaphoric Artefacts. In Stelmach, J., Brozek, B., & Kurek, Ł (eds.), The Emergence of Normative Orders. Krakow: Copernicus Center Press, pp. 215–280.Google Scholar
Roversi, C., Borghi, A. M., & Tummolini, L. (2013). A Marriage Is an Artefact and Not a Walk that We Take Together: An Experimental Study on the Categorization of Artefacts. Review of Philosophy and Psychology 4, 527–542.Google Scholar
Roversi, C., Pasqui, L., & Borghi, A. M. (2017). Institutional Mimesis: An Experimental Study on the Grounding of Legal Concepts. In Stelmach, J., Brożek, B., & Kurek, Ł (eds.), The Province of Jurisprudence Naturalized. Warsaw: Wolters Kluwer, pp. 130–153.Google Scholar
Sanfey, A. G., Rilling, J. K., Aronson, J. A., Nystrom, L. E., & Cohen, J. D. (2003). The Neural Basis of Economic Decision-making in the Ultimatum Game. Science 300, 1755–1758.Google Scholar
Saxe, R., & Kanwisher, N. (2003). People Thinking About Thinking People: The Role of the Temporoparietal Junction in Theory of Mind. NeuroImage 19, 1835–1842.Google Scholar
Schauer, F. (2012). On the Nature of the Nature of Law. Archiv für Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie 98, 457–467.Google Scholar
Schmidt, M., Hardecker, S., & Tomasello, M. (2016). Preschoolers Understand the Normativity of Cooperatively Structured Competition. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 143, 34–47.Google Scholar
Searle, J. R. (2002). Collective Intentions and Actions. In Searle, J. R., Consciousness and Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 90–105. (1st ed. 1990.)Google Scholar
Sebanz, N., Knoblich, G., & Prinz, W. (2003). Representing Others’ Actions: Just Like One’s Own? Cognition 88, 11–21.Google Scholar
Sebanz, N., Knoblich, G., & Prinz, W. (2005). How to Share a Task: Corepresenting Stimulus-Response Mappings. Journal of Experimental Psychology 31, 1234–1246.Google Scholar
Sebanz, N., Knoblich, G.,. Prinz, W., & Wascher, E. (2006). Twin Peaks: An ERP Study of Action Planning and Control in Coacting Individuals. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 18, 859–870.Google Scholar
Sell, A., Sznycer, D., Al-Shawaf, L., et al. (2017). The Grammar of Anger: Mapping the Computational Architecture of a Recalibrational Emotion. Cognition 168, 110–128.Google Scholar
Shaw, A. W., Li, W., & Olson, K. R. (2013). Reputation is Everything. In Banaji, M. & Gelman, S. (eds.), Navigating the Social World: What Infants, Children, and Other Species Can Teach Us. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 220–224.Google Scholar
Shergill, S. S., Bays, P. M., Frith, C. D., & Wolpert, D. M. (2003). Two Eyes for an Eye: The Neuroscience of Force Escalation. Science 301, 187.Google Scholar
Skezely, M., & Michael, J. (2018). Investing in Commitment: Persistence in a Joint Action Is Enhanced by the Perception of a Partner’s Effort. Cognition 174, 37–42.Google Scholar
Stake, J. E. (2006). The Property “Instinct.” In Zeki, S. and Goodenough, O. (eds.), Law and the Brain. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 185–204.Google Scholar
Takahashi, H., Yahata, N., Koeda, M., et al. (2004). Brain Activation Associated with Evaluative Processes of Guilt and Embarrassment: An fMRI Study. NeuroImage 23, 967–974.Google Scholar
Tamanaha, B. (2017b). A Realistic Theory of Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Thibaut, J.-P., Gelaes, S., & Murphy, G. L. (2018). Does Practice in Category Learning Increase Rule Use or Exemplar Use – or Both? Memory and Cognition 46, 530–543.Google Scholar
Tollefsen, D. (2004). Let’s Pretend! Children and Joint Action. Philosophy of the Social Sciences 35, 75–97.Google Scholar
Tomasello, M. (2016). A Natural History of Human Morality. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Tomasello, M., & Carpenter, M. (2005). The Emergence of Social Cognition in Three Young Chimpanzees. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 70, 1–131.Google Scholar
Tomasello, M., Carpenter, M., Call, J., Behne, T., & Moll, H. (2005). Understanding and Sharing Intentions: The Origins of Cultural Cognition. Behavioural and Brain Sciences 28, 675–735.Google Scholar
Tomasello, M., & Moll, H. (2013). Why Don’t Apes Understand False Beliefs? In Banaji, M. & Gelman, S. (eds.), Navigating the Social World: What Infants, Children, and Other Species Can Teach Us. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 81–87.Google Scholar
Trivers, R. (1971). The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism. Quarterly Review of Biology 46, 35–37.Google Scholar
Tsai, C.-C., Kuo, W.-J., Jing, J.-T., Hung, D. L., & Tzeng, O. J.-L. (2006). A Common Coding Framework in Self-Other Interaction: Evidence from Joint Action Task. Experimental Brain Research 175, 353–362.Google Scholar
Tsai, C.-C., Sebanz, N., & Knoblich, G. (2011). The GROOP Effect: Groups Mimic Group Actions. Cognition 118, 138–143.Google Scholar
Tuomela, R. (1995). The Importance of Us: A Philosophical Study of Basic Social Notions. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Turiel, E. (1983). The Development of Social Knowledge: Morality and Convention. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Vaesen, K. (2012). The Cognitive Bases of Human Tool Use. Behavioural Brain Sciences 35, 203–262.Google Scholar
Vaish, A., Missana, M., & Tomasello, M. (2011). Three-Year-Old Children Intervene in Third-Party Moral Transgressions. British Journal of Developmental Psychology 29, 124–130.Google Scholar
Vanhaeren, M., d’Errico, F., Stringer, C. et al. (2006). Middle Paleolithic Shell Beads in Israel and Algeria. Science 312, 1785–1788.Google Scholar
Van Winden, F. (2007). Affect and Fairness in Economics. Social Justice Research 20, 35–52.Google Scholar
Vesper, C., Abramova, E., Bütepage, J. et al. (2017). Joint Action: Mental Representations, Shared Information and General Mechanisms for Coordinating with Others. Frontiers in Psychology 7, Article 2039.Google Scholar
Vesper, C., Butterfill, S., Knoblich, G., & Sebanz, N. (2010). A Minimal Architecture for Joint Action. Neural Networks 23, 998–1003.Google Scholar
Walton, K. L. (1990). Mimesis as Make-Believe. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Warneken, F., & Tomasello, M. (2009). Varieties of Altruism in Children and Chimpanzees. Trends in Cognitive Science 13, 397–402.Google Scholar
Wellman, H. M., Cross, D., & Watson, J. (2001). Meta-Analysis of Theory-of-Mind Development: The Truth about False Belief. Child Development 72, 655–684.Google Scholar
Whiten, A. (2013). Social Cognition: Making Us Smart, or Sometimes Making Us Dumb? Overimitation, Conformity, Nonconformity, and the Transmission of Culture in Ape and Child. In Banaji, M. and Gelman, S. (eds.), Navigating the Social World: What Infants, Children, and Other Species Can Teach Us. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 151–154.Google Scholar
Whiten, A., McGuigan, N., Marshall-Pescini, S., & Hopper, L. M. (2009). Emulation, Imitation, Over-imitation and the Scope of Culture for Child and Chimpanzee. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 364, 2417–2428.Google Scholar
Wills, A. J., Inkster, A. B., & Milton, F. (2015). Combination or Differentiation? Two Theories of Processing Order in Classification. Cognitive Psychology 80, 1–33.Google Scholar
Winter, S. L. (2001). A Clearing in the Forest: Law, Life, and Mind. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
- 2
- Cited by