Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-lj6df Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T06:17:35.300Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Section 1 - The Nature and Impacts of Twenty-First-Century Healthcare Emergencies

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 January 2024

Richard Williams
Affiliation:
University of South Wales
Verity Kemp
Affiliation:
Independent Health Emergency Planning Consultant
Keith Porter
Affiliation:
University of Birmingham
Tim Healing
Affiliation:
Worshipful Society of Apothecaries of London
John Drury
Affiliation:
University of Sussex
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Major Incidents, Pandemics and Mental Health
The Psychosocial Aspects of Health Emergencies, Incidents, Disasters and Disease Outbreaks
, pp. 1 - 78
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Rees, M. On the Future: Prospects for Humanity. Princeton University Press, 2018.Google Scholar
O’Neill, O. A Question of Trust: The BBC Reith Lectures 2002. Cambridge University Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Johnson, DDP. Strategic Instincts: The Adaptive Advantages of Cognitive Biases in International Politics. Princeton University Press, 2020.Google Scholar
Bonanno, GA, Galea, S, Bucciarelli, A, Vlahov, D. Psychological resilience after disaster: New York City in the aftermath of the September 11th terrorist attack. Psychol Sci 2006; 17: 181–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Killelea, S. Peace in the Age of Chaos: The Best Solution for A Sustainable Future. Hardie Grant Books, 2020.Google Scholar
Strozier, CB. Until the Fires Stopped Burning: 9/11 and New York City in the Words and Experiences of Survivors and Witnesses. Columbia University Press, 2011 .Google Scholar

References

Cerdá, M, Bordelois, PM, Galea, S, Norris, F, Tracy, M, Koenen, KC. The course of posttraumatic stress symptoms and functional impairment following a disaster: what is the lasting influence of acute vs. ongoing traumatic events and stressors? Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2013; 48: 385–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woodhouse, S, Brown, R, Ayers, S. A social model of posttraumatic stress disorder: interpersonal trauma, attachment, group identification, disclosure, social acknowledgement, and negative cognitions. J Theor Soc Psychol 2018; 2: 3548.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonanno, GA, Brewin, CR, Kaniasty, K, Greca, AM. Weighing the costs of disaster: consequences, risks, and resilience in individuals, families, and communities. Psychol Sci Public Interest 2010; 11: 149.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Galatzer-Levy, IR, Huang, SH, Bonanno, GA. Trajectories of resilience and dysfunction following potential trauma: a review and statistical evaluation. Clin Psychol Rev 2018; 1; 4155.Google Scholar
Alexander, DA. Early mental health interventions after disasters. Adv Psychiatr Treat 2005; 11: 1218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mennecier, D, Hendrick, S, De Mol, J, Denis, J. Experience of victims of Brussels’ terrorists attacks: an interpretative phenomenological analysis. Traumatology 2020; https://doi.org/10.1037/trm0000249CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Massazza, A, Brewin, CR, Joffe, H. Feelings, thoughts, and behaviors during disaster. Qual Health Res 2021; 31: 323–37.Google Scholar
Freh, FM, Dallos, R, Chung, MC. An exploration of PTSD and coping strategies: response to the experience of being in a bomb attack in Iraq. Traumatology 2013; 19: 8794.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stancombe, J, Williams, R, Drury, J, Collins, H, Lagan, L, Barrett, A, et al. People’s experiences of distress and psychosocial care following a terrorist attack: interviews with survivors of the Manchester Arena bombing in 2017. BJPsych Open 2022; 8: e41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garfin, DR, Thompson, RR, Holman, EA. Acute stress and subsequent health outcomes: a systematic review. J Psychosom Res 2018; 112: 107–13.Google Scholar
Thoresen, S, Birkeland, MS, Arnberg, FK, Wentzel-Larsen, T, Blix, I. Long-term mental health and social support in victims of disaster: comparison with a general population sample. BJPsych Open 2019; 5: e2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arnberg, FK, Hultman, CM, Michel, PO, Lundin, T. Fifteen years after a ferry disaster: clinical interviews and survivors’ self-assessment of their experience. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2013; 4: 20650.Google Scholar
Vandentorren, S, Pirard, P, Sanna, A, Aubert, L, Motreff, Y, Dantchev, N, et al. Healthcare provision and the psychological, somatic and social impact on people involved in the terror attacks in January 2015 in Paris: cohort study. Br J Psychiatry 2018; 212: 207–14.Google Scholar
Stensland, , Thoresen, S, Jensen, T, Wentzel-Larsen, T, Dyb, G. Early pain and other somatic symptoms predict posttraumatic stress reactions in survivors of terrorist attacks: the Longitudinal Utøya Cohort Study. J Trauma Stress 2020; 33: 1060–70.Google Scholar
Ehlers, A, Clark, DM. A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behav Res Ther 2000; 38: 319–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, R, Ntontis, E, Alfadhli, K, Drury, J, Amlôt, R. A social model of secondary stressors in relation to disasters, major incidents and conflict: implications for practice. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 2021; 63: 102436.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

References

American Psychiatric Association (APA). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th ed. APA, 2013.Google Scholar
Public Health England. Impact on Mental Health. Chapter 7: Children and Young People. Public Health England, 2020 (www.gov.uk/government/publications/covid-19-mental-health-and-wellbeing-surveillance-report/7-children-and-young-people).Google Scholar
Loades, ME, Chatburn, E, Higson-Sweeney, N, Reynolds, S, Shafran, R, Brigden, A, et al. Rapid systematic review: the impact of social isolation and loneliness on the mental health of children and adolescents in the context of COVID-19. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2020; 59: 1218–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thomas-Meyer, M, Allan, S, Tyrrell, C, Bealey, C, Cross, M, Gathercole, C, et al. A Rapid Review of Mental Health Impacts of Infectious Disease Epidemics and Major Incidents on Children and Young People: Prevalence, Risk Factors and Interventions; Summary and Key Points. Public Health England, 2020.Google Scholar
Alisic, E, Zalta, AK, Van Wesel, F, Larsen, SE, Hafstad, GS, Hassanpour, K, et al. Rates of post-traumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed children and adolescents: meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 2014; 204: 335–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tang, B, Liu, X, Liu, Y, Xue, C, Zhang, L. A meta-analysis of risk factors for depression in adults and children after natural disasters. BMC Public Health 2014; 14: 623.Google Scholar
NHS Digital. Mental Health of Children and Young People in England, 2020; Wave 1 follow up to the 2017 survey, 2020 (https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/mental-health-of-children-and-young-people-in-england/2020-wave-1-follow-up [cited 4 Jan 2021])Google Scholar
Furr, JM, Comer, JS, Edmunds, JS, Kendall, PC. Disasters and youth: a meta-analytic examination of posttraumatic stress. J Consult Clin Psychol 2010; 78: 765–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, C, Chan, CL, Rainbow, TH. Prevalence and trajectory of psychopathology among child and adolescent survivors of disasters: a systematic review of epidemiological studies across 1987–2011. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2013; 48: 1697–720.Google Scholar
Sprang, G, Silman, M. Posttraumatic stress disorder in parents and youth after health-related disasters. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2013; 7: 105–10.Google Scholar
Hong, C, Efferth, T. Systematic review on post-traumatic stress disorder among survivors of the Wenchuan earthquake. Trauma Violence Abuse 2016; 17: 542–61.Google Scholar
Bartelink, VHM, Ya, KZ, Guldbrandsson, K, Bremberg, S. Unemployment among young people and mental health: a systematic review. Scand J Public Health 2020; 48: 544–58.Google Scholar
Slone, M, Mann, S. Effects of war, terrorism and armed conflict on young children: a systematic review. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2016; 47: 950–65.Google Scholar
Gordon-Hollingsworth, AT, Yao, N, Huijing, C, Mingyi, Q, Sen, C. Understanding the impact of natural disasters on psychological outcomes in youth from Mainland China: a meta-analysis of risk and protective factors for post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms. J Child Adolesc Trauma 2018; 11: 205–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trickey, D, Siddaway, AP, Meiser-Stedman, R, Serpell, L, Field, AP. A meta-analysis of risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents. Clin Psychol Rev 2012; 32: 122–38.Google Scholar
Duffy, M, McDermott, M, Percy, A, Ehlers, A, Clark, D, Fitzgerald, M, et al. The effects of the Omagh bomb on adolescent mental health: a school-based study. BMC Psychiatry 2015; 15 : 18.Google Scholar
Cheng, C, Cheung, MWL. Psychological responses to outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome: a prospective, multiple time-point study. J Pers 2005; 73: 261–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pearcey, S, Shum, A, Waite, P, Creswell, C. COVID-19: Supporting Parents, Adolescents and Children during Epidemics. Supplementary Report 03: Differences in Pandemic Anxiety, Parent/Carer Stressors and Reported Needs Between Parent/Carers of Children with and without ASD; Change Over Time in Mental Health for Children with ASD. Westminster Foundation, 2020 (https://cospaceoxford.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Co-SPACE-supp-report-03_06-09-21.pdf).Google Scholar
Levita, L, Gibson Miller, J, Hartman, TK, Murphy, J, Shevlin, M, McBride, O, et al. Report 2: Impact of Covid-19 on Young People Aged 13–24 in the UK – Preliminary Findings. Center for Open Science, 2020 (https://psyarxiv.com/s32j8/)Google Scholar
Youssef, NA, Lockwood, L, Su, S, Hao, G, Rutten, B. The effects of trauma, with or without PTSD, on the transgenerational DNA methylation alterations in human offsprings. Brain Sci 2018; 8: 83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Singer, M, Bulled, N, Ostrach, B, Mendenhall, E. Syndemics and the biosocial conception of health. Lancet 2017; 389: 941–50.Google Scholar
Marmot, M, Allen, J, Boyce, T, Goldblatt, P, Morrison, J. Health Equity in England: The Marmot Review 10 Years On. Institute of Health Equity, 2020.Google Scholar
Morrison, GL, Joshi, H, Parsonage, M, Schoon, I. Children of the New Century. Centre for Mental Health and University College London, 2015.Google Scholar
Cassidy, R, Singh, NS, Schiratti, PR, Semwanga, A, Binyaruka, P, Sachingonu, N, et al. Mathematical modelling for health systems research: a systematic review of system dynamics and agent-based models. BMC Health Serv Res 2019; 19: 845.Google Scholar
Williams, R, Drury, J. The nature of psychosocial resilience and its significance for managing mass emergencies, disasters and terrorism. In Rebuilding Sustainable Communities for Children and Their Families After Disasters: A Global Survey (ed. Awotona, A): 5775. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2010.Google Scholar
Haslam, C, Haslam, A, Cruwys, T. Social scaffolding: supporting the development of positive social identities and agency. In Social Scaffolding; Applying the Lessons of Contemporary Social Science to Health and Healthcare (eds Williams, R, Kemp, V, Haslam, SA, Haslam, C, Bhui, S, Bailey, S): 244–56. Cambridge University Press, 2019.Google Scholar
Rousseau, C, Uzma, J, Kamaldeep, B, Boudjarane, M. Consequences of 9/11 and the war on terror on children’s and young adults’ mental health: a systematic review of the past 10 years. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 2015; 20: 173–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, R, Kemp, VJ, Alexander, DA. The psychosocial and mental health of people who are affected by conflict, catastrophes, terrorism, adversity and displacement. In Conflict and Catastrophe Medicine: A Practical Guide (eds Ryan, J, Hopperus, BA, Beadling, C, Mozumder, A, Nott, DM): 805–49. Springer, 2014.Google Scholar
French, P, Barrett, A, Allsopp, K, Williams, R, Brewin, C, Hind, D, et al. Psychological screening of adults and young people following the Manchester Arena incident. BJPsych Open 2019; 5: e85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Danese, A, Smith, P, Chitsabesan, P, Dubicka, B. Child and adolescent mental health amidst emergencies and disasters. Br J Psychiatry 2020; 216: 159–62.Google Scholar

References

UN-Habitat. World Cities Report 2016. Urbanization and Development: Emerging Futures. UN-Habitat, 2016.Google Scholar
UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA). World Urbanisation Prospects: The 2018 Revision. UN DESA, 2019 (www.un.org/development/desa/publications/2018-revision-of-world-urbanization-prospects.html).Google Scholar
World Bank. Urban Development. World Bank, 2020 (www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/overview).Google Scholar
Sphere Association. The Sphere Handbook: Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response 4th ed. Sphere Association, 2018.Google Scholar
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC). World Disasters Report 2010: Focus on Urban Risk. IFRC, 2021.Google Scholar
World Bank. Urban and Disaster Risk Management Responses to COVID-19. World Bank, 2020 (bdocs.worldbank.org/en/575581589235414090/World-Bank-Urban-DRM-COVID-19-Responses.pdf).Google Scholar
Lovett, RA. Why Chile fared better than Haiti. Nature 2010. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/news.2010.100.Google Scholar
UN. Policy Brief: COVID-19 in an Urban World. UN, 2020 (https://unsdg.un.org/resources/policy-brief-covid-19-urban-world).Google Scholar
International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED). Understanding the Nature and Scale of Urban Risk in Low- and Middle-Income Countries and its Implications for Humanitarian Preparedness, Planning and Response. IIED, 2012 (assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/57a08a6940f0b652dd0006fe/UrbanRisk_andResponse-IIEDforDFID-211012.pdf).Google Scholar
Watson, GB. Designing resilient cities and neighbourhoods. In Urban Disaster Resilience (eds Sanderson, D, Kayden, JS, Leis, J): 3952. Routledge, 2016.Google Scholar
Alirol, E, Getaz, L, Stoll, B, Chappuis, F, Loutan, L. Urbanisation and infectious diseases in a globalised world. Lancet Infect Dis 2011; 11: 131–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH). Urbanization and Preparedness for Outbreaks with High-Impact Respiratory Pathogens. NIPH, 2020 (apps.who.int/gpmb/assets/thematic_papers_2020/tp_2020_4.pdf).Google Scholar
Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (DEFRA). Official Statistics. Rural Economic Bulletin for England (updated 1 April 2021). Defra, 2021.Google Scholar
Paul, R, Arif, AA, Adeyemi, O, Ghosh, S, Han, D. Progression of COVID‐19 from urban to rural areas in the United States: a spatiotemporal analysis of prevalence rates. J Rural Health 2020; 36: 591601.Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). COVID-19 stats: COVID-19 incidence, by urban-rural classification – United States, January 22–October 31, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020; 69: 1753.Google Scholar
Huang, Q, Jackson, S, Derakhshan, S, Lee, L, Pham, E, Jackson, A, et al. Urban–rural differences in COVID-19 exposures and outcomes in the South: a preliminary analysis of South Carolina. PLoS One 2021; 16: e0246548.Google Scholar
Iyanda, AE., Boakye, KA., Lu, Y, Oppong, JR. Racial/ethnic heterogeneity and rural-urban disparity of COVID-19 case fatality ratio in the USA: a negative binomial and GIS-based analysis. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2022; 9: 708–21.Google Scholar
Acuto, M, Larcom, S, Keil, R, Ghojeh, M, Lindsay, T, Camponeschi, C, et al. Seeing COVID-19 through an urban lens. Nat Sustain 2020; 3: 977–8.Google Scholar
Howard, G, Safford, MM, Moy, CS, Howard, VJ, Kleindorfer, DO, Unverzagt, FW, et al. Racial differences in the incidence of cardiovascular risk factors in older black and white adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2017; 65: 8390.Google Scholar
Friesen, J, Pelz, PF. COVID-19 and slums: a pandemic highlights gaps in knowledge about urban poverty. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2020; 6: e19578.Google Scholar
Jordan, RE, Adab, P, Cheng, KK. Covid-19: risk factors for severe disease and death. BMJ 2020; 368 : m1198.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Farha, L. COVID-19 Guidance Note: Protecting Residents of Informal Settlements. UN Human Rights Special Procedures, 2020 (www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Housing/SR_housing_COVID-19_Guidance_informaettlements.pdf).Google Scholar
Du, J, King, R, Chanchani, R. Tackling Inequality in Cities is Essential for Fighting COVID-19. World Resources Institute, 2020 (www.wri.org/insights/tackling-inequality-cities-essential-fighting-covid-19).Google Scholar
Ezeh, A, Oyebode, O, Satterthwaite, D, Chen, Y-F, Ndugwa, R, Sartori, J, et al. The history, geography, and sociology of slums and the health problems of people who live in slums. Lancet 2017; 389: 547–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilkinson, A. Local response in health emergencies: key considerations for COVID-19 in informal urban settlements. Environ Urban 2020; 32: 503–22.Google Scholar
Kuffer, M, Pfeffer, K, Sliuzas, R. Slums from space—15 years of slum mapping using remote sensing. Remote Sensing 2016; 8: 455.Google Scholar
Sharifi, A, Khavarian-Garmsir, AR. The COVID-19 pandemic: impacts on cities and major lessons for urban planning, design, and management. Sci Total Environ 2020; 749: 142391.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teller, J. Urban density and Covid-19: towards an adaptive approach. Build Cities 2021; 2: 150–65.Google Scholar
UN-Habitat. OPINION: COVID-19 Demonstrates Urgent Need for Cities to Prepare for Pandemics. UN-Habitat, 2020 (unhabitat.org/opinion-covid-19-demonstrates-urgent-need-for-cities-to-prepare-for-pandemics).Google Scholar

References

Janis, IL. Problems of theory in the analysis of stress behaviour. J Soc Issues 1954; 10: 1225.Google Scholar
Aguirre, BE The myth of disaster myths. In Oxford Encyclopaedia of Politics (ed. Thompson, WR): 120. Oxford University Press, 2020.Google Scholar
Johnson, NR. Panic and the breakdown of social order: popular myth, social theory, empirical evidence. Sociol Focus 1987; 20: 171–83.Google Scholar
Arnold, JL. Disaster myths and Hurricane Katrina 2005: can public officials and the media learn to provide responsible crisis communications during disasters? Prehosp Disaster Med 2006; 21: 13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Ville De Goyet, C. Stop propagating disaster myths. Prehosp Disaster Med 1999; 14: 213–14.Google Scholar
Taleb, NN. The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable. Penguin, 2007.Google Scholar
Morgan, O, De Ville de Goyet, C. Dispelling disaster myths about dead bodies and disease: the role of scientific evidence and the media. Rev Panam Salud Pública 2005; 18: 33–6.Google Scholar
Alexander, DE. News reporting of the January 12, 2010, Haiti earthquake: the role of common misconceptions. J Emerg Manag 2010; 8: 1527.Google Scholar
Gregg, MB, ed. The Public Health Consequences of Disasters. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1989.Google Scholar
Babaie, J, Ardalan, A, Vatandoost, H, Goya, MM, Akbarisari, A. Performance assessment of communicable disease surveillance in disasters: a systematic review. PLoS Curr 2015; 7: 114.Google Scholar
Alexander, DE. Common Misconceptions about Disaster. Disaster Planning and Emergency Management, 2019 (http://emergency-planning.blogspot.com/2019/03/).Google Scholar
Alexander, DE. Misconception as a barrier to teaching about disasters. Prehosp Disaster Med 2007; 22: 95103.Google Scholar
Dynes, RR, Quarantelli, EL. What looting in civil disturbances really means. Trans-Action 1968; 5: 914.Google Scholar
Mitchell, JT, Thomas, DSK, Hill, AA, Cutter, SL. Catastrophe in reel life versus real life: perpetuating disaster myth through Hollywood films. Int J Mass Emerg Disasters 2000; 18: 383402.Google Scholar
Tester, K. Panic. Routledge, 2013.Google Scholar
Alexander, DE. Panic during earthquakes and its urban and cultural contexts. Built Environ 1995; 21: 171–82.Google Scholar
Quarantelli, EL. The sociology of panic. In International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioural Sciences (eds Smelser, N, Baltes, PB): 11020–30. Pergamon Press, 2001.Google Scholar
Rachman, S, Maser, JD, eds. Panic: Psychological Perspectives. L. Erlbaum Associates, 1988.Google Scholar
Clarke, L, Chess, C. Elites and panic: more to fear than fear itself. Soc Forces 2008; 87: 9931014.Google Scholar
Grosshandler, W, Bryner, N, Madrzykowski, D, Kuntz, K. Report of the Technical Investigation of the Station Nightclub Fire, Volume 1. Report no. NIST NCSTAR 2. US National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2005.Google Scholar
Rose, G. Who cares for which dead and how? British newspaper reporting of the bombings in London, July 2005. Geoforum 2009; 40: 4654.Google Scholar
Draca, M, Machin, S, Witt, R. Panic on the streets of London: police, crime, and the July 2005 terror attacks. Am Econ Rev 2011; 101: 2157–81.Google Scholar
Haney, JJ, Havice, C, Mitchell, JT. Science or fiction: the persistence of disaster myths in Hollywood films. Int J Mass Emerg Disasters 2019; 37: 286305.Google Scholar
Alexander, DE. Looting. In Encyclopedia of Crisis Management (eds Penuel, KB, Statler, M, Hagen, R): 575–8. Sage, 2013.Google Scholar
Quarantelli, EL, Dynes, RR. Property norms and looting: their patterns in community crisis. Phylon 1970; 31: 168–82.Google Scholar
Barsky, L, Trainor, J, Torres, M. Disaster Realities in the Aftermath of Katrina: Revisiting the Looting Myth. Quick Response Report 184. Natural Hazards Center, University of Colorado at Boulder, 2006.Google Scholar
Prati, G, Catufi, V, Pietrantoni, L. Emotional and behavioural reactions to tremors of the Umbria–Marche earthquake. Disasters 2012; 36: 439–51.Google Scholar
Brown, BL. Disaster myth or reality: developing a criminology of disaster. In Disasters, Hazards and Law. Sociology of Crime, Law and Deviance, Volume 17 (ed. Deflem, M): 317. Emerald Group Publishing, 2012.Google Scholar
Keane, S. Disaster Movies: The Cinema of Catastrophe 2nd ed. Wallflower Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Butzer, KW. Collapse, environment, and society. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2012; 109: 3632–9.Google Scholar
Prince, S. Catastrophe and Social Change: Based Upon a Sociological Study of the Halifax Disaster. Colombia University Press, 1920.Google Scholar
Barton, AH. Communities in Disaster: A Sociological Analysis of Collective Stress Situations. Doubleday, 1970.Google Scholar
Aguirre, BE, Lane, D. Fraud in disaster: rethinking the phases. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 2019; 39: 101232.Google Scholar
Granot, H. Disaster subcultures. Disaster Prev Manag 1996; 5: 3640.Google Scholar
Breakwell, GM. The Psychology of Risk 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2014.Google Scholar
Thiagarajan, K. Why is India having a Covid-19 surge? BMJ 2021; 373: n1124.Google Scholar
Finset, A, Bosworth, H, Butow, P, Gulbrandsen, P, Hulsman, RL, Pieterse, AH, et al. Effective health communication: a key factor in fighting the Covid-19 pandemic. Patient Educ Couns 2020; 103: 873–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adger, WN. Social and ecological resilience: are they related? Prog Hum Geogr 2000; 24: 347–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alexander, DE. Social media in disaster risk reduction and crisis management. Sci Eng Ethics 2014; 20: 717–33.Google Scholar
Baccarella, CV, Wagner, TF, Kietzmann, JH, McCarthy, IP. Social media? It’s serious! Understanding the dark side of social media. Eur Manag J 2018; 36: 431–8.Google Scholar

References

Williams, R, Ntontis, E, Alfadhli, K, Drury, J, Amlôt, R. A social model of secondary stressors in relation to disasters, major incidents and conflict: implications for practice. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 2021; 63. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102436.Google Scholar
NATO/EAPC. Psychosocial Care for People Affected by Disasters and Major Incidents: A Model for Designing, Delivering and Managing Psychosocial Services for People Involved in Major Incidents, Conflict, Disasters and Terrorism. NATO, 2009.Google Scholar
Department of Health. NHS Emergency Planning Guidance: Planning for the Psychosocial and Mental Health Care of People Affected by Major Incidents and Disasters: Interim National Strategic Guidance. Department of Health, 2009.Google Scholar
Stokols, D. A congruence analysis of human stress. Issues Ment Health Nurs 1985; 7: 3564.Google Scholar
Williams, R, Kaufman, KR. Narrative review of the COVID-19, healthcare and healthcarers thematic series. BJPsych Open 2022; 8: 110.Google Scholar
Williams, R, Greenberg, N. Psychosocial and mental health care for the deployed staff of rescue, professional first response and aid agencies, NGOs and military organisations. In Conflict and Catastrophe Medicine (eds Ryan, J, Hopperus Buma, A, Beadling, C, Mozumder, A, Nott, DM): 395432. Springer, 2014.Google Scholar
Lock, S, Rubin, GJ, Murray, V, Rogers, MB, Amlôt, R, Williams, R. Secondary stressors and extreme events and disasters: a systematic review of primary research from 2010–2011. PLoS Curr 2012; 4. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1371/currents.dis.a9b76fed1b2dd5c5bfcfc13c87a2f24f.Google Scholar
Murray, E, Kaufman, KR, Williams, R. Let us do better: learning lessons for recovery of healthcare professionals during and after COVID-19. BJPsych Open 2021; 7: e151.Google Scholar
Maini, R, Clarke, L, Blanchard, K, Murray, V. The Sendai framework for disaster risk reduction and its indicators — where does health fit in? Int J Disaster Risk Sci 2017; 8: 150–5.Google Scholar
Tempest, EL, Carter, B, Beck, CR, Rubin, GJ. Secondary stressors are associated with probable psychological morbidity after flooding: a cross-sectional analysis. Eur J Public Health 2017; 27: 1042–7.Google Scholar
Tekin, S. A social psychological perspective on post-disaster justice campaigns. PhD thesis University of Sussex, 2022.Google Scholar
Boland, B, Gale, T. Mental and behavioural disorders and COVID-19-associated death in older people. BJPsych Open 2020; 6: e101.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ali, S, Maguire, S, Marks, E, Doyle, M, Sheehy, C. Psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare workers at acute hospital settings in the South-East of Ireland: an observational cohort multicentre study. BMJ Open 2020; 10: e042930.Google Scholar
Faderani, R, Monks, M, Peprah, D, Colori, A, Allen, L, Amphlett, A, et al. Improving wellbeing among UK doctors redeployed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Future Healthc J 2020; 7: e71–6.Google Scholar
Siddiqui, I, Aurelio, M, Gupta, A, Blythe, J, Khanji, MY. COVID-19: causes of anxiety and wellbeing support needs of healthcare professionals in the UK: a cross-sectional survey. Clin Med 2021; 21: 6672.Google Scholar
San Juan, NV, Aceituno, D, Djellouli, N, Sumray, K, Regenold, N, Syversen, A, et al. Mental health and well-being of healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK: contrasting guidelines with experiences in practice. BJPsych Open 2021; 7: e15.Google Scholar
Nyashanu, M, Pfende, F, Ekpenyong, MS. Triggers of mental health problems among frontline healthcare workers during the COVID‐19 pandemic in private care homes and domiciliary care agencies: lived experiences of care workers in the Midlands region, UK. Health Soc Care Community 2022; 30: e370–76.Google Scholar
Nyashanu, M, Pfende, F, Ekpenyong, MS. Exploring the challenges faced by frontline workers in health and social care amid the COVID-19 pandemic: experiences of frontline workers in the English Midlands region, UK. J Interprof Care 2020; 34: 655–61.Google Scholar
Fancourt, D, Bradbury, A. We asked 70,000 people how coronavirus affected them – what they told us revealed a lot about inequality in the UK. The Conversation, 2021 (https://theconversation.com/we-asked-70-000-people-how-coronavirus-affected-them-what-they-told-us-revealed-a-lot-about-inequality-in-the-uk-143718).Google Scholar
Marmot, M, Allen, J, Goldblatt, P, Herd, E, Morrisson, J. Build Back Fairer: The COVID-19 Marmot Review. Health Foundation, 2020 (www.health.org.uk/publications/build-back-fairer-the-covid-19-marmot-review).Google Scholar
Patel, J, Fernandes, G, Sridhar, D. How can we improve self-isolation and quarantine for COVID-19? BMJ 2021; 372: n625.Google Scholar
Independent SAGE. Final Report on Find, Test, Trace, Isolate and Support System. Independent SAGE, 2020 (www.independentsage.org/final_fttis_june2020/).Google Scholar
Savitt, A, Montano, S. Will someone please ask Biden & Trump about emergency management policy? Disasterology, 18 September 2020. (www.disaster-ology.com/blog/2020/9/18/will-someone-please-ask-biden-amp-trump-about-emergency-management-policy).Google Scholar
Medd, W, Walker, G, Mort, M, Watson, N. Flood Vulnerability and Urban Resilience: A Real- Time Study of Local Recovery Following the Floods of June 2007 in Hull. Environment Agency, 2010.Google Scholar
Fancourt, D, Bhui, K, Chatterjee, H, Crawford, P, Crossick, G, DeNora, T, et al. Social, cultural and community engagement and mental health: cross-disciplinary, co-produced research agenda. BJPsych Open 2020; 7: e3.Google Scholar

References

Fenn, L, Brunton-Smith, I. The effects of terrorist incidents on public worry of future attacks, views of the police and social cohesion. Br J Criminol 2021; 61: 497518.Google Scholar
Huddy, L, Feldman, S, Taber, C, Lahav, G. Threat, anxiety, and support of antiterrorism policies. Am J Pol Sci 2005; 49: 593608.Google Scholar
Huddy, L, Feldman, S, Capelos, T, Provost, C. The consequences of terrorism: disentangling the effects of personal and national threat. Polit Psychol 2002; 23: 485509.Google Scholar
Bonanno, GA, Jost, JT. Conservative shift among high-exposure survivors of the September 11th terrorist attacks. Basic Appl Soc Psych 2006; 28: 311–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nail, PR, McGregor, I. Conservative shift among liberals and conservatives following 9/11/01. Soc Justice Res 2009; 22: 231–40.Google Scholar
Van de Vyver, J, Houston, DM, Abrams, D, Vasiljevic, M. Boosting belligerence: how the July 7, 2005, London bombings affected liberals’ moral foundations and prejudice. Psychol Sci 2016; 27: 169–77.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (WHO). Floods in the WHO European Region: Health Effects and Their Prevention. WHO and Public Health England, 2013.Google Scholar
Stanke, C, Murray, V, Amlôt, R, Nurse, J, Williams, R. The effects of flooding on mental health: outcomes and recommendations from a review of the literature. PLoS Curr 2012; 4: e4f9f1fa9c3cae.Google Scholar
Davidson, JRT, McFarlane, AC. The extent and impact of mental health problems after disaster. J Clin Psychiatry 2006; 67: 914.Google Scholar
Norris, FH, Friedman, MJ, Watson, PJ, Byrne, CM, Diaz, E, Kaniasty, K. 60,000 disaster victims speak: Part I. An empirical review of the empirical literature, 1981–2001. Psychiatry 2002; 65: 207–39.Google Scholar
Besser, A, Neria, Y. When home isn’t a safe haven: insecure attachment orientations, perceived social support, and PTSD symptoms among Israeli evacuees under missile threat. Psychol Trauma 2012; 4: 3446.Google Scholar
Alexander, D. A magnitude scale for cascading disasters. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 2018; 30: 180–85.Google Scholar
Norris, FH. Disasters in urban context. J Urban Health 2002; 79: 308–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
French, P, Barrett, A, Allsopp, K, Williams, R, Brewin, CR, Hind, D, et al. Psychological screening of adults and young people following the Manchester Arena incident. BJPsych Open 2019; 5: e85.Google Scholar
Stephens, NM, Hamedani, MG, Markus, HR, Bergsieker, HB, Eloul, L. Why did they “choose” to stay? Perspectives of Hurricane Katrina observers and survivors. Psychol Sci 2009; 20: 878–86.Google Scholar
Thiede, BC, Brown, DL. Hurricane Katrina: who stayed and why? Popul Res Policy Rev 2013; 32: 803–24.Google Scholar
Bryant, RA, Gallagher, HC, Gibbs, L, Pattison, P, MacDougall, C, Harms, L, et al. Mental health and social networks after disaster. Am J Psychiatry 2017; 174: 277–85.Google Scholar
Kaniasty, K, de Terte, I, Guilaran, J, Bennett, S. A scoping review of post-disaster social support investigations conducted after disasters that struck the Australia and Oceania continent. Disasters 2020; 44: 336–66.Google Scholar
Masson, T, Bamberg, S, Stricker, M, Heidenreich, A. ‘We can help ourselves’: does community resilience buffer against the negative impact of flooding on mental health? Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 2019; 19: 2371–84.Google Scholar
Koyama, S, Aida, J, Kawachi, I, Kondo, N, Subramanian, SV, Ito, K, et al. Social support improves mental health among the victims relocated to temporary housing following the Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami. Tohoku J Exp Med 2014; 234: 241–7.Google Scholar
Fu, T-H, Lin, W-I, Shieh, J-C. The impact of post-disaster relocation on community solidarity: the case of post-disaster reconstruction after Typhoon Morakot in Taiwan. World Acad Sci Eng Technol 2013; 7: 1964–7.Google Scholar
Oishi, S, Kimura, R, Hayashi, H, Tatsuki, S, Tamura, K, Ishii, K, et al. Psychological adaptation to the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake of 1995: 16 years later victims still report lower levels of subjective well-being. J Res Pers 2015; 55: 8490.Google Scholar
Rubin, GJ, Brewin, CR, Greenberg, N, Simpson, J, Wessely, S. Psychological and behavioural reactions to the bombings in London on 7 July 2005: cross sectional survey of a representative sample of Londoners. BMJ 2005; 331: 606–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stancombe, J, Williams, R, Drury, J, Collins, H, Lagan, L, Barrett, A, et al. People’s experiences of distress and psychosocial care following a terrorist attack: interviews with survivors of the Manchester Arena bombing in 2017. BJPsych Open 2022; 8: e41.Google Scholar
Drury, J, Stancombe, J, Williams, R, Collins, H, Lagan, L, Barrett, A, et al. Survivors’ experiences of informal social support in coping and recovering after the 2017 Manchester Arena bombing. BJPsych Open 2022; 8 : e124.Google Scholar
Bonanno, GA, Brewin, CR, Kaniasty, K, La Greca, AM. Weighing the costs of disaster: consequences, risks, and resilience in individuals, families, and communities. Psychol Sci Public Interest 2010; 11: 149.Google Scholar
Silver, RC, Holman, EA, Garfin, DR. Coping with cascading collective traumas in the United States. Nat Hum Behav 2021; 5: 46.Google Scholar
Bish, A, Michie, S, Yardley, L. Principles of Effective Communication: Scientific Evidence Base Review. Department of Health, 2021 (https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/215678/dh_125431.pdf).Google Scholar
Allsopp, K, Brewin, CR, Barrett, A, Williams, R, Hind, D, Chitsabesan, P, et al. Responding to mental health needs after terror attacks. BMJ 2019; 366: 14828.Google Scholar
Brewin, CR, Fuchkan, N, Huntley, Z, Robertson, M, Thompson, M, Scragg, P, et al. Outreach and screening following the 2005 London bombings: usage and outcomes. Psychol Med 2010; 40: 2049–57.Google Scholar
Nahar, N, Blomstedt, Y, Wu, B, Kandarina, I, Trisnantoro, L, Kinsman, J. Increasing the provision of mental health care for vulnerable, disaster-affected people in Bangladesh. BMC Public Health 2014; 14: 708.Google Scholar
Keys, C, Nanayakkara, G, Onyejekwe, C, Sah, RK, Wright, T. Health inequalities and ethnic vulnerabilities during COVID-19 in the UK: a reflection on the PHE reports. Fem Leg Stud 2021; 29: 107–18.Google Scholar
Masozera, M, Bailey, M, Kerchner, C. Distribution of impacts of natural disasters across income groups: a case study of New Orleans. Ecol Econ 2007; 63: 299306.Google Scholar
Behbod, B, Leonardi, G, Motreff, Y, Beck, CR, Yzermans, J, Lebret, E, et al. An international comparison of the instigation and design of health registers in the epidemiological response to major environmental health incidents. J Public Health Manag Pract 2017; 23: 2028.Google Scholar
Catchpole, MA, Morgan, O. Physical health of members of the public who experienced terrorist bombings in London on 07 July 2005. Prehosp Disaster Med 2010; 25: 139–44.Google Scholar
Close, RM, Maguire, H, Etherington, G, Brewin, CR, Fong, K, Saliba, V, et al. Preparedness for a major incident: creation of an epidemiology protocol for a health protection register in England. Environ Int 2014; 72: 7582.Google Scholar
Motreff, Y, Pirard, P, Lagree, C, Roudier, C, Empereur-Bissonnet, P. Voluntary health registry of French nationals after the Great East Japan earthquake, tsunami, and Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident: methods, results, implications, and feedback. Prehosp Disaster Med 2016; 31: 326–9.Google Scholar
Rubin, GJ, Webster, R, Rubin, AN, Amlôt, R, Grey, N, Greenberg, N. Public attitudes in England towards the sharing of personal data following a mass casualty incident: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2018; 8: e022852.Google Scholar
North, CS, Pfefferbaum, B. Mental health response to community disasters: a systematic review. JAMA 2013; 310: 507–18.Google Scholar
Williams, R, Bisson, JI, Kemp, V. Health care planning for community disaster care. In Textbook of Disaster Psychiatry 2nd ed. (eds Ursano, RJ, Fullerton, CS, Weisaeth, L, Raphael, B): 244–60. Cambridge University Press, 2017.Google Scholar
NHS England and NHS Improvement. Responding to the Needs of People Affected by Incidents and Emergencies: Guidance for Planning, Delivering and Evaluating Psychosocial and Mental Healthcare. NHS England and NHS Improvement, 2021.Google Scholar

References

Shultz, JM, Berg, RC, Kossin, JP, Burkle Jr, F, Maggioni, A, Pinilla Escobar, VA, et al. Convergence of climate-driven hurricanes and COVID-19: the impact of 2020 hurricanes Eta and Iota on Nicaragua. J Clim Chang Health 2021; 3: 100019.Google Scholar
Leppold, C, Gibbs, L, Block, K, Reifels, L, Quinn, P. Public health implications of multiple disaster exposures. Lancet Public Health 2022; 7: e274–86.Google Scholar
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). AR6 Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Summary for Policymakers. IPCC, 2021 (www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/).Google Scholar
Renaldi, E. Indonesia’s latest natural disasters are a ‘wake-up call’, environmentalists say. ABC News, 21 January 2021 (www.abc.net.au/news/2021-01-22/indonesia-hit-by-series-of-disasters-in-the-first-weeks-of-2021/13075930).Google Scholar
United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR). Sendai Framework Terminology on Disaster Risk Reduction: Disaster. UNDRR, undated (www.undrr.org/terminology/disaster).Google Scholar
Reifels, L, Spittal, MJ, Dückers, MLA, Mills, K, Pirkis, J. Suicidality risk and (repeat) disaster exposure: findings from a nationally representative population survey. Psychiatry 2018; 81: 158–72.Google Scholar
Harville, EW, Shankar, A, Schetter, CD, Lichtveld, M. Cumulative effects of the Gulf oil spill and other disasters on mental health among reproductive-aged women: the Gulf Resilience on Women’s Health Study. Psychol Trauma 2018; 10: 533–41.Google Scholar
Lowe, SR, McGrath, JA, Young, MN, Kwok, RK, Engel, LS, Galea, S et al. Cumulative disaster exposure and mental and physical health symptoms among a large sample of Gulf Coast residents. J Trauma Stress 2019; 32: 196205.Google Scholar
Harville, EW, Xiong, X, Smith, BW, Pridjian, G, Elkind-Hirsch, K, Buekens, P. Combined effects of Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Gustav on the mental health of mothers of small children. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 2011; 18: 288–96.Google Scholar
Shrira, A, Palgi, Y, Yaira, H-R, Goodwin, R, Menachem, B-E. Previous exposure to the World Trade Center terrorist attack and posttraumatic symptoms among older adults following Hurricane Sandy. Psychiatry 2014; 77: 374–85.Google Scholar
Garfin, DR, Silver, RC, Ugalde, FJ, Linn, H, Inostroza, M. Exposure to rapid succession disasters: a study of residents at the epicenter of the Chilean Bío Bío earthquake. J Abnorm Psychol 2014; 123: 545–56.Google Scholar
Gargano, LM, Li, JH, Millien, L, Alper, H, Brackbill, RM. Exposure to multiple disasters: the long-term effect of Hurricane Sandy (October 29, 2012) on NYC survivors of the September 11, 2001 World Trade Center attack. Psychiatry Res 2019; 273: 719–24.Google Scholar
Li, J, Alper, HE, Gargano, LM, Maslow, CB, Brackbill, RM. Re-experiencing 9/11-related PTSD symptoms following exposure to Hurricane Sandy. Int J Emerg Ment Health 2018; 20. Available from: https://doi.org/10.4172/1522-4821.1000404.Google Scholar
Bromet, EJ, Clouston, S, Gonzalez, A, Kotov, R, Guerrera, KM, Luft, BJ. Hurricane Sandy exposure and the mental health of World Trade Center responders. J Trauma Stress 2017; 30: 107–14.Google Scholar
Osofsky, HJ, Hansel, TC, Osofsky, JD, Speier, A. Factors contributing to mental and physical health care in a disaster-prone environment. Behav Med 2015; 41: 131–7.Google Scholar
Hayashi, F, Ohira, T, Nakano, H, Nagao, M, Okazaki, K, Harigane, M, et al. Association between post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and bone fractures after the Great East Japan Earthquake in older adults: a prospective cohort study from the Fukushima Health Management Survey. BMC Geriatr 2021; 21: 18.Google Scholar
Miller, JL, Pescaroli, G. Psychosocial capacity building in response to cascading disasters: a culturally informed approach. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 2018; 30: 164–71.Google Scholar
Palgi, Y, Shrira, A, Hamama-Raz, Y, Palgi, S, Goodwin, R, Ben-Ezra, M. Not so close but still extremely loud: recollection of the World Trade Center terror attack and previous hurricanes moderates the association between exposure to Hurricane Sandy and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Compr Psychiatry 2014; 55: 807–12.Google Scholar
Perry, RW. Disasters, definitions and theory construction. In What is a Disaster? New Answers to Old Questions (eds Perry, RW, Quarantelli, EL): 311–24. Xlibris, 2005.Google Scholar
Reid, M. Disasters and social inequalities. Sociol Compass 2013; 7: 984–97.Google Scholar

References

UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR). The Human Cost of Disasters: An Overview of the Last 20 Years (2000-2019). UNDRR, 2020.Google Scholar
Lamb, D, Greenberg, N, Stevelink, S, Wessely, S. Mixed signals about the health of the NHS workforce. Lancet Psychiatry 2020; 7: 1009–11.Google Scholar
Williams, R, Kaufman, KR. Narrative review of the COVID-19, healthcare and healthcarers thematic series. BJPsych Open 2022; 8: e34.Google Scholar
Fancourt, D, Bradbury, A. We asked 70,000 people how coronavirus affected them – what they told us revealed a lot about inequality in the UK. The Conversation, 2021 (https://theconversation.com/we-asked-70-000-people-how-coronavirus-affected-them-what-they-told-us-revealed-a-lot-about-inequality-in-the-uk-143718).Google Scholar
Jordan, HT, Osahan, S, Li, J, Stein, CR, Friedman, SM, Brackbill, RM, et al. Persistent mental and physical health impact of exposure to the September 11, World Trade Center terrorist attacks. Environ Health 2019; 18: 12.Google Scholar
Norris, FH, Tracy, M, Galea, S. Looking for resilience: understanding the longitudinal trajectories of responses to stress. Soc Sci Med 2009; 68: 2190–98.Google Scholar
Kaniasty, K, Norris, FH. Distinctions that matter: received social support, perceived social support and social embeddedness after disasters. In Mental Health and Disasters (eds Neria, Y, Galea, S, Norris, FH): 175200. Cambridge University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Ntontis, E, Drury, J, Amlôt, R, Williams, R, Rubin, GJ. Endurance or decline of emergent groups following a flood disaster: implications for community resilience. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 2020; 45: 101493.Google Scholar
Murray, E, Kaufman, KR, Williams, R. Let us do better: learning lessons for recovery of healthcare professionals during and after COVID-19. BJPsych Open 2021; 7: e151.Google Scholar
Williams, R, Bisson, J, Kemp, V. OP94: Principles for Responding to People’s Psychosocial and Mental Health Needs after Disasters. Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2014.Google Scholar
Forbes, D, O’Donnell, M, Bryant, RA. Psychosocial recovery following community disasters: an international collaboration. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2017; 51: 660–62.Google Scholar
Olff, M, Amstadter, A, Armour, C, Birkeland, MS, Bui, E, Cloitre, M, et al. A decennial review of psychotraumatology: what did we learn and where are we going? Eur J Psychotraumatol 2019; 10: 1672948.Google Scholar
Stancombe, J, Williams, R, Drury, J, Collins, H, Lagan, L, Barrett, A, et al. People’s experiences of distress and psychosocial care following a terrorist attack: interviews with survivors of the Manchester Arena bombing in 2017. BJPsych Open 2022; 8: e41.Google Scholar
Drury, J, Stancombe, J, Williams, R, Collins, H, Lagan, L, Barrett, A, et al. The role of informal social support in recovery among survivors of the 2017 Manchester Arena bombing. BJPsych Open 2022; 8: e124.Google Scholar
Stancombe, J, Williams, R, Drury, J, Hussey, L, Gittins, M, Barrett, A et al. Trajectories of distress and recovery, secondary stressors, and social cure processes in people who used the resilience hub after the Manchester Arena bombing. BJPsych Open 2023; 9: e143.Google Scholar
Naldi, A, Vallelonga, F, Di Liberto, A, Cavallo, R, Agnesone, M, Gonella, M, et al. COVID-19 pandemic-related anxiety, distress and burnout: prevalence and associated factors in healthcare workers of North-West Italy. BJPsych Open 2021; 7: e27.Google Scholar
Williams, R, Kemp, V, Alexander, D. The psychosocial and mental health of people who are affected by conflict, catastrophes, terrorism, adversity and displacement. In Conflict and Catastrophe Medicine (eds Ryan, J, Hopperus Buma, A, Beadling, C, Mozumder, A, Nott, DM): 805–49. Springer, 2014.Google Scholar
Norris, FH, Friedman, MJ, Watson, PJ. 60,000 disaster victims speak: Part II. Summary and implications of the disaster mental health research. Psychiatry 2002; 65: 240–60.Google Scholar
Gabriel, R, Ferrando, L, Cortón, ES, Mingote, C, García-Camba, E, Liria, AF, et al. Psychopathological consequences after a terrorist attack: an epidemiological study among victims, the general population, and police officers. Eur Psychiatry 2007; 22: 339–46.Google Scholar
DiGrande, L, Neria, Y, Brackbill, RM, Pulliam, P, Galea, S. Long-term posttraumatic stress symptoms among 3,271 civilian survivors of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center. Am J Epidemiol 2011; 173: 271–81.Google Scholar
Kessler, RC, Aguilar-Gaxiola, S, Alonso, J, Benjet, C, Bromet, WJ, Cardoso, G, et al. Trauma and PTSD in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2017; 8(suppl5):1353383.Google Scholar
Bonanno, GA, Brewin, CR, Kaniasty, K, Greca, AM. Weighing the costs of disaster: consequences, risks, and resilience in individuals, families, and communities. Psychol Sci Public Interest 2010; 11: 149.Google Scholar
Dyb, G, Jensen, TK, Nygaard, E, Ekeberg, Ø, Diseths, TH, Wentzel-Larsen, T, et al. Post-traumatic stress reactions in survivors of the 2011 massacre on Utøya Island, Norway. Br J Psychiatry 2014; 204: 361–7.Google Scholar
Smith, EC, Burkle, FM. Paramedic and emergency medical technician reflections on the ongoing impact of the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Prehosp Disaster Med 2019; 34: 5661.Google Scholar
Cockeram, A, Cockeram, J, eds. Glimpses of the Falklands War. British Modern Military History Society, 2022.Google Scholar
Williams, R, Ntontis, E, Alfadhli, K, Drury, J, Amlôt, R. A social model of secondary stressors in relation to disasters, major incidents and conflict: implications for practice. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 2021; 63: 102436.Google Scholar
Lock, S, Rubin, GJ, Murray, V, Rogers, MB, Amlôt, R, Williams, R. Secondary stressors and extreme events and disasters: a systematic review of primary research from 2010–2011. PLoS Curr 2012; 4. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1371/currents.dis.a9b76fed1b2dd5c5bfcfc13c87a2f24f.Google Scholar
Cyhlarova, E, Knapp, M, Mays, N. Responding to the mental health consequences of the 2015–2016 terrorist attacks in Tunisia, Paris and Brussels: implementation and treatment experiences in the United Kingdom. J Health Serv Res Policy 2020; 25: 172–80.Google Scholar
Mennecier, D, Hendrick, S, De Mol, J, Denis, J. Experience of victims of Brussels’ terrorist attacks: an interpretative phenomenological analysis. Traumatology 2020. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1037/trm0000249.Google Scholar
Stene, LE, Wentzel-Larsen, T, Dyb, G. Healthcare needs, experiences and satisfaction after terrorism: a longitudinal study of survivors from the Utøya attack. Front Psychol 2016; 7: 1809.Google Scholar
Goldmann, E, Galea, S. Mental health consequences of disasters. Annu Rev Public Health 2014; 35: 169–83.Google Scholar
Department of Health. NHS Emergency Planning Guidance: Planning for the Psychosocial and Mental Health Care of People Affected by Major Incidents and Disasters: Interim National Strategic Guidance. Department of Health, 2009.Google Scholar
NATO Joint Medical Committee. Psychosocial Care for People Affected by Disasters and Major Incidents: A Model for Designing, Delivering and Managing Psychosocial Services for People Involved in Major Incidents, Conflict, Disasters and Terrorism. NATO, 2009.Google Scholar
Brewin, CR, DePierro, J, Pirard, P, Vazquez, C, Williams, R. Why we need to integrate mental health into pandemic planning. Perspect Public Health 2020; 140 : 309–10.Google Scholar
Bowman, C, Branjerdporn, G, Turner, K, Kamara, M, Tyagi, N, Josen, N, et al. The impact of viral epidemics and pandemics on acute mental health service use: an integrative review. Health Psychol Rev 2021; 15: 133.Google Scholar
Pierce, M, McManus, S, Hope, H, Hotopf, M, Ford, T, Hatch, SI, et al. Mental health responses to the COVID-19 pandemic: a latent class trajectory analysis using longitudinal data. Lancet Psychiatry 2021; 8: 610–19.Google Scholar
Leung, TT, Wong, H. Community reactions to the SARS crisis in Hong Kong: analysis of a time-limited counseling hotline. J Hum Behav Soc Environ 2005; 12: 122.Google Scholar
Hopkins, JS, Russell, D. The mental health effects of coronavirus are a ‘slow-motion disaster’. Mother Jones, 2020 (www.motherjones.com/coronavirus-updates/2020/04/the-mental-health-effects-of-coronavirus-are-a-slow-motion-disaster/).Google Scholar
Red Cross Red Crescent Reference Centre for Psychosocial Support (PS Centre). ‘The Greatest Need Was to Be Listened To’: The Importance of Mental Health and Psychosocial Support during COVID-19. Experiences and Recommendations from the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. PS Centre, 2020 (https://pscentre.org/the-greatest-need-was-to-be-listened-to/).Google Scholar
World Health Organization (WHO. Pulse Survey on Continuity of Essential Health Services during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Interim Report, 27 August 2020. WHO, 2020.Google Scholar
Ehrenreich-May, J, Halliday, ER, Karlovich, AR, Gruen, RL, Pino, AC, Tonarely, NA. Brief transdiagnostic intervention for parents with emotional disorder symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic: a case example. Cogn Behav Pract 2021; 28: 690700.Google Scholar
Johnson, S, Dalton-Locke, C, San Juan, VN, Foye, U, Oram, S, Papamichail, A, et al. Impact on mental health care and on mental health service users of the COVID-19 pandemic: a mixed methods survey of UK mental health care staff. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2021; 56: 2537.Google Scholar
Burton, A, McKinlay, A, Aughterson, H, Fancourt, D. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health and well-being of adults with mental health conditions in the UK: a qualitative interview study. J Ment Health 2021. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2021.1952953.Google Scholar
Rains, LS, Johnson, S, Barnett, P, Steare, T, Needle, JJ, Carr, S, et al. Early impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health care and on people with mental health conditions: framework synthesis of international experiences and responses. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2021; 56: 1324.Google Scholar
Lai, BS, Lewis, R, Livings, MS, La Greca, AM, Esnard, A-M. Posttraumatic stress symptom trajectories among children after disaster exposure: a review. J Trauma Stress 2017; 30: 571–82.Google Scholar
Williams, R, Kemp, V. Psychosocial and mental health care before, during and after emergencies, disasters and major incidents. In Health Emergency Preparedness and Response (eds Sellwood, C, Wapling, A): 8298. CABI, 2016.Google Scholar
Kaniasty, K, Norris, FH. Longitudinal linkages between perceived social support and posttraumatic stress symptoms: sequential roles of social causation and social selection. J Trauma Stress 2008; 21: 274–81.Google Scholar
Te Brake, H, Dückers, M. Early psychosocial interventions after disasters, terrorism and other shocking events: is there a gap between norms and practice in Europe? Eur J Psychotraumatol 2013; 4: 19093.Google Scholar
O’Donnell, ML, Lau, W, Fredrickson, J, Gibson, K, Bryant, RA, Bisson, J, et al. An open label pilot study of a brief psychosocial intervention for disaster and trauma survivors. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11: 483.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, R, Kemp, V. Principles for designing and delivering psychosocial and mental healthcare. BMJ Mil Health 2020; 166: 105–10.Google Scholar
Allsopp, K, Brewin, CR, Barrett, A, Williams, R, Hind, D, Chitsabesan, P, et al. Responding to mental health needs after terror attacks. BMJ 2019; 366: 14828.Google Scholar
Jumbe, S, Milner, A, Clinch, M, Kennedy, J, Pinder, RJ, Sharpe, CA et al. A qualitative evaluation of Southwark Council’s public health approach for mitigating the mental health impact of the 2017 London Bridge and Borough Market terror attack. BMC Public Health 2021; 21: 1427.Google Scholar
Pirard, P, Baubet, T, Motreff, Y, Rabet, G, Marillier, M, Vandentorren, S et al. Use of mental health supports by civilians exposed to the November 2015 terrorist attacks in Paris. BMC Health Serv Res 2020; 20: 959.Google Scholar
NHS England and NHS Improvement. Responding to the Needs of People Affected by Incidents and Emergencies: Guidance for Planning, Delivering and Evaluating Psychosocial and Mental Healthcare. NHS England and NHS Improvement, 2021 .Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×