Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-mlc7c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T13:41:25.924Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

6 - Mindfulness, identity and work: mindfulness training creates a more flexible sense of self

from Part II - Research

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 July 2015

Paul W. B. Atkins
Affiliation:
Australian Catholic University
Robert Styles
Affiliation:
ANUedge
Jochen Reb
Affiliation:
Singapore Management University
Paul W. B. Atkins
Affiliation:
Australian National University, Canberra
Get access

Summary

Introduction

In this chapter we explore the effects of mindfulness training upon individual identity. We aim to show that mindfulness training extends beyond improving emotional self-regulation. Our work shows that over time it changes how we respond to the questions ‘Who am I?’ and ‘Am I really separate from you?’ In turn, these changes have profound implications for wellbeing, effectiveness and relationships at work. Our identity shapes both our individual and relational responding. In this sense, identity underpins many other aspects of organisational behaviour. Indeed, it has been argued that identity has become central to organisational studies and the social sciences more broadly (Alvesson, Ashcraft, and Thomas 2008). In recent years, identity has been linked to issues as diverse as change management (Beech et al. 2011), leadership development (Carroll and Levy 2010; DeRue and Ashford 2010; Hannah, Woolfolk, and Lord 2009), motivation (Osborne and Jones 2011), career development (Petriglieri and Petriglieri 2010), and emotions at work (Atkins and Parker 2012).

In this chapter we explore theoretically and empirically how mindfulness training affects identity and thereby affects work-related outcomes and wellbeing. We adopt the view that mindfulness involves the four processes of: knowing oneself as the observer of experience; flexibly attending to the present moment; willingly accepting experience as it is without trying to change its frequency or intensity, and defusion from the literality of verbal cognitions (Hayes, Strosahl, and Wilson 2011). This approach is based on a contextual-behavioural account of language and human cognition where identity is understood to be the ongoing behaviour of constructing descriptions of one's own behaviours and characteristics (Hayes, Barnes-Holmes, and Roche 2001). When mindful, such personal descriptions are not held as literal truths but rather are held flexibly as passing verbal constructs. We are particularly interested in the shift from treating self-referential statements as literal truths to flexibly engaging with them as constructs that serve varying degrees of usefulness.

Type
Chapter
Information
Mindfulness in Organizations
Foundations, Research, and Applications
, pp. 133 - 162
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2015

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alvesson, M., Ashcraft, K. L., and Thomas, R. (2008). Identity matters: reflections on the construction of identity scholarship in organization studies. Organization, 15(1), 5–28. doi: 10.1177/1350508407084426.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alvesson, M. and Willmott, H. (2002). Identity regulation as organizational control: producing the appropriate individual. Journal of Management Studies, 39(5), 619–44. doi: 10.1111/1467–6486.00305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Argyris, C. (1998). Empowerment: the emperor's new clothes. Harvard Business Review, 76 (May/June), 98–105.Google ScholarPubMed
Atkins, P. W. B. and Parker, S. K. (2012). Understanding individual compassion in organizations: the role of appraisals and psychological flexibility. Academy of Management Review, 37(4), 524–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Avolio, B. J. and Gardner, W. L. (2005). Authentic leadership development: getting to the root of positive forms of leadership. Leadership Quarterly, 16(3), 315–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnes-Holmes, D., Hayes, S. C., and Dymond, S. (2001). Self and self-directed rules. In Hayes, S. C., Barnes-Holmes, D. and Roche, B. (eds.), Relational frame theory: a post-Skinnerian account of human language and cognition. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, pp. 119–39.Google ScholarPubMed
Barnes-Holmes, Y., McHugh, L., and Barnes-Holmes, D. (2004). Perspective-taking and theory of mind: a relational frame account. The Behavior Analyst Today, 5, 15–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Basseches, M. (2005). The development of dialectical thinking as an approach to integration. Integral Review, 1(1), 47.Google Scholar
Bauer, J. J. and Wayment, H. A. (2008). The psychology of quieting the ego. In Wayment, H. A. and Bauer, J. J. (eds.), Transcending self-interest: Psychological explorations of the quiet ego. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, pp. 7–19.Google Scholar
Beech, N. (2008). On the nature of dialogic identity work. Organization, 15(1), 51–74. doi: 10.1177/1350508407084485.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beech, N. (2011). Liminality and the practices of identity reconstruction. Human Relations, 64(2), 285–302. doi: 10.1177/0018726710371235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beech, N., Kajzer-Mitchell, I., Oswick, C., and Saren, M. (2011). Barriers to change and identity work in the swampy lowland. Journal of Change Management, 11(3), 289–304. doi: 10.1080/14697017.2011.564591.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bem, D. J. (1967). Self-perception: an alternative interpretation of cognitive dissonance phenomena. Psychological Review, 74(3), 183–200. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0024835.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bennett, C. J. and Howlett, M. (1992). The lessons of learning: reconciling theories of policy learning and policy change. Policy Sciences, 25(3), 275–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berger, J. G. and Atkins, P. W. B. (2009). Mapping complexity of mind: using the subject-object interview in coaching. Coaching: An International Journal of Theory, Research and Practice, 2(1), 23–36.Google Scholar
Campbell, D. J. (2000). The proactive employee: managing workplace initiative. The Academy of Management Executive, 14 (Aug), 52–66.Google Scholar
Carroll, B. and Levy, L. (2010). Leadership development as identity construction. Management Communication Quarterly, 24(2), 211–31. doi: 10.1177/0893318909358725.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colebatch, H. K. (2002). Policy. 2nd edn. Buckingham: Open University Press.Google Scholar
Commons, M. L. and Ross, S. N. (2008). What postformal thought is, and why it matters. World Futures: Journal of General Evolution, 64(5), 321–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deci, E. L. and Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeRue, D. S. and Ashford, S. J. (2010). Who will lead and who will follow? A social process of leadership identity construction in organizations. The Academy of Management Review, 35(4), 627–47.Google Scholar
Dolowitz, D. P. and Marsh, D. (2000). Learning from Abroac: the role of policy transfer in contemporary policy-making. Governance: An International Journal of Policy and Administration, 13(1), 5–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fiol, C. M., Pratt, M. G., and O'Connor, E. J. (2009). Managing intractable identity conflicts. Academy of Management Review, 34(1), 32–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fleiss, J. L. (1981). Statistical methods for rates and proportions. 2nd edn.. New York: John Wiley.Google Scholar
Foody, M., Barnes-Holmes, Y., and Barnes-Holmes, D. (2012). The role of self in acceptance and commitment therapy. In McHugh, L. and Stewart, I. (eds.), The self and perspective taking: contributions and applications from modern behavioral science. Oakland, CA: Context Press, pp. 125–42.Google Scholar
Foody, M., Barnes-Holmes, Y., Barnes-Holmes, D., and Luciano, M. C. (2013). An empirical investigation of hierarchical versus distinction relations in a self-based ACT exercise. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 13(3), 373–85.Google Scholar
Gergen, K. J. (2009). Relational being: beyond self and community. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Glomb, T. M., Duffy, M. K., Bono, J. E., and Yang, T. (2012). Mindfulness at work. Research in Personnel and Human Resource Management, 30, 115–57.Google Scholar
Grossman, P. and Van Dam, N. T. (2011). Mindfulness, by any other name: trials and tribulations of sati in western psychology and science. Contemporary Buddhism: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 12(1), 219–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hannah, S., Woolfolk, R., and Lord, G. (2009). Leader self-structure: a framework for positive leadership. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30(2), 269.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, R. (2009). ACT made simple. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications.Google Scholar
Hayes, S. C. (1984). Making sense of spirituality. Behaviorism, 12(2), 99–110.Google Scholar
Hayes, S. C., Barnes-Holmes, D., and Roche, B. (2001). Relational frame theory: a post-Skinnerian account of human language and cognition. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.Google Scholar
Hayes, S. C. and Gregg, J. (2000). Functional contextualism and the self. In Muran, C. (ed.), Self-relations in the psychotherapy process. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, pp. 291–307.Google Scholar
Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., and Wilson, K. G. (2011). Acceptance and commitment therapy: the process and practice of mindful change. 2nd edn. New York: The Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Heifetz, R., Grashow, A., and Linsky, M. (2009). The practice of adaptive leadership: tools and tactics for changing your organisation and the world. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business Press.Google Scholar
Ibarra, H. and Petriglieri, J. L. (2010). Identity work and play. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 23(1), 10–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Isaacs, W. (1999). Dialogue and the art of thinking together. New York: Doubleday.Google Scholar
Johnson, P. and Cassell, C. (2001). Epistemology and work psychology: new agendas. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 74(2), 125–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnston, K. and Atkins, P. W. B. (2005). An exploration of the complexity of thinking and consciousness required to sustainably ‘manage’ the environment. Paper presented at the Australia and New Zealand Systems Thinking Conference, Christchurch, New Zealand, December 5–7, 2005.
Kahneman, D. and Riis, J. (2005). Living, and thinking about it: two perspectives on life. In Huppert, F. A., Baylis, N., and Keverne, B. (eds.), The science of well-being. Oxford University Press, pp. 285–304.Google Scholar
Kegan, R. (1994). In over our heads: the mental demands of modern life. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Kegan, R. and Lahey, L. (2009). Reconceiving the challenge of change immunity to change. Boston, MA: Harvard Business Press.Google Scholar
Kegan, R. and Lahey, L. (2010). Adult development and organisational leadership. In Nohria, N. and Khurana, R. (eds.), Handbook of leadership theory and practice. USA: Harvard Business School Publishing Corporation.Google Scholar
Lahey, L., Souvaine, E., Kegan, R., Goodman, R., and Felix, S. (1988). A guide to the subject-object interview: its administration and interpretation. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Graduate School of Education.Google Scholar
Luciano, C., Ruiz, F. J., Torres, R. M. V., Martin, V. S., Martinez, O. G., and Lopez, J. C. L. (2011). A relational frame analysis of defusion interactions in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: a preliminary and quasi-experimental study with at-risk adolescents. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 11(2), 165–82.Google Scholar
Osborne, J. W. and Jones, B. D. (2011). Identification with academics and motivation to achieve in school: how the structure of the self influences academic outcomes. Educational Psychology Review, 23(1), 131–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parker, S. K., Bindl, U. K., and Strauss, K. (2010). Making things happen: a model of proactive motivation. Journal of Management, 36(4), 827–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petriglieri, G. and Petriglieri, J. L. (2010). Identity workspaces: the case of business schools. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 9(1), 44–60.Google Scholar
Pratt, M. G., Rockmann, K. W., and Kaufmann, J. B. (2006). Constructing professional identity: the role of work and identity learning cycles in the customization of identity among medical residents. Academy of Management Journal, 49(2), 235–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryan, R. M. and Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. The American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schwartz, B. (2004). The paradox of choice: why more is less: New York: Harper Perennial.Google Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1976). About behaviorism. New York: Vintage Books.Google Scholar
Snook, S., Nohria, N., and Khurana, R. (2012). The handbook for teaching leadership: knowing, doing and being. California: SAGE Publications.Google Scholar
Styles, R. and Atkins, P. W. B. (in preparation). Functional selfing coding and interview manual. Crawford School of Public Policy, Australian National University.
Sveningsson, S. and Alvesson, M. (2003). Managing managerial identities: organizational fragmentation, discourse and identity struggle. Human Relations, 56(10), 1163–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thacher, D. and Rein, M. (2004). Managing value conflict in public policy. Governance, 17(4), 457–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Torneke, N. (2010). Learning RFT. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications.Google Scholar
Williams, J. C. and Lynn, S. J. (2010). Acceptance: an historical and conceptual review. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 30(1), 5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×