Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jn8rn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T06:06:27.575Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

5 - Movement and Management of Animals in the North and West of Africa from 1000 BC to AD 1000

from Part II - Technological Mobility and Transfers

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 September 2020

By
B. Tyr Fothergill ,
Veerle Linseele  and
Silvia Valenzuela Lamas
Edited by
C. N. Duckworth ,
A. Cuénod  and
D. J. Mattingly
C. N. Duckworth
Affiliation:
University of Newcastle upon Tyne
A. Cuénod
Affiliation:
University of Leicester
D. J. Mattingly
Affiliation:
University of Leicester
Get access

Summary

This chapter explores the movement and introduction (translocation) of domestic animal species and some factors relevant to the transference of knowledge and skills associated with their husbandry between the first millennium BC and AD 1500 across the Trans-Saharan zone. Although animal products were traded widely in these regions, live animal movement and husbandry is the main material focus of this work. It reviews the process of animal translocation, considers the impacts associated with the process of moving species, provides evidence for species introductions in these regions and discusses how populations may have encountered and shaped various forms of animal husbandry. Other relevant aspects such as husbandry requirements, feeding strategies, mobility and human perceptions of animal species are also considered. To some extent, these introductions and technological changes are evident in the presence and relative frequencies of domesticate species; these are presented and interpreted to the extent which the data permits. By contextualising the Sahara within patterns of North African and sub-Saharan animal husbandry, the chapter aims to go beyond statements regarding the dates by which species were introduced at individual sites, and contribute to a fuller understanding of the ways in which animals and the techniques used to manage them moved.

Keywords

animalszooarchaeologyhusbandrydomestication
Type
Chapter
Information
Mobile Technologies in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond , pp. 143 - 182
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Albarella, U. 2007. Companions of our travel: The archaeological evidence of animals in exile. In Hartmann, S. (ed.), Fauna and Flora in the Middle Ages: Studies of the Medieval Environment and Its Impact on the Human Mind, Frankfurt am Main: Verlag Peter Lang, 133–54.Google Scholar
Alhaique, F. 2002. Archaeozoology of funerary structures. In di Lernia, S. and Manzi, G. (eds), Sand, Stones, and Bones: The Archaeology of Death in the Wadi Tanezzuft Valley (5000–2000 BP), Firenze: All’Insegna del Giglio, 181–96.Google Scholar
Alhaique, F. 2006. The faunal remains. In Liverani, M. (ed.), Aghram Nadarif: A Garamantian Citadel in the Wadi Tannezzuft, Firenze: All’Insegna del Giglio, 349–60.Google Scholar
Alhaique, F. 2013. The faunal remains. In Mori, L. (ed.), Life and Death of a Rural Village in Garamantian Times: Archaeological Investigations in the Oasis of Fewet (Libyan Sahara), ZAZ 6. Firenze: All’Insegna di Giglio, 191–98.Google Scholar
Anonymous 1984. Guide to the Care and Use of Experimental Animals. Ottawa: Canadian Council on Animal Care, Volumes 1 and 2.Google Scholar
Barich, B.E. 2014. Northwest Libya from the Early to Late Holocene: New data on environment and subsistence from the Jebel Gharbi. Quaternary International 320: 15–27.Google Scholar
Barker, G. 1979. Economic life at Berenice: The animal and fish bones, marine molluscs and plant remains. In Lloyd, J. (ed.), Excavations at Sidi Khrebish Benghazi (Berenice), Volume 2. Supplements to Libya Antiqua 5. Tripoli: Department of Antiquities, 1–49.Google Scholar
Barker, G., Gilbertson, D. and Mattingly, D.J. 2007. Archaeology and Desertification: The Wadi Faynan Landscape Survey, Southern Jordan. Oxford: Oxbow, CBRL.Google Scholar
Barnett, T.F. and Mattingly, D.J. 2003. The engraved heritage: rock-art and inscriptions. In Mattingly, D.J. (ed.), The Archaeology of Fazzan. Volume 1, Synthesis, London: Society for Libyan Studies, Department of Antiquities, 279–326.Google Scholar
Bates, O. 1970. The Eastern Libyans (new impression). Abingdon: Frank Cass and Company, Limited.Google Scholar
Becker, C. 2012. Hühner auf einem langen Seeweg gen Westen – frühe Nachweise von Gallus domesticus aus der phönizisch-punischen Niederlassung von Mogador, Marokko. Festschrift für Helmut Kroll. Offa 69.70: 225–38.Google Scholar
Becker, C., von den Driesch, A. and Küchelmann, C. 2012. Mogador, eine Handelsstation am westlichen Rand der phönizischen und römischen Welt – die Tierreste. In Grupe, G., McGlynn, G. and Peters, J. (eds), Current Discoveries from Outside and Within, München: Documenta Archaeobiologiae Jahrbuch der Staatssammlung für Anthropologie und Paläoanatomie 10, 11–159.Google Scholar
Bedaux, R.M.A., Constandse-Westermann, T.S., Hacquebord, L., Lange, A.G. and Van der Waals, J.D. 1978. Recherches archéologiques dans le Delta intérieur du Niger (Mali). Palaeohistoria Bussum 20: 91–220.Google Scholar
Blench, R.M. 1993. Ethnographic and linguistic evidence for the prehistory of African ruminant livestock, horses and ponies. In Shaw, T., Sinclair, P., Andah, B. and Okpoko, A. (eds), The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns, London and New York: Routledge, 71–103.Google Scholar
Blench, R.M. 1995. A history of domestic animals in northeastern Nigeria. Cahiers des Sciences Humaines 31: 181–238.Google Scholar
Blench, R.M. 2000a. African minor livestock species. In Blench and MacDonald 2000, 314–38.Google Scholar
Blench, R.M. 2000b. A history of donkeys, wild asses and mules in Africa. In Blench and MacDonald 2000, 339–54.Google Scholar
Blench, R.M. 2000c. A history of pigs in Africa. In Blench and MacDonald 2000, 355–67.Google Scholar
Blench, R.M. and MacDonald, K. (eds) 2000. The Origins and Development of African Livestock: Archaeology, Genetics, Linguistics and Ethnography. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Bovill, E.W. 1968. The Golden Trade of the Moors (2nd edition). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bulliet, R.W. 1990. The Camel and the Wheel. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Burke, A. 2001. Patterns of animal exploitation at Leptiminus: Faunal remains from the East Baths and from the Roman cemetery Site 10. In Stirling, L.M., Mattingly, D.J. and Ben Lazreg, N. (eds), Leptiminus (Lamta) Report No. 2 The East Baths, Cemeteries, Kilns, Venus Mosaic, Site Museum and Other Studies. Portsmouth, RI: Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplement 41, 442–56.Google Scholar
Buzaian, A.M. 2000. Excavations at Tocra (1985–1992). Libyan Studies 31: 59–102.Google Scholar
Camarós, E. and Estévez, J. 2010. Los restos arqueozoológicos de mamíferos: Gestión y explotación del recurso animal en los niveles del siglo 7 aC de Plaza de la Catedral (Ceuta). In Villada, F., Ramon, J. and Suárez, J. (eds), El asentamiento protohistórico de Ceuta: Indígenas y fenicios en la orilla norteafricana del Estrecho de Gibraltar, Ceuta: Archivo General, 383–406.Google Scholar
Camps, G. and Gast, M. 1982. Les chars préhistoriques du Sahara: Archéologie et techniques d’attelage. Actes du colloque de Sénanque, 21–22 mars 1981. Aix-en-Provence: Université de Provence.Google Scholar
Camps, G. and Chaker, S. 1993. Cheval. In Encyclopédie berbère 12 (Capsa – Cheval), Aix-en-Provence: Edisud, 1907–11.Google Scholar
Camps, G., Musso, J.-C. and Chaker, S. 1988. Âne. In Encyclopédie berbère 5 (Anacutas – Anti-Atlas), Aix-en-Provence: Edisud, 647–57.Google Scholar
Camps, G., Peyron, M. and Chaker, S. 1996. Dromadaire. In Encyclopédie berbère 17 (Douiret – Eropaei), Aix-en-Provence: Edisud, 2541–54.Google Scholar
Carr, J. 1998. Garth Pig Stockmanship Standards. Sheffield: 5 M Enterprises for the Garth Veterinary Group.Google Scholar
Cesarino, F. 1997. I cani del Sahara. Sahara 9: 93–113.Google Scholar
Chaix, L. 2000. A Hyksos horse from Tell Heboua (Sinai, Egypt). In Mashkour, M., Choyke, A.M., Buitenhuis, H. and Poplin, F. (eds), Archaeozoology of the Near East: Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on the Archaeozoology of Southwestern Asia and Adjacent Areas, Groningen: ARC, 177–86.Google Scholar
Challis, W., Campbell, A., Coulson, D. and Keenan, J. 2007. Funerary monuments and horse paintings: A preliminary report on the archaeology of a site in the Tagant region of South East Mauritania near Dhar Tichitt. The Journal of North African Studies 10.3–4: 459–70.Google Scholar
Clark, G. 1993. The faunal remains. In Benseddik, N. and Potter, T., Fouilles du Forum de Cherchel 1977–1981, Bulletin d’archéologie algérienne, supplément 6, Algiers: Agence Nationale d’Archéologie, 159–95.Google Scholar
Connah, G. 1981. Three Thousand Years in Africa: Man and His Environment in the Lake Chad Region of Nigeria. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Crabtree, P.J. and Monge, J.M. 1987. The faunal remains from the sanctuary of Demeter and Persephone at Cyrene, Libya. Masca Journal 4.3: 139–43.Google Scholar
Cunningham, A.A. 1996. Disease risks of wildlife translocations. Conservation Biology 10.2: 349–53.Google Scholar
Dahl, G. and Hjort, A. 1976. Having Herds: Pastoral Herd Growth and Household Economy. Stockholm: Liber Tryck.Google Scholar
Daumas, E. 1968. The Horses of the Sahara (translated by S.M. Ohlendorf). Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
De Grossi Mazzorin, J. and De Venuto, G. 2006. Ricerche archeozoologiche a Thamusida (Marocco): Allevamento, alimentazione e ambiente di un insediamento mauro e di una citta romana. In Tagliacozzo, A., Fiore, I., Marconi, S. and Tecchiati, U. (eds), Atti del 5 Convegno Nazionale di Archeozoologia (10–12 Novembre, Roverto, 2006), Roverto: Osiride, 389–93.Google Scholar
Deme, A. and McIntosh, S.K. 2006. Excavations at Walaldé: New light on the settlement of the Middle Senegal Valley by iron-using people. Journal of African Archaeology 4.2: 317–47.Google Scholar
Desquesnes, M., Holzmuller, P., Lai, D.-H., Dargantes, A., Lun, Z.-R. and Jittaplapong, S. 2013. Trypanosoma evansi and surra: A review and perspectives on origin, history, distribution, taxonomy, morphology, hosts, and pathogenic effects. BioMed Research International 194176: doi:10.1155/2013/194176.Google Scholar
di Lernia, S., Tafuri, M., Gallinaro, M., Alhaique, F., Balasse, M., Cavorsi, L. and Fullagar, P.D. 2013. Inside the African cattle complex: Animal burials in the Holocene Central Sahara. PloS one 8.2: e56879.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Drine, A., Ferchiou, N., Bagnall, R.S., Várhelyi, Z., Fabis, M. and King, A. 2009. Faunal remains. In Fentress, E., Drine, A. and Holod, R. (eds), An Island through Time: Jerba Studies, Vol. 1, the Punic and Roman Periods, Portsmouth, RI: Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplementary Series 71: 328–47.Google Scholar
Dueppen, S. 2011. Evidence for chickens at Iron Age Kirikongo (c.AD 100–1450), Burkina Faso. Antiquity 85: 142–57.Google Scholar
FAO 2001. Pastoralism in the New Millennium. Rome: FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 150.Google Scholar
Fischer, J. and Lindenmayer, D.B. 2000. An assessment of the published results of animal relocations. Biological Conservation 96.1: 1–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Förster, F. 2007. With donkeys, jars and water bags into the Libyan Desert: The Abu Ballas trail in the late Old Kingdom/First Intermediate period. British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan 7: 1–39.Google Scholar
Fothergill, B.T. 2012. A short report on faunal remains from sites at Zinkekra. Unpublished report, University of Leicester.Google Scholar
Fothergill, B.T. 2014. The husbandry, perception and ‘improvement’ of the turkey in Britain, 1500–1900. Post-Medieval Archaeology 48.1: 207–28.Google Scholar
Fothergill, B.T. 2017. Human-aided movement of viral disease and the archaeology of avian osteopetrosis. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 27.5: 853–66.Google Scholar
Gál, E. 2008. Bone evidence of pathological lesions in domestic hen (Gallus domesticus Linnaeus, 1758). Veterinarija ir zootechnika 41.63: 42–48.Google Scholar
Gautier, A. 2002. The evidence for the earliest livestock in North Africa: Or adventures with large bovids, ovicaprids, dogs and pigs. In Hassan, F.A. (ed.), Droughts, Food and Culture: Ecological Change and Food Security in Africa’s Later Prehistory, Dordrecht and London: Kluwer Academic and Plenum Publishers, 195–207.Google Scholar
Geis-Tronich, G. 1991. Materielle Kultur der Gulmanceba in Burkina Faso. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.Google Scholar
Gifford-Gonzalez, D. and Hanotte, O. 2011. Domesticating animals in Africa: Implications of genetic and archaeological findings. Journal of World Prehistory 24.1: 1–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gigliarelli, U. 1932. Il Fezzan. Tripoli: Governo della Tripolitania.Google Scholar
Grant, A. 2006. Animal bones from the Sahara: Diet, economy and social practice. In Mattingly, D.J., McLaren, S., Savage, E., al-Fasatwi, Y. and Gadgood, K. (eds), The Libyan Desert: Natural Resources and Cultural Heritage, London: Society for Libyan Studies, 179–85.Google Scholar
Grayson, D.K. 2001. The archaeological record of human impacts on animal populations. Journal of World Prehistory 15. 1: 1–68.Google Scholar
Grigson, C. 1991. An African origin for African cattle? Some archaeological evidence. The African Archaeological Review 9: 119–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guérin, C. and Faure, M. 1991. La faune: Les mammiferes holocenes du site KNT 2 (région de Tombouctou, Mali). In Raimbault, M. and Sanogo, K. (eds), Recherches archéologiques au Mali, Paris: Editions Karthala, 372–77.Google Scholar
Hanotte, O., Bradley, D.G., Ochieng, J.W., Verjee, Y., Hill, E.W. and Rege, J.E.O. 2002. African pastoralism: Genetic imprints of origins and migrations. Science 296: 336–39.Google Scholar
Holl, A. 2002. The Land of Houlouf: Genesis of a Chadic Polity 1900 BC–AD 1800. Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Number 35. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology.Google Scholar
Holmes, M. 2013. Faunal data appendices. In Mattingly 2013: 853–64.Google Scholar
Holmes, M. and Grant, A. 2013. The animal bone assemblage. In Mattingly 2013: 495–501.Google Scholar
Hughes, J.D. 2003. Europe as consumer of exotic biodiversity: Greek and Roman times. Landscape Research 28.1: 21–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iborra Eres, P. 2001. Estudio Faunístico. In Aranegui Gascó, C. (ed.), Lixus Colonia, Fenicia y Ciudad Púnico Mauritana. Anotaciones sobre su ocupación medieval, Saguntum Extra 4, Valencia: University of Valencia, 200–04.Google Scholar
Insoll, T. 1995. A cache of hippopotamus ivory at Gao, Mali and a hypothesis of its use. Antiquity 69: 327–36.Google Scholar
Jesse, F., Kröpelin, S., Lange, M., Pöllath, N. and Berke, H. 2004. On the periphery of Kerma – the Handessi Horizon in Wadi Hariq, Northwestern Sudan. Journal of African Archaeology 2: 123–64.Google Scholar
Johnson, D.L. 1969. The Nature of Nomadism. Chicago: Department of Geography, University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Kacem, S.B.H., Muller, H.-P. and Weisner, H. 1994. Gestion de la faune sauvage et des parcs nationaux en Tunisie: Reintroduction, gestion, et amenagement. Tunis: Direction Générale des Forêts and Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit.Google Scholar
Kimura, B., Marshall, F., Beja-Pereira, A. and Mulligan, C. 2013. Donkey domestication. African Archaeological Review 30.1: 83–95.Google Scholar
King, A.C. 1991. Animal bones. In Mohamedi, A., Benmansour, A., Amamra, A.A. and Fentress, E. (eds), Fouilles De Sétif (1977–1984), 5ème Supplément au Bulletin d’Archéologie Algerienne, Algeria: Agence nationale d’archéologie et de protection des sites et monuments historiques, 247–59.Google Scholar
King, A.C. 1999. Diet in the Roman world: A regional inter-site comparison of the mammal bones. Journal of Roman Archaeology 12: 168–202.Google Scholar
Köhler-Rollefson, I.U. 1991. Camelus dromedarius. Mammalian Species No. 375. Oxford: Oxford University Press for the American Society of Mammalogists.Google Scholar
Law, R. 1980. The Horse in West African History: The Role of the Horse in the Societies of Pre-Colonial West Africa. London: Oxford University Press, for the International Africa Institute.Google Scholar
Law, R. 1995. The horse in pre-colonial West-Africa. In Pezzoli, G. (ed.), Cavalieri dell’Africa, Milano: Centro studi archaeologia Africana, 175–84.Google Scholar
Leone, A. and Mattingly, D.J. 2004. Vandal, Byzantine, and Arab rural landscapes in North Africa. In Christie, N. (ed.), Landscapes of Change: Rural Evolutions in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages, Aldershot: Ashgate, 135–62.Google Scholar
Levtzion, N. and Hopkins, J. 1981. Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Linseele, V. 2003. Cultural identity and the consumption of dogs in western Africa. In O’Day, S.J., Van Neer, W. and Ervynck, A. (eds), Behaviour Behind Bones: The Zooarchaeology of Ritual, Religion, Status and Identity, Oxford: Oxbow Books, 318–26.Google Scholar
Linseele, V. 2007. Archaeofaunal Remains from the Past 4000 Years in Sahelian West Africa: Domestic Livestock, Subsistence Strategies and Environmental Changes. Oxford: Archaeopress.Google Scholar
Linseele, V. 2013. From the first stock keepers to specialised pastoralists in the West African savannah. In Bollig, M., Schnegg, M. and Wotzka, H.-P. (eds), Pastoralism in Africa: Past, Present and Future, Oxford: Berghahn Books, 145–70.Google Scholar
Linseele, V., Van Neer, W., Thys, S., Phillipps, R., Cappers, R., Wendrich, W. and Holdaway, S. 2014. New archaeozoological data from the Fayum ‘Neolithic’ with a critical assessment of the evidence for early stock keeping in Egypt. PLoS ONE 9.10: e108517.Google Scholar
Loyet, M. 2004. Food, fuel, and raw material: Faunal remains from al-Basra. In Benco, N.L. (ed.), Anatomy of a Medieval Islamic Town: Al-Basra, Morocco: BAR International Series 1234, 21–30.Google Scholar
Lydon, G. 2009. On Trans-Saharan Trails: Islamic Law, Trade Networks and Cross-cultural Exchange in Nineteenth-century Western Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacDonald, K.C. 1992. The domestic chicken (Gallus gallus) in Sub-Saharan Africa: A background to its introduction and its osteological differentiation from indigenous fowls (Numidinae and Francolinus sp.). Journal of Archaeological Science 19: 303–18.Google Scholar
MacDonald, K.C. 1994. Socio-economic diversity and the origin of cultural complexity along the Middle Niger (2000 BC to AD 300). Doctoral thesis, University of Cambridge.Google Scholar
MacDonald, K.C. 1995. Analysis of the faunal remains. In McIntosh, S.K. (ed.), Excavations at Jenne-jeno, Hambarketolo, and Kaniana (Inland Niger Delta, Mali), the 1981 Season, Oakland: University of California Press, 271–318.Google Scholar
MacDonald, K.C. 2000. The origins of African livestock: Indigenous or imported? In Blench and MacDonald 2000, 2–17.Google Scholar
MacDonald, K.C. and MacDonald, R.H. 2000. The origins and development of domesticated animals in arid West Africa. In Blench and MacDonald 2000, 127–62.Google Scholar
MacDonald, R.H. and MacDonald, K.C. 1996. A preliminary report on the faunal remains recovered from Gao Ancien and Gao-Saney. In Insoll, T., Islam, Archaeology and History: Gao Region (Mali), Oxford: Tempus, 124–26.Google Scholar
MacDonald, K.C. and Van Neer, W. 1993. Appendix 1: An Initial Report on the Fauna of Akumbuu (Mali). In Togola, T., Archaeological Investigations of Iron Age Sites in the Mema Region, Mali (West Africa). Doctoral Thesis, Rice University.Google Scholar
MacDonald, K.C., Togola, T., MacDonald, R.H. and Capezza, C. 1994. Douentza, Mali. Past: Newsletter of the Prehistoric Society 17: 12–14.Google Scholar
MacEachern, S., Bourges, C. and Reeves, M. 2001. Early horse remains from Northern Cameroon. Antiquity 75: 62–67.Google Scholar
MacKinnon, M. 2017. Animals, acculturation, and colonization in ancient and Islamic North Africa. In Albarella, U. (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Zooarchaeology, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 466–78.Google Scholar
Manlius, N. 2001. The ostrich in Egypt: Past and present. Journal of Biogeography 28: 945–53.Google Scholar
Marshall, F. 1989. Rethinking the role of Bos indicus in Sub-Saharan Africa. Current Anthropology 30: 235–39.Google Scholar
Marshall, F. 2007. African pastoral perspectives on domestication of the donkey: A first synthesis. In Denham, T.P. and Vrydaghs, L. (eds), Rethinking Agriculture: Archaeological and Ethnoarchaeological Perspectives, London: UCL Press, 537–94.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D.J. (ed.) 2013. The Archaeology of Fazzan. Volume 4, Survey and Excavations at Old Jarma (Ancient Garama) Carried Out by C.M. Daniels (1962–1969) and the Fazzan Project (1997–2001). London: Society for Libyan Studies, Department of Antiquities.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D.J. and Hitchner, R.B. 1995. Roman Africa: An archaeological review. Journal of Roman Studies 85: 165–213.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D., Fothergill, B.T. and Sterry, M. Forthcoming. Animal traffic in the Sahara. In Blanc-Bijon, V. (ed.), Hommes et animaux au Maghreb, de la Préhistoire au Moyen Age. Explorations d’une relation complexe. XIe Colloque international Histoire et Archéologie de l’Afrique du Nord (Marseille – Aix-en-Provence, 8–11 octobre 2014), Aix-en-Provence: Presses universitaires de Provence.Google Scholar
Mikhail, A. 2013. The Animal in Ottoman Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Misztal, I., Aguilar, I., Tsuruta, S., Sanchez, J.P. and Zumbach, B. 2010. Studies on heat stress in dairy cattle and pigs. In Erhardt, G. (ed.), Proceedings of the 9th World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production, ID625, Leipzig: German Society of Animal Science, 1–5.Google Scholar
Mitchell, P.J. 2005. African Connections: Archaeological Perspectives on Africa and the Wider World. Walnut Creek: Altamira Press.Google Scholar
Mitchell, P.J. 2015. Did disease constrain the spread of domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) into Sub-Saharan Africa? Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 50. 1: 1–44.Google Scholar
Mongin, P. and Plouzeau, M. 1984. Guinea fowl. In Mason, I.L. (ed.), Evolution of Domesticated Animals, London: Longman, 322–25.Google Scholar
Muzzolini, A. 1996. Les équidés dans les figurations rupestres sahariennes. Anthropologie (Brno) 24.1–2: 185–202.Google Scholar
Mwacharo, J.M., Bjørnstad, G., Han, J.L. and Hanotte, O. 2013. The history of African village chickens: An archaeological and molecular perspective. African Archaeological Review 30: 97–114.Google Scholar
Nobis, G. 1999. Die Tierreste von Karthago. In Rakob, F. (ed.), Karthago Volume 3, Die Deutschen Ausgrabungen in Karthago, Mainz: Philipp von Zabern, 574–631.Google Scholar
O’Connor, T. 2008. The Archaeology of Animal Bones. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.Google Scholar
O’Connor, T. and Sykes, N.J. 2010. Extinctions and Invasions: A Social History of British Fauna. Oxford: Windgather Press.Google Scholar
Payne, W.J.A. 1964. The origin of domestic cattle in Africa Empire. Journal of Experimental Agriculture 32: 97–113.Google Scholar
Plug, I. and Badenhorst, S. 2001. Distribution of Macromammals in Southern Africa over the Past 30000 Years as Reflected in Animal Remains from Archaeological Sites. Pretoria: Transvaal Museum.Google Scholar
Pöllath, N. and Rieger, A. 2013. Insights in diet and economy of the Eastern Marmarica: Faunal remains from Greco-Roman sites in North-western Egypt (Abar el-Kanayis, Wadi Umm el-Ashdan and Wadi Qasaba). In Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Abteilung Kairo, Band 67, Berlin and Boston: Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 163–80.Google Scholar
Porter, V. 1991. Cattle: A Handbook to the Breeds of the World. London: Christopher Helm and A&C Black.Google Scholar
Raimbault, M., Guérin, C. and Faure, M. 1987. Les vertébrés du gisement néolithique de Kobadi (Mali). Archaeozoologia 1: 219–38.Google Scholar
Reese, D.S. 1977. Animal bone report. In Humphrey, J.H. (ed.), Excavations at Carthage 1976 Conducted by the University of Michigan, Volume 3, Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 131–62.Google Scholar
Reese, D.S. 1981. Faunal remains from three cisterns (1977.1, 1977.2, and 1977.3). In Humphrey, J.H. (ed.), Excavations at Carthage 1977 Conducted by the University of Michigan, Volume 6, Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 191–219.Google Scholar
Rielly, K. 1988. A collection of equid skeletons from the cemetery. In Humphrey, J.H. (ed.), The Circus and a Byzantine Cemetery at Carthage, Volume 1, Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 297–323.Google Scholar
Scheele, J. 2010. Traders, saints and irrigation: Reflections on Saharan connectivity. Journal of African History 51: 281–300.Google Scholar
Schwartz, J.H. 1984. The (primarily) mammalian fauna. In Hurst, H.R. (ed.), Excavations at Carthage: The British Mission. Volume 1, part 1, The Avenue du Président Habib Bourguiba, Salammbo: The Site and Finds Other than Pottery, Sheffield: The British Academy and the University of Sheffield, 229–56.Google Scholar
Seddon, P.J., Strauss, W.M. and Innes, J. 2012. Animal translocations: What are they and why do we do them? In Ewen, J.G, Armstrong, D.P., Parker, K.A. and Seddon, P.J. (eds), Reintroduction Biology: Integrating Science and Management, Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 1–32.Google Scholar
Shaw, B.D. 1979. The camel in ancient North Africa and the Sahara: History, biology and human economy. Bulletin de l’IFAN B 41. 4: 663–721.Google Scholar
Sidebotham, S. 2011. Berenike and the Ancient Maritime Spice Route. Berkeley: University of California.Google Scholar
Sidell, J. 1997. Appendix 3: The Animal Bone. In Walda et al. 1997, 68–70.Google Scholar
Slopsma, J., van Wijngaarden-Bakker, L. and Maliepaard, R. 2009. Animal remains from the Bir Messaouda excavations 2000/2001 and other Carthaginian settlement contexts. Carthage Studies 3: 21–63.Google Scholar
Stangroome, C. 2000. The faunal remains from Gadei (excluding fish). In Insoll, T. (ed.), Urbanism, Archaeology and Trade: Further Observations on the Gao Region (Mali): The 1996 Field Season Results, Oxford: BAR International Series 829, 261–73.Google Scholar
Stock, F. and Gifford-Gonzalez, D. 2013. Genetics and African cattle domestication. African Archaeological Review 30.1: 51–72.Google Scholar
Thissen, H.-J. 2013. Donkeys and water: Demotic ostraca in Cologne as evidence for desert travel between Oxyrhynchos and the Bahariya Oasis in the 2nd century BC. In Förster, F. and Riemer, H. (eds), Desert Road Archaeology in Ancient Egypt and Beyond, Köln: Heinrich Barth Institut, 391–97.Google Scholar
Valenzuela Lamas, S. 2016. Alimentation et élevage à Althiburos à partir des restes fauniques. In Kallala, N. and Sanmartí, J. (eds), Althiburos, Volume 2, Tarragona: Monographies ICAC, 421–48.Google Scholar
Van der Veen, M. and Westley, B. 2010. Palaeoeconomic studies. In Mattingly, D.J. (ed.), The Archaeology of Fazzan. Volume 3, Excavations of C.M. Daniels, London: Society for Libyan Studies, Department of Antiquities, 488–522.Google Scholar
Van der Veen, M., Grant, A. and Barker, G. 1996. Romano-Libyan agriculture: Crops and animals. In Barker, G. (ed.), Farming the Desert: The UNESCO Libyan Valleys Archaeological Survey. Volume 1, Synthesis, Paris and London: UNESCO and Society for Libyan Studies, 227–63.Google Scholar
Van Neer, W. 2002. Food security in Western and Central Africa during the late Holocene: The role of domestic stock keeping, hunting and fishing. In Hassan, F.A. (ed.), Droughts, Food and Culture: Ecological Change and Food Security in Africa’s Later Prehistory, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London and Moscow: Kluwer Academic and Plenum Publishers, 251–74.Google Scholar
Vigneron, P. 1968. Le cheval dans l’antiquité gréco-romaine, Volumes 1 and 2. Nancy: Faculté des Lettres de Nancy, Annales de l’Est 35.Google Scholar
Von den Driesch, A. and Baumgartner, I. 1997. Die Spätantiken Tierreste Aus Der Kobbat Bent El Rey in Karthago. Archaeozoologia 9: 155–72.Google Scholar
Walda, H.M., Ashton, S.-A., Reynolds, P., Sidell, J., Welsby Sjöstrom, I. and Wilkinson, K. 1997. The 1996 Excavations at Lepcis Magna. Libyan Studies 28: 43–70.Google Scholar
Warden, P.G., Oliver, A., Crabtree, P.J. and Monge, J. 1990. The Extramural Sanctuary of Demeter and Persephone at Cyrene, Libya Final Reports 4: The Small Finds; Glass; Faunal and Human Skeletal Remains. Philadelphia: University Museum of Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
Watson, D. 1999. Appendix E1: The Faleme Valley faunal assemblages. In I. Thiaw, Archaeological Investigations of Long-term Culture Change in the Lower Falemme (Upper Senegal Region) AD 500–1900. Doctoral thesis, Rice University, 371–84.Google Scholar
Wilson, A. 2012. Saharan trade in the Roman period: Short-, medium- and long-distance trade networks. Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 47.4: 409–49.Google Scholar
Wilson, R.T. 1984. The Camel. London: Longman Group Limited.Google Scholar
Winchell, W. 2001. Water Requirements for Poultry. Canada Plan Service, Report 5603.Google Scholar
Zeder, M.A. 1991. Feeding Cities: Specialised Animal Economies in the Ancient Near East. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.Google Scholar
Zeder, M.A. 1998. Pigs and emergent complexity in the ancient East, Near. In Nelson, S.M. (ed.), Ancestors for the Pigs: Pigs in Prehistory, MASCA Research Papers in Science and Archaeology 15. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, 109–22.Google Scholar
Zeder, M.A. 2008. Domestication and early agriculture in the Mediterranean Basin: Origins, diffusion, and impact. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 105: 11597–604.Google Scholar
Zeder, M.A. 2011. The origins of agriculture in the Near East. Current Anthropology 52: 221–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×